Informed consent

From IntactiWiki
Revision as of 15:11, 26 June 2020 by WikiAdmin (talk | contribs) (reformatted REFs)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Construction Site

This article is work in progress and not yet part of the free encyclopedia IntactiWiki.

 

Informed consent is a legal and ethical prerequisite for surgery in the United States.

Information for parents regarding non-therapeutic circumcision of infant boys.

For some reason this information is not making it to parents. Studies have shown that doctors provide parents with almost no accurate or useful information about circumcision.

One study showed that 40% of parents believed that their doctors failed to provide enough information, 46% reported that their doctors failed to give them any medical information at all, and 82.8% of parents regretted their decision they made within the first six months of their son’s life. [1]

Another study found that physicians were less likely to circumcise their own sons.[2] This suggests that doctors are very well aware that circumcision is a non-therapeutic surgery (in short, a ritual); but they do not appear to share this knowledge with parents.

A busy physician can supplement their income by as much as $60,000 per year from circumcision surgeries alone.[3] This incentive can cloud a physician’s judgment when it comes to providing parents with information about circumcision.

 
Horror of Circumcision.

Many parents are surprised to hear that anesthetics are used in only a minority of cases.[4]

The use of local anesthetics significantly drives up the costs of surgery. When anesthetics are used, they can only reduce the pain. Infants can not be given general anesthesia because of the medical risks involved. In the recent past, anesthesia was rarely used, if ever. Because of this, circumcision has always been an extremely traumatizing experience causing an array of short and long term behavioral and developmental problems[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], including altered perceptions of pain[16][17][18], post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)[19][20][21][22], and a possibly of adult self destructive behavior.[23][24][25]

Many circumcised men, some of whom are doctors, experience a strong denial of loss which in turn fuels an emotional compulsion to repeat the trauma to normalize their loss. [26][27][28][29][30]

External links

References

  1. ↑   R., Adler, Ottaway, S., Gould, S.. Circumcision: We have heard from the experts; now let’s hear from the parents. Pediatrics. February 2001; 107(2): E20.
  2. ↑   Topp, S.. Why not to circumcise your baby boy. Mothering. January 1978; 6: 69-77.
  3. ↑   Fleiss, Paul M.D. (Sept 2002): What your Doctor May Not Tell You About Circumcision. New York: Warner books.
  4. ↑   Stang, M.J., Snellman, L.W.. Circumcision practice patterns in the United States. Pediatrics. 1998; 101(6)
  5. ↑   Gunnar, M.R., Fisch, R.O., Korsvik, S., Donhowe, J.M.. The effects of circumcision on serum cortisol and behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinolog. 1981; 6(3): 269-275.
  6. ↑   Porter, F.L., Miller, R.H., Marshal, R.E.. Neonatal pain cries: effect of circumcision on acoustic features and perceived urgency. Child Dev. 1986; 57: 790-802.
  7. ↑   Porter, F.L., Porges, S.W., Marshall, R.E.. Newborn pain cries and vagal tone: parallel changes in response to circumcision. Child Dev. 1988; 59: 495-505.
  8. ↑   Emde, R.N., Harmon, R.J., Metcalf, D., et al. Stress and neonatal sleep. Psychosom Med. 1971; 33(6): 491-497.
  9. ↑   Gunnar, M.R., Connors, J., Isensee, Wall L.. Adrenocortical activity and behavioral distress in human newborns. Dev Psychobiol. 1988; 21(4): 297-310.
  10. ↑   Anders, T.F., Chalemian, R.J.. The effects of circumcision on sleep-wake states in human neonates. Psychosom Med. 1974; 36(2): 174-179.
  11. ↑   Marshall, R.E., Stratton, W.C., Moore, J.A., et al. Circumcision I: effects upon newborn behavior. Infant Behavior and Development. 1980; 3: 1-14.
  12. ↑   Marshall, R.E., Porter, F.L., Rogers, A.G., et al. Circumcision: II: effects upon mother-infant interaction. Early Hum Dev. 1982; 7(4): 367-374.
  13. ↑   Lee, N.. Circumcision and breastfeeding. J Hum Lact. 2000; 16(4): 295.
  14. ↑   Anand, K.J.S., Hickey, P.R.. Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus. New Engl J Med. 1987; 317(21): 1321-1329. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
  15. ↑   Anand, K.J.S., Scalzo, Frank M.. Can Adverse Neonatal Experiences Alter Brain Development and Subsequent Behavior?. Biology of the Neonate. February 2000; 77(2): 69-82. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
  16. ↑   Taddio, A., Goldbach, M., Ipp, E., et al. Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain responses during vaccination in boys. Lancet. 1995; 345: 291-292. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
  17. ↑   Taddio, A., Katz, J., Ilersich, A.L., Koren, G.. Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination. Lancet. 1997; 349(9052): 599-603. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
  18. ↑   LaPrairie, Jamie L., Murphy, Anne Z.. Neonatal Injury Alters Adult Pain Sensitivity by Increasing Opioid Tone in the Periaqueductal Gray. Front Behav Neurosci. 30 September 2009; Retrieved 21 March 2011.
  19. ↑   Boyle, G.J., Goldman, R., Svoboda, J.S., Fernandez, E.. Male circumcision: pain, trauma and psychosexual sequelae. J Health Psychol. 2002; 7(3): 329-343.
  20. ↑   Rhinehart, J.. Neonatal circumcision reconsidered. Transactional Analysis J. 1999; 29(3): 215-221.
  21. ↑   Ramos, S., Boyle, G.J. (2001): Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder, in: Understanding circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Pp. 253-270.
  22. ↑   Menage, J.. Post-traumatic stress disorder in women who have undergone obstetric and/or gynaecological procedures. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 1993; 11: 221-228.
  23. ↑   Van der Kolk, B.A., Perry, J.C., Herman, J.L.. Childhood origins of self-destructive behavior. Am J Psychiatry. 1991; 148: 1665-1671.
  24. ↑   Jacobson, B., Bygdeman, M.. Obstetric care and proneness of offspring to suicide. BMJ. 1998; 317: 1346-1349.
  25. ↑   Salk, L., Lipsitt, L.P., Sturner, W.Q., et al. Relationship of maternal and perinatal conditions to eventual adolescent suicide. Lancet. 1985; i: 624-627.
  26. ↑   Van der Kolk, B.A.. The compulsion to repeat the trauma: re-enactment, revictimization, and masochism. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1989; 12(2): 389-411.
  27. ↑   Goldman, R.. The psychological impact of circumcision. BJU Int. 1999; 83(Suppl. 1): 93-103.
  28. ↑   Maguire, P., Parks, C.M.. Coping with loss: surgery and loss of body parts. BMJ. 1998; 316(7137): 1086-1088. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
  29. ↑   Hill, G.. The case against circumcision. J Mens Health Gend. 20 August 2007; 4(3): 318-323.
  30. ↑   Goldman, R.. Circumcision policy: a psychosocial perspective. Paediatr Child Health. 2004; 9(9): 630-633.
Retrieved from "https://en.intactiwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Informed_consent&oldid=15101"