Difference between revisions of "Alleged reasons for circumcision"

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m (wikify FGM, MGM; capitalize ''diseases'')
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In the long history of genital mutilation aka [[foreskin]] amputation aka [[circumcision]], there have been many alleged reasons why this should be a ''medical procedure''.
+
In the long history of genital mutilation aka [[foreskin]] amputation aka [[circumcision]], there have been many alleged reasons why this should be a ''medical procedure''. Please note that some of the alleged medical reasons are rather pseudo-hygienical reasons which should never be solved by cutting off intact body parts.
  
 
{{Incomplete}}
 
{{Incomplete}}
  
 
== Foreskin causes ==
 
== Foreskin causes ==
−
* clubfoot - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875">{{REFjournal
+
* Clubfoot - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Sayre
 
  |last=Sayre
 
  |first=Lewis A.
 
  |first=Lewis A.
Line 16: Line 16:
 
  |pages=255-274
 
  |pages=255-274
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* crossed eyes - 1886: William G. Eggleston<ref name="Eggleston1886">{{REFjournal
+
* Crossed eyes - 1886: William G. Eggleston<ref name="Eggleston1886">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Eggleston
 
  |last=Eggleston
 
  |first=William G.
 
  |first=William G.
Line 27: Line 27:
 
  |pages=511-515
 
  |pages=511-515
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* curvature of the spine - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875"/>
+
* Curvature of the spine - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875"/>
−
* dirt under the foreskin in newborns: 1941: Allan F. Guttmacher<ref name="Guttmacher1941">{{REFjournal
+
* Dirt under the [[foreskin]] in newborns - 1941: Allan F. Guttmacher<ref name="Guttmacher1941">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Guttmacher
 
  |last=Guttmacher
 
  |first=Allan F.
 
  |first=Allan F.
Line 38: Line 38:
 
  |issue=9
 
  |issue=9
 
  |pages=26,76-78
 
  |pages=26,76-78
−
|url=
 
−
|quote=
 
−
|pubmedID=
 
−
|pubmedCID=
 
−
|DOI=
 
−
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* epilepsy - 1902: Roswell Park<ref name="Park1902">{{REFjournal
+
* Epilepsy - 1902: Roswell Park<ref name="Park1902">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Park
 
  |last=Park
 
  |first=Roswell
 
  |first=Roswell
Line 55: Line 49:
 
  |issue=21
 
  |issue=21
 
  |pages=807-809
 
  |pages=807-809
−
|url=
 
−
|quote=
 
−
|pubmedID=
 
−
|pubmedCID=
 
−
|DOI=
 
−
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* [[masturbation]] (females) - 1918 Belle Eskridge<ref name="Eskridge1918">{{REFjournal
+
* [[Masturbation]] (females) - 1918 Belle Eskridge<ref name="Eskridge1918">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Eskridge
 
  |last=Eskridge
 
  |first=Belle C.
 
  |first=Belle C.
Line 72: Line 60:
 
  |pages=17-19
 
  |pages=17-19
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* [[masturbation]] (males) - 1891: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1891">{{REFjournal
+
* [[Masturbation]] (males) - 1891: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1891">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Hutchinson
 
  |last=Hutchinson
 
  |first=Jonathan
 
  |first=Jonathan
Line 100: Line 88:
 
  |accessdate=
 
  |accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* [[masturbation]] (newborns) - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953">{{REFjournal
+
* [[Masturbation]] (newborns) - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Miller
 
  |last=Miller
 
  |init=RL
 
  |init=RL
Line 112: Line 100:
 
  |pages=1-11
 
  |pages=1-11
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* neuroses (females) - 1915: Benjamin E. Dawson
+
* Neuroses (females) - 1915: Benjamin E. Dawson
−
* paralysis of the bladder - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875"/>
+
* Paralysis of the bladder - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875"/>
  
 
In 1958, C.F. McDonald said "the same reasons that apply for the circumcision of males are generally valid when considered for the female."<ref name="McDonald1958">{{REFjournal
 
In 1958, C.F. McDonald said "the same reasons that apply for the circumcision of males are generally valid when considered for the female."<ref name="McDonald1958">{{REFjournal
Line 135: Line 123:
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
−
== Cure through FGM ==
+
== Cure through [[FGM]] ==
−
* clitoris easier findable by husband - 1959: W.G. Rathmann<ref name="Rathmann1959">{{REFjournal
+
* Clitoris easier findable by husband - 1959: W.G. Rathmann<ref name="Rathmann1959">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Rathmann
 
  |last=Rathmann
 
  |init=WG
 
  |init=WG
Line 156: Line 144:
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
−
== Cure through MGM ==
+
== Cure through [[MGM]] ==
−
* abdominal neuralgia - 1879: H.H. Kane<ref name="Kane1879">{{REFjournal
+
* Abdominal neuralgia - 1879: H.H. Kane<ref name="Kane1879">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Kane
 
  |last=Kane
 
  |init=HH
 
  |init=HH
Line 167: Line 155:
 
  |pages=8-11
 
  |pages=8-11
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* bed wetting - 1873: Joseph Bell<ref name="Bell1873">{{REFjournal
+
* Bed wetting - 1873: Joseph Bell<ref name="Bell1873">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Bell
 
  |last=Bell
 
  |first=Joseph
 
  |first=Joseph
Line 178: Line 166:
 
  |page=1034
 
  |page=1034
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* blindness - 1890: William D. Gentry<ref name="Gentry1890">{{REFjournal
+
* Blindness - 1890: William D. Gentry<ref name="Gentry1890">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Gentry
 
  |last=Gentry
 
  |first=William D.
 
  |first=William D.
Line 189: Line 177:
 
  |pages=268-274
 
  |pages=268-274
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* deafness - 1890: William D. Gentry<ref name="Gentry1890"/>
+
* Deafness - 1890: William D. Gentry<ref name="Gentry1890"/>
−
* dumbness - 1890: William D. Gentry<ref name="Gentry1890"/>
+
* Dumbness - 1890: William D. Gentry<ref name="Gentry1890"/>
−
* epilepsy - 1865: Nathaniel Heckford<ref name="Heckford1865">{{REFjournal
+
* Epilepsy - 1865: Nathaniel Heckford<ref name="Heckford1865">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Heckford
 
  |last=Heckford
 
  |first=Nathaniel
 
  |first=Nathaniel
Line 211: Line 199:
 
  |issue=10
 
  |issue=10
 
  |pages=231-234
 
  |pages=231-234
−
|url=
 
−
|quote=
 
−
|pubmedID=
 
−
|pubmedCID=
 
−
|DOI=
 
−
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>, 1902: Roswell Park<ref name="Park1902"/>, 1930: Norton Henry Bare<ref name="Bare1930">{{REFjournal
 
}}</ref>, 1902: Roswell Park<ref name="Park1902"/>, 1930: Norton Henry Bare<ref name="Bare1930">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Bare
 
  |last=Bare
Line 228: Line 210:
 
  |pages=1109-1113
 
  |pages=1109-1113
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* eye problems believed to be caused by [[masturbation]] - 1881: Maximillian Landesburg<ref name="Landesburg1881">{{REFjournal
+
* Eye problems believed to be caused by [[masturbation]] - 1881: Maximillian Landesburg<ref name="Landesburg1881">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Landesburg
 
  |last=Landesburg
 
  |first=Maximillian
 
  |first=Maximillian
Line 239: Line 221:
 
  |pages=79-81
 
  |pages=79-81
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* immunity to nearly all physical and mental illness - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953">{{REFjournal
+
* Immunity to nearly all physical and mental illness - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Miller
 
  |last=Miller
 
  |init=RL
 
  |init=RL
Line 251: Line 233:
 
  |pages=1-11
 
  |pages=1-11
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* [[masturbation]] (newborns) - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953"/>
+
* [[Masturbation]] (newborns) - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953"/>
−
* neuroses (females) - 1915: Benjamin E. Dawson<ref name="Dawson1915">{{REFjournal
+
* Neuroses (females) - 1915: Benjamin E. Dawson<ref name="Dawson1915">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Dawson
 
  |last=Dawson
 
  |first=Benjamin E.
 
  |first=Benjamin E.
Line 263: Line 245:
 
  |pages=520-523
 
  |pages=520-523
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* nocturnal seminal emissions (i.e. wet dreams) - 1832: Claude-Francois Lallemand<ref name="Lallemand">{{REFbook
+
* Nocturnal seminal emissions (i.e. wet dreams) - 1832: Claude-Francois Lallemand<ref name="Lallemand">{{REFbook
 
  |last=Lallemand
 
  |last=Lallemand
 
  |first=Claude-Francois
 
  |first=Claude-Francois
Line 273: Line 255:
 
  |accessdate=2011-06-09
 
  |accessdate=2011-06-09
 
}}</ref>, 1879: H.H. Kane<ref name="Kane1879"/>
 
}}</ref>, 1879: H.H. Kane<ref name="Kane1879"/>
−
* rectal incontinence - 1894: H.L. Rosenberry<ref name="Rosenberry1894">{{REFjournal
+
* Rectal incontinence - 1894: H.L. Rosenberry<ref name="Rosenberry1894">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Rosenberry
 
  |last=Rosenberry
 
  |init=HL
 
  |init=HL
Line 283: Line 265:
 
  |page=173
 
  |page=173
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* sensitiveness of the organ - 1901: Ernest G. Mark<ref name="Mark1901"/>
+
* Sensitiveness of the organ - 1901: Ernest G. Mark<ref name="Mark1901"/>
−
* urinary incontinence - 1894: H.L. Rosenberry<ref name="Rosenberry1894"/>
+
* Urinary incontinence - 1894: H.L. Rosenberry<ref name="Rosenberry1894"/>
  
 
== Prevention ==
 
== Prevention ==
Line 310: Line 292:
 
  |pages=1490-1491
 
  |pages=1490-1491
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* cancer of the bladder - 1971: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1971">{{REFjournal
+
* Cancer of the bladder - 1971: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1971">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Ravich
 
  |last=Ravich
 
  |first=Abraham
 
  |first=Abraham
Line 322: Line 304:
 
  |pages=1493-1496
 
  |pages=1493-1496
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* cancer of the rectum - 1971: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1971"/>
+
* Cancer of the rectum - 1971: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1971"/>
−
* cancer of the tongue - 1949: Eugene H. Hand<ref name="Hand1949">{{REFjournal
+
* Cancer of the tongue - 1949: Eugene H. Hand<ref name="Hand1949">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Hand
 
  |last=Hand
 
  |first=Eugene H.
 
  |first=Eugene H.
Line 335: Line 317:
 
  |pages=341-346
 
  |pages=341-346
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* [[cervical cancer]] (women) - 1951: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1951">{{REFjournal
+
* [[Cervical cancer]] (women) - 1951: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1951">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Ravich
 
  |last=Ravich
 
  |first=Abraham
 
  |first=Abraham
Line 371: Line 353:
 
  |pages=643-656
 
  |pages=643-656
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* inchastity - 1935: [[R. W. Cockshut]]<ref name="Cockshut1935">{{REFjournal
+
* Inchastity - 1935: [[R. W. Cockshut]]<ref name="Cockshut1935">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Cockshut
 
  |last=Cockshut
 
  |init=RW
 
  |init=RW
Line 382: Line 364:
 
  |page=764
 
  |page=764
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* [[masturbation]] (females) - 1918: Belle Eskridge<ref name="Eskridge1918"/>
+
* [[Masturbation]] (females) - 1918: Belle Eskridge<ref name="Eskridge1918"/>
−
* [[masturbation]] (males) - 1845: Edward H. Dixon<ref name="Dixon">{{REFbook
+
* [[Masturbation]] (males) - 1845: Edward H. Dixon<ref name="Dixon">{{REFbook
 
  |last=Dixon
 
  |last=Dixon
 
  |first=Edward H.
 
  |first=Edward H.
Line 425: Line 407:
 
  |publisher=Doubleday & Co
 
  |publisher=Doubleday & Co
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* neonatal group B streptococcal disease - 1988: [[Aaron J. Fink]]<ref name="Fink1988">{{REFjournal
+
* Neonatal group B streptococcal disease - 1988: [[Aaron J. Fink]]<ref name="Fink1988">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Fink
 
  |last=Fink
 
  |first=Aaron J.
 
  |first=Aaron J.
Line 437: Line 419:
 
  |pages=534-535
 
  |pages=534-535
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* nervousness - 1969: Morris Fishbein<ref name="Fishbein1969"/>
+
* Nervousness - 1969: Morris Fishbein<ref name="Fishbein1969"/>
 
* [[penile cancer]] - 1926: [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]]<ref name="Wolbarst1926">{{REFjournal
 
* [[penile cancer]] - 1926: [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]]<ref name="Wolbarst1926">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Wolbarst
 
  |last=Wolbarst
Line 450: Line 432:
 
  |pages=301-310
 
  |pages=301-310
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* pleasure of sex - 1900: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1900">{{REFjournal
+
* Pleasure of sex - 1900: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1900">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Hutchinson
 
  |last=Hutchinson
 
  |first=Jonathan
 
  |first=Jonathan
Line 462: Line 444:
 
  |pages=129-131
 
  |pages=129-131
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* [[prostate cancer]] - 1942: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1942">{{REFjournal
+
* [[Prostate cancer]] - 1942: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1942">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Ravich
 
  |last=Ravich
 
  |first=Abraham
 
  |first=Abraham
Line 474: Line 456:
 
  |pages=298-299
 
  |pages=298-299
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* raping whites - 1894: [[Peter Charles Remondino|P.C. Remondino]] (for Blacks)<ref name="Remondino1894">{{REFjournal
+
* Raping whites - 1894: [[Peter Charles Remondino|P.C. Remondino]] (for Blacks)<ref name="Remondino1894">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Remondino
 
  |last=Remondino
 
  |init=PC
 
  |init=PC
Line 485: Line 467:
 
  |pages=3-6
 
  |pages=3-6
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* sand from getting into the soldiers' [[foreskin]]s - 1991: [[Aaron J. Fink]]<ref name="Fink1991">{{REFjournal
+
* Sand from getting into the soldiers' [[foreskin]]s - 1991: [[Aaron J. Fink]]<ref name="Fink1991">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Fink
 
  |last=Fink
 
  |first=Aaron J.
 
  |first=Aaron J.
Line 497: Line 479:
 
  |page=696
 
  |page=696
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* sensitivity - 1935: [[R. W. Cockshut]]<ref name="Cockshut1935"/>, 1941: Allan F. Guttmacher<ref name="Guttmacher1941"/>
+
* Sensitivity - 1935: [[R. W. Cockshut]]<ref name="Cockshut1935"/>, 1941: Allan F. Guttmacher<ref name="Guttmacher1941"/>
−
* sexual immorality - 1900: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1900"/>
+
* Sexual immorality - 1900: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1900"/>
−
* spinal paralysis - 1870: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre 1870 spinal paralysis">{{REFjournal
+
* Spinal paralysis - 1870: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre 1870 spinal paralysis">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Sayre
 
  |last=Sayre
 
  |first=Lewis A.
 
  |first=Lewis A.
Line 510: Line 492:
 
  |pages=205-11
 
  |pages=205-11
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* syphilis - 1855: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="hutchinson1855">{{REFjournal
+
* Syphilis - 1855: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="hutchinson1855">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Hutchinson
 
  |last=Hutchinson
 
  |first=Johnathon
 
  |first=Johnathon
Line 521: Line 503:
 
  |pages=542-543
 
  |pages=542-543
 
  |accessdate=2021-09-04
 
  |accessdate=2021-09-04
 +
}}</ref>
 +
* Tuberculosis - 1914: [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]]<ref name="Wolbarst1914">{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Wolbarst
 +
|first=Abraham L.
 +
|init=AL
 +
|author-link=Abraham L. Wolbarst
 +
|title=Universal circumcision as a sanitary measure
 +
|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association
 +
|date=1914-01-10
 +
|volume=62
 +
|issue=2
 +
|pages=92-97
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
 
* [[UTI]] ([[urinary tract infection]]s) - 1985: [[Thomas E. Wiswell]]<ref name="Wiswell1985">{{REFjournal
 
* [[UTI]] ([[urinary tract infection]]s) - 1985: [[Thomas E. Wiswell]]<ref name="Wiswell1985">{{REFjournal
Line 534: Line 528:
 
  |pages=901-3
 
  |pages=901-3
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* tuberculosis - 1914: [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]]<ref name="Wolbarst1914">{{REFjournal
+
* Venereal disease - 1949: Eugene H. Hand<ref name="Hand1949"/>
−
|last=Wolbarst
 
−
|first=Abraham L.
 
−
|init=AL
 
−
|author-link=Abraham L. Wolbarst
 
−
|title=Universal circumcision as a sanitary measure
 
−
|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association
 
−
|date=1914-01-10
 
−
|volume=62
 
−
|issue=2
 
−
|pages=92-97
 
−
}}</ref>
 
−
* venereal disease - 1949: Eugene H. Hand<ref name="Hand1949"/>
 
  
 
{{SEEALSO}}
 
{{SEEALSO}}

Revision as of 13:43, 4 October 2021

In the long history of genital mutilation aka foreskin amputation aka circumcision, there have been many alleged reasons why this should be a medical procedure. Please note that some of the alleged medical reasons are rather pseudo-hygienical reasons which should never be solved by cutting off intact body parts.

Work in progress: The following information does not claim to be complete. More content will be added gradually.

Foreskin causes

In 1958, C.F. McDonald said "the same reasons that apply for the circumcision of males are generally valid when considered for the female."[9]

In 1966, Masters and Johnson erroneous claim that there is no difference in sensitivity between penises with and without foreskin.

(Note: Their work helps propagate the medical dogma that circumcision has no effect on sexuality go practically unquestioned for nearly the next four decades.)[10]

Cure through FGM

  • Clitoris easier findable by husband - 1959: W.G. Rathmann[11]
  • HIV (in women after FGM) - 2005: R.Y. Stallings[12]

Cure through MGM

  • Abdominal neuralgia - 1879: H.H. Kane[13]
  • Bed wetting - 1873: Joseph Bell[14]
  • Blindness - 1890: William D. Gentry[15]
  • Deafness - 1890: William D. Gentry[15]
  • Dumbness - 1890: William D. Gentry[15]
  • Epilepsy - 1865: Nathaniel Heckford[16], 1870: Lewis A. Sayre[17], 1902: Roswell Park[4], 1930: Norton Henry Bare[18]
  • Eye problems believed to be caused by masturbation - 1881: Maximillian Landesburg[19]
  • Immunity to nearly all physical and mental illness - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder[8]
  • Masturbation (newborns) - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder[8]
  • Neuroses (females) - 1915: Benjamin E. Dawson[20]
  • Nocturnal seminal emissions (i.e. wet dreams) - 1832: Claude-Francois Lallemand[21], 1879: H.H. Kane[13]
  • Rectal incontinence - 1894: H.L. Rosenberry[22]
  • Sensitiveness of the organ - 1901: Ernest G. Mark[7]
  • Urinary incontinence - 1894: H.L. Rosenberry[22]

Prevention

See also

References

  1. ↑ a b c REFjournal Sayre LA. Spinal anaemia with partial paralysis and want of coordination, from irritation of the genital organs. Transactions of the American Medical Association. 1875; 26: 255-274.
  2. ↑ REFjournal Eggleston WG. Two cases of reflex paraplegia(one with aphasia) from tape-worm and phimosis. Journal of the American Medical Association. 8 May 1886; 6(19): 511-515.
  3. ↑ a b REFjournal Guttmacher AF. Should the baby be circumcised?. Parents Magazine. September 1941; 16(9): 26,76-78.
  4. ↑ a b REFjournal Park R. The surgical treatment of epilepsy. American Medicine. 22 November 1902; 4(21): 807-809.
  5. ↑ a b REFjournal Eskridge BC. Why not circumcise the girl as well as the boy?. Texas State Journal of Medicine. May 1918; 14: 17-19.
  6. ↑ REFjournal Hutchinson J. On circumcision as preventive of masturbation. Archives of Surgery. January 1891; 2(7): 267-269.
  7. ↑ a b REFjournal Mark EG. Circumcision. American Practitioner and News. 15 February 1901; 31(4): 122-126.
  8. ↑ a b c REFjournal Miller RL, Snyder DC. Immediate circumcision of the newborn male. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. January 1953; 6(1): 1-11.
  9. ↑ REFjournal McDonald CF. Circumcision of the female. General Practitioner. September 1958; 18(3): 98-99.
  10. ↑ REFbook Masters and Johnson (1966): Human Sexual Response. Boston, MA: Little Brown & Co.
  11. ↑ REFjournal Rathmann WG. Female Circumcision: Indications and a New Technique. General Practitioner. September 1959; 20(9): 115-120.
  12. ↑ a b REFconference Stallings, R.Y.: Female circumcision and HIV infection in Tanzania: for better or for worse?, Rio de Janeiro. (25 July 2005) Third International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment.
  13. ↑ a b REFjournal Kane HH. Seminal emissions, abdominal neuralgia: circumcision: cure. Southern Clinic. October 1879; 2(1): 8-11.
  14. ↑ REFjournal Bell J. Nocturnal incontinence of urine cured by circumcision. Edinburgh Medical Journal. May 1873; 1(9): 1034.
  15. ↑ a b c REFjournal Gentry WD. Nervous derangements produced by sexual irregularities in boys. Medical Current. July 1890; 6(7): 268-274.
  16. ↑ REFjournal Heckford N. Circumcision as a remedial measure in certain cases of epilepsy and chorea. Clinical Lectures and Reports by the Medical and Surgical Staff of the London Hospital. 1865; 2: 58-64.
  17. ↑ REFjournal Sayre LA. Circumcision versus epilepsy, etc; Transcription of the New York Pathological Society meeting of June 8, 1870. Medical Record. 15 July 1870; 5(10): 231-234.
  18. ↑ REFjournal Bare NH. Surgical treatment of epilepsy with report of case. The China Medical Journal. November 1930; 4(11): 1109-1113.
  19. ↑ REFjournal Landesburg M. On affections of the eye caused by masturbation. Medical Bulletin. April 1881; 3(4): 79-81.
  20. ↑ REFjournal Dawson BE. Circumcision in the Female: Its Necessity and How to Perform It. American Journal of Clinical Medicine. June 1915; 22(66): 520-523.
  21. ↑ REFbook Lallemand, Claude-Francois ((1):1836; (2):1839; (3):1842): Des Pertes Seminales Involontaires. Vol. 1-3. Pp. (1):463-467; (2):70-162; (3):266-267, 280-289. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  22. ↑ a b REFjournal Rosenberry HL. Incontinence of the urine and faeces, cured by circumcision. Medical Record. 11 August 1894; 4(6): 173.
  23. ↑ REFjournal Fink AJ. A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS. New England Journal of Medicine. 30 October 1986; 31(18): 1167.
  24. ↑ REFjournal Schoen EJ. It's wise to circumcise: time to change policy. Pediatrics. June 2003; 111(6 Pt 1): 1490-1491.
  25. ↑ a b REFjournal Ravich A. Viral carcinogenesis in venereally susceptible organs. Cancer. June 1971; 27(6): 1493-1496.
  26. ↑ a b REFjournal Hand EH. Circumcision and venereal disease. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology. September 1949; 60(3): 341-346.
  27. ↑ REFjournal Ravich A. Prophylaxis of cancer of the prostate, penis, and cervix by circumcision. New York State Journal of Medicine. June 1951; 51(12): 1519-1520.
  28. ↑ REFjournal Wynder EL. A study of environmental factors of carcinoma of the cervix. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. October 1954; 68(4): 10166-52 (??).
  29. ↑ REFjournal Bailey RC. Male circumcision for HIV prevention for young men in Kisumu, Kenya. Lancet. 2007; 369(9562): 643-656.
  30. ↑ a b REFjournal Cockshut RW. Circumcision. British Medical Journal. 19 October 1935; 2(3902): 764.
  31. ↑ REFbook Dixon, Edward H. (1845): A Treatise on Diseases of the Sexual Organs. New York: Stringer & Co. Pp. 158-165. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  32. ↑ REFjournal Moses MJ. The value of circumcision as a hygienic and therapeutic measure. New York Medical Journal. November 1871; 14(4): 368-374.
  33. ↑ REFbook Kellogg, John Harvey (1888): Treatment for Self-Abuse and Its Effects, in: Plain Facts for Old and Young. Project Gutenberg (ed.). Edition: 1881 edition. Burlington, Iowa: F. Segner & Co. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
  34. ↑ a b REFbook Fishbein, Morris (1969): Sex hygiene, in: Modern Home Medical Adviser. Garden City (ed.). New York: Doubleday & Co. Pp. 90+119.
  35. ↑ REFjournal Fink AJ. Is hygiene enough? Circumcision as a possible strategy to prevent group B streptococcal disease. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. August 1988; 159(2): 534-535.
  36. ↑ REFjournal Wolbarst AL. Is circumcision a prophylactic against penis cancer?. Cancer. July 1926; 3(4): 301-310.
  37. ↑ a b REFjournal Hutchinson J. The advantages of circumcision. The Polyclinic. September 1900; 3(9): 129-131.
  38. ↑ REFjournal Ravich A. The relationship of circumcision to cancer of the prostate. Journal of Urology. September 1942; 48(3): 298-299.
  39. ↑ REFjournal Remondino PC. Negro rapes and their social problems. National Popular Review. January 1894; 4(1): 3-6.
  40. ↑ REFjournal Fink AJ. Circumcision and sand. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. November 1991; 84(11): 696.
  41. ↑ REFjournal Sayre LA. Partial paralysis from reflex irritation, caused by congenital phimosis and adherent prepuce. Transactions of the American Medical Association. 1870; 21: 205-11.
  42. ↑ REFjournal Hutchinson J. On the Influence of Circumcision in Preventing Syphilis. Medical Times and Gazette. 1855; 32(844): 542-543. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  43. ↑ REFjournal Wolbarst AL. Universal circumcision as a sanitary measure. Journal of the American Medical Association. 10 January 1914; 62(2): 92-97.
  44. ↑ REFjournal Wiswell TE. Decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in circumcised male infants. Pediatrics. May 1985; 75(5): 901-3.
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