Difference between revisions of "Pre-ejaculate"

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'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' is commonly called '''pre-cum''' in informal speech.<ref>{{REFweb
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[[File:Pre-ejaculate closeup.jpg|thumb|Pre-ejaculate on the glans of the penis]]
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'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' (also known as '''pre-ejaculatory fluid''', '''pre-seminal fluid''' or '''Cowper's fluid''', and colloquially as '''''pre-cum''''')<ref name="cowpers">{{REFweb
 
  |url=https://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Pre-ejaculate
 
  |url=https://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Pre-ejaculate
 
  |title=Pre-ejaculate
 
  |title=Pre-ejaculate
 
  |publisher=Free Dictionary by Farlex
 
  |publisher=Free Dictionary by Farlex
−
  |date=
+
  |date=2005
 
  |accessdate=2023-01-09
 
  |accessdate=2023-01-09
 +
}}</ref> is a clear, colorless, very slippery liquid that is produced by the Cowper's glands. <ref>{{REFweb
 +
|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Cowper%27s+glands
 +
|title=Cowper's glands.
 +
|publisher=Free Dictionary by Farlex
 +
|date=2005
 +
|accessdate=2023-01-09
 +
}}</ref> and discharged from the [[urethra]] of males. It collects under the [[foreskin]] in the [[preputial sac]] of normal, [[foreskinned]] males where it functions as a lubricant at times of sexual arousal, [[masturbation]] or [[sexual intercourse]]. They are also called the bulbo-urethral glands and are the male equivalent of the Bartholin's Glands.<ref name="cowpers" />
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== Function and risks ==
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{{WikipediaQuote|URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-ejaculate#Function_and_risks|title=Pre-ejaculate: Function and risks}}
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Pre-ejaculate neutralizes residual acidity in the urethra caused by [[urine]], creating a more favorable environment for the passage of sperm.<ref name="chughtai">{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Chughtai
 +
|init=B
 +
|last2=Sawas
 +
|init2=A
 +
|last3=O'Malley
 +
|init3=RL
 +
|last4=Naik
 +
|init4=RR
 +
|last5=Ali Khan
 +
|init5=S
 +
|last6=Pentyala
 +
|init6=S
 +
|title=A neglected gland: a review of Cowper's gland
 +
|journal=Int J Androl
 +
|volume=28
 +
|issue=2
 +
|pages=74–7
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|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00499.x
 +
|date=2005-04
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|pubmedID=15811067
 +
|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00499.x
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|s2cid=32553227
 +
|format=PDF
 +
}}</ref> The [[vagina]] is normally acidic, so the deposit of pre-ejaculate before the emission of [[semen]] may change the vaginal environment to promote sperm survival.<ref name=Chudnovskycite>{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Chudnovsky
 +
|init=A
 +
|last2=Niederberger
 +
|init2=CS
 +
|date=2007
 +
|title=Copious Pre-Ejaculation: Small Glands—Major Headaches
 +
|journal=J Androl
 +
|pubmedID=17251594
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|volume=28
 +
|issue=3
 +
|pages=374–5
 +
|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2164/jandrol.107.002576
 +
|doi=10.2164/jandrol.107.002576
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}}</ref> Pre-ejaculate also acts as a lubricant during sexual activity,<ref name=Chudnovskycite /> and plays a role in semen coagulation.<ref name=Chudnovskycite />
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Low levels or no sperm exists in pre-ejaculate, although studies examined small samples of men.<ref name="zukerman">{{REFjournal
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|last=Zukerman
 +
|init=Z
 +
|last2=Weiss
 +
|init2=DB
 +
|last3=Orvieto
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|init3=R
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|title=Short Communication: Does Preejaculatory Penile Secretion Originating from Cowper's Gland Contain Sperm?
 +
|journal=Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics
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|date=2003-04
 +
|volume=20
 +
|issue=4
 +
|pages=157–9
 +
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3455634/pdf/10815_2004_Article_461193.pdf
 +
|pubmedID=12762415
 +
|pubmedCID=3455634
 +
|doi=10.1023/A:1022933320700
 +
|format=PDF
 +
}}</ref><ref name="HIV"/> Two contrary studies found mixed evidence, including individual cases of a high sperm concentration.<ref name="Killick">{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Killick
 +
|init=SR
 +
|last2=Leary
 +
|init2=C
 +
|last3=Trussell
 +
|init3=J
 +
|last4=Guthrie
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|init4=KA
 +
|doi=10.3109/14647273.2010.520798
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|date=2011
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|title=Sperm content of pre-ejaculatory fluid
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|journal=Human Fertility
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|volume=14
 +
|issue=1
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|pages=48–52
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|pubmedID=21155689
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|pubmedCID=3564677
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}}</ref><ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Kovavisarach
 +
|init=E
 +
|last2=Lorthanawanich
 +
|init2=S
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|last3=Muangsamran
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|init3=P
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|title=Presence of Sperm in Pre-Ejaculatory Fluid of Healthy Males
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|journal=J Med Assoc Thai
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|date=2016
 +
|volume=99 Suppl 2
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|pages=S38–41
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|url=https://www.thaiscience.info/Journals/Article/JMAT/10986029.pdf
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|pubmedID=27266214
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|issn=0125-2208
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|format=PDF
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}}</ref> Popular belief&nbsp; —  dating to a 1966 Masters and Johnson study<ref>{{REFbook
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|last=Masters
 +
|init=WH
 +
|title=Johnson, V.E.
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|year=1966
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|publisher=Little, Brown & Co
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|location=Boston, MA
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|page=211
 +
}}</ref>&nbsp; —  stated that pre-ejaculate may contain sperm that can cause pregnancy, which is a common basis of argument against the use of ''coitus interruptus'' (withdrawal) as a contraceptive method.<ref name=zukerman/><ref name="HIV">{{REFjournal
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|title=Researchers find no sperm in pre-ejaculate fluid
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|journal=Contraceptive Technology Update
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|date=1993-10
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|volume=14
 +
|issue=10
 +
|pubmedID=12286905
 +
|pages=154–156
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
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Studies have demonstrated the presence of [[HIV]] in most pre-ejaculate samples from infected men.<ref name=HIV/><ref>{{REFjournal
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|doi=10.1016/0140-6736(92)92659-4
 +
|last=Pudney
 +
|init=J
 +
|last2=Oneta
 +
|init2=M
 +
|last3=Mayer
 +
|init3=K
 +
|last4=Seage
 +
|init4=G
 +
|last5=Anderson
 +
|init5=D
 +
|title=Pre-ejaculatory fluid as potential vector for sexual transmission of HIV-1
 +
|journal=Lancet
 +
|date=1992
 +
|volume=340
 +
|issue=8833
 +
|page=1470
 +
|pubmedID=1360584
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|s2cid=7106584
 +
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
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|doi=10.1016/0140-6736(92)92658-3
 +
|last=Ilaria
 +
|init=G
 +
|last2=Jacobs
 +
|init2=JL
 +
|last3=Polsky
 +
|init3=B
 +
|etal=yes
 +
|title=Detection of HIV-1 DNA sequences in pre-ejaculatory fluid
 +
|journal=Lancet
 +
|date=1992
 +
|volume=340
 +
|issue=8833
 +
|page=1469
 +
|pubmedID=1360583
 +
|s2cid=43112865
 +
}}</ref>
 +
 +
== Distribution ==
 +
Sexually aroused men tend to secrete pre-ejaculate, which may be distinguished by its slippery quality.
 +
 +
The quantity of pre-ejaculate produced various widely between individuals. Some observers believe that, on average, [[circumcised]] males tend to produce less pre-ejaculate than [[foreskinned]] males, due to loss of sexual sensation received by the autonomic nervous system from the [[ridged band]], [[frenulum]], and other nerves of the [[foreskin]].
  
 +
Production of pre-ejaculate may be triggered by erotic thoughts alone.
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{{SEEALSO}}
 +
* [[Masturbation]]
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* [[Penis]]
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* [[Preputial sac]]
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* [[Semen]]
 +
* [[Vagina]]
 +
{{LINKS}}
 +
* {{URLwikipedia|Pre-ejaculate|Pre-ejaculate|2023-01-10}}
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-precum-5085078
 +
|title=What Is Precum?
 +
|last=Lane
 +
|first=S. Nicole
 +
|init=
 +
|publisher=Verywell Health
 +
|date=2022-10-02
 +
|accessdate=2023-01-16
 +
}}
 
{{REF}}
 
{{REF}}
  
 +
 +
[[Category:Education]]
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[[Category:Physiology]]
 +
[[Category:Male sexuality]]
 
[[Category:Term]]
 
[[Category:Term]]

Latest revision as of 18:41, 8 March 2025

IntactiWikiGraphicWarning.png

Pre-ejaculate on the glans of the penis

Pre-ejaculate (also known as pre-ejaculatory fluid, pre-seminal fluid or Cowper's fluid, and colloquially as pre-cum)[1] is a clear, colorless, very slippery liquid that is produced by the Cowper's glands. [2] and discharged from the urethra of males. It collects under the foreskin in the preputial sac of normal, foreskinned males where it functions as a lubricant at times of sexual arousal, masturbation or sexual intercourse. They are also called the bulbo-urethral glands and are the male equivalent of the Bartholin's Glands.[1]

Function and risks

(The following text or part of it is quoted from the free Wikipedia article Pre-ejaculate: Function and risks:)
Pre-ejaculate neutralizes residual acidity in the urethra caused by urine, creating a more favorable environment for the passage of sperm.[3] The vagina is normally acidic, so the deposit of pre-ejaculate before the emission of semen may change the vaginal environment to promote sperm survival.[4] Pre-ejaculate also acts as a lubricant during sexual activity,[4] and plays a role in semen coagulation.[4]

Low levels or no sperm exists in pre-ejaculate, although studies examined small samples of men.[5][6] Two contrary studies found mixed evidence, including individual cases of a high sperm concentration.[7][8] Popular belief  — dating to a 1966 Masters and Johnson study[9]  — stated that pre-ejaculate may contain sperm that can cause pregnancy, which is a common basis of argument against the use of coitus interruptus (withdrawal) as a contraceptive method.[5][6]

Studies have demonstrated the presence of HIV in most pre-ejaculate samples from infected men.[6][10][11]

Distribution

Sexually aroused men tend to secrete pre-ejaculate, which may be distinguished by its slippery quality.

The quantity of pre-ejaculate produced various widely between individuals. Some observers believe that, on average, circumcised males tend to produce less pre-ejaculate than foreskinned males, due to loss of sexual sensation received by the autonomic nervous system from the ridged band, frenulum, and other nerves of the foreskin.

Production of pre-ejaculate may be triggered by erotic thoughts alone.

See also

External links

  • REFweb Wikipedia article: Pre-ejaculate. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  • REFweb Lane, S. Nicole (2 October 2022). What Is Precum?, Verywell Health. Retrieved 16 January 2023.

References

  1. ↑ a b REFweb (2005). Pre-ejaculate, Free Dictionary by Farlex. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  2. ↑ REFweb (2005). Cowper's glands., Free Dictionary by Farlex. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  3. ↑ REFjournal Chughtai B, Sawas A, O'Malley RL, Naik RR, Ali Khan S, Pentyala S. A neglected gland: a review of Cowper's gland PDF. Int J Androl. April 2005; 28(2): 74–7. PMID. DOI.
  4. ↑ a b c REFjournal Chudnovsky A, Niederberger CS. Copious Pre-Ejaculation: Small Glands—Major Headaches. J Androl. 2007; 28(3): 374–5. PMID. DOI.
  5. ↑ a b REFjournal Zukerman Z, Weiss DB, Orvieto R. Short Communication: Does Preejaculatory Penile Secretion Originating from Cowper's Gland Contain Sperm? PDF. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. April 2003; 20(4): 157–9. PMID. PMC. DOI.
  6. ↑ a b c REFjournal Researchers find no sperm in pre-ejaculate fluid. Contraceptive Technology Update. October 1993; 14(10): 154–156. PMID.
  7. ↑ REFjournal Killick SR, Leary C, Trussell J, Guthrie KA. Sperm content of pre-ejaculatory fluid. Human Fertility. 2011; 14(1): 48–52. PMID. PMC. DOI.
  8. ↑ REFjournal Kovavisarach E, Lorthanawanich S, Muangsamran P. Presence of Sperm in Pre-Ejaculatory Fluid of Healthy Males PDF. J Med Assoc Thai. 2016; 99 Suppl 2: S38–41. PMID.
  9. ↑ REFbook Masters WH (1966): Johnson, V.E.. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co. P. 211.
  10. ↑ REFjournal Pudney J, Oneta M, Mayer K, Seage G, Anderson D. Pre-ejaculatory fluid as potential vector for sexual transmission of HIV-1. Lancet. 1992; 340(8833): 1470. PMID. DOI.
  11. ↑ REFjournal Ilaria G, Jacobs JL, Polsky B, et al. Detection of HIV-1 DNA sequences in pre-ejaculatory fluid. Lancet. 1992; 340(8833): 1469. PMID. DOI.
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