Genital mutilation/Table: Difference between revisions

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The following list lists the various forms of male genital mutilation, starting with the lightest to the most severe known form (excluding {{W|castration}}). Information about the pain is of course very subjective. It plays a major role whether tissue on the ventral side of the [[penis]] is involved, as there is a strong concentration of nerves in the frenulum. In initiation rituals, the infliction of pain is usually quite intentional.
The following list lists the various forms of [[MGM| male genital mutilation]], starting with the lightest to the most severe known form (excluding {{W|castration}}). Information about the [[pain]] is of course very subjective. It plays a major role whether tissue on the ventral side of the [[penis]] is involved, as there is a strong concentration of nerves in the [[frenulum]]. In initiation rituals, the infliction of [[pain]] is usually quite intentional.


== Classification ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
# = Location
|-
# = Who performs the operation?
! Type!! Location !! Who !! Purpose !! Age !! Still today? !! Performance !! Result!! Pain !! Anesthesia
# = Purpose
|-
# = In which age?
| '''[[Infibulation]]'''
# = Still in use today?
|| "civilized" countries in the 19th century
# = How is the operation performed?
|| mostly a doctor
# = Result
|| prevention of [[masturbation]]
# = Pain / Anesthesia
|| youth
 
|| No
== Infibulation ==
|| The [[foreskin]] is pierced twice. A silver wire or even a small padlock is passed through.
# "civilized" countries in the 19th century
|| two holes in the [[foreskin]]
# mostly a doctor
|| moderate
# prevention of masturbation
|| No
# youth
|-
# no
| '''Severing the frenulum'''
# The foreskin is pierced twice. A silver wire or even a small padlock is passed through.
|| Luos in Africa
# two holes in the foreskin
|| Young people already initiated
# moderate / no
|| Initiation rite
 
|| 12 years or older
== Severing the frenulum ==
|| possibly still practiced here and there in rural areas, partly replaced by radical [[circumcision]]
{{NYT de}}
|| different methods:
# Bei den Luos in Afrika
* 1) Piercing of the frenulum, which is then severed with a ligature within a few days
# Bereits initiierte Jugendliche
* 2) Piercing and then severing the [[frenulum]]
# Initiationsritus
* 3) In the most bizarre form, a giant termite is made to bite through the frenulum
# 12 Jahre oder älter
|| The operation shortly before [[puberty]] is intended to expose the [[glans]] after the [[penis]] has grown. No loss of sensitive tissue
# möglicherweise in ländlichen Gegenden hier und da noch praktiziert, teilweise durch radikale Beschneidungen ersetzt
|| 1) moderate to strong, 2) strong, 3) very strong
# verschiedene Methoden:
|| no
## Piercen des Frenulums, das dann mit einer Ligatur innerhalb weniger Tage durchtrennt wird
|-
## Piercen und anschließend Durchtrennen des Frenulums
| '''Superincision'''
## Bei der bizarrsten Form wird eine Riesentermite dazu gebracht, das Frenulum durchzubeißen
|| in the [[Tuli| Philippines]] with many, but not all tribes, in the Fiji Islands, in the small Pacific islands of Tikopia (Polynesia), Tangaroa, Ra'ivavae and Niue
# Die Operation kurz vor der Pubertät soll bewirken, dass die Eichel nach erfolgtem Peniswachstum freiliegt. Kein Verlust von sensitivem Gewebe
|| an amateur, an uncle on Tikopia, and on Ra'ivavae those appointed have to lend a hand themselves
# 1: mäßig bis stark 2: stark 3: sehr stark / nein
|| Initiation rite
 
|| usually carried out between the ages of 8 and 10 years (on Niue at the age of 8, in Fiji during [[puberty]])
== Superincision ==
|| still in use, but increasingly being replaced by radical circumcisions in the Philippines
# auf den Philippinen bei vielen, jedoch nicht allen Stämmen, auf den Fidschi-Inseln, auf den kleinen Pazifikinseln Tikopia (Polynesien), Tangaroa, Ra'ivavae und Niue
|| a dorsal incision in which the [[foreskin]] is cut open and the [[glans]] is exposed, but no tissue is removed
# ein Amateur, auf Tikopia ein Onkel, auf Ra'ivavae müssen die dazu Bestimmten selbst Hand anlegen
|| Exposed [[glans]], [[skin]] flaps on the underside of the [[penis]]
# Initiationsritus
|| strong
# meist im Alter von 8 bis 10 Jahren durchgeführt (auf Niue im Alter von 8 Jahren, auf Fidschi während der Pubertät)
|| no
# noch gebräuchlich, auf den Philippinen jedoch zunehmend durch radikale Beschneidungen ersetzt.
|-
# ein dorsaler Schnitt, bei dem die Vorhaut aufgeschnitten und die Eichel entblößt wird, jedoch kein Gewebe entfernt
| '''Bizarre form of superincision'''
# entblößte Eichel, Hautlappen an der Penisunterseite
|| a tribe in Melanesia (western Solomon Islands)
# stark / nein
|| an amateur
 
|| Initiation rite
== Bizarre form of super incision ==
|| ?
# ein Stamm in Melanesien (westliche Salomon-Inseln)
|| ?
# ein Amateur
|| A horizontal incision is made on the top of the [[foreskin]] and the [[glans]] is pulled through.
# Initiationsritus
|| Exposed [[glans]], flaps of [[skin]] on the underside of the penis
# ?
|| strong
# ?
|| no
# es wird ein waagerechter Schnitt auf der Oberseite der Vorhaut gemacht und die Eichel hindurchgezogen.
|-
# entblößte Eichel, Hautlappen an der Unterseite des Penis
| '''Special form of superincision'''
# stark / nein
|| a tribe in Melanesia (Solomon Islands)
 
|| an amateur
== Special form of superincision ==
|| Initiation rite
# ein Stamm in Melanesien (Salomon-Inseln)
|| ?
# ein Amateur
|| still in use
# Initiationsritus
|| 4 incisions are made in the [[foreskin]], the [[glans]] is exposed, but no tissue is removed
# ?
|| bared glans, 4 [[skin]] flaps, similar to a flower, around the [[glans]]
# noch gebräuchlich
|| very strong
# es werden 4 Schnitte in der Vorhaut gemacht, die Eichel entblößt, aber kein Gewebe entfernt
|| no
# entblößte Eichel, 4 Hautlappen, ähnlich einer Blüte, rund um die Eichel
|-
# sehr stark / nein
| '''Partial circumcision (about 1/3)'''
 
|| in use in [[Judaism]] until the 2nd century
== Partial circumcision (about 1/3) ==
|| the trained [[Mohel]]
: 1. A: im Judentum bis ins 2. Jahrhundert gebräuchlich
|| biblical command
:: B: bei einigen afrikanischen Stämmen
|| 8th day after birth
: 2. A: der dafür ausgebildete Mohel
|| no longer in this lighter form
:: B: ein Amateur
|| The [[foreskin]] is pulled forward and previously partially cut off with a sharp stone, today with a razor blade.
: 3. A: biblisches Gebot
|| partially bared glans, loss of sensitive tissue
:: B: Initiationsritus
|| very strong
: 4. A: Am 8. Tage nach der Geburt
|| no
:: B: unterschiedlich
|-
: 5. A: Nicht mehr in dieser leichteren Form
| '''Partial circumcision (about 1/3)'''
:: B: Noch gebräuchlich
|| some African tribes
: 6. Die Vorhaut wird vorgezogen und früher mit einem scharfen Stein, heute mit einer Rasierklinge teilweise abgeschnitten.
|| an amateur
: 7. teilweise entblößte Eichel, Verlust von sensitivem Gewebe
|| Initiation rite
: 8. sehr stark / nein
|| varying
 
|| still in use
== Partial circumcision (at least half to 2/3) ==
|| The [[foreskin]] is pulled forward and previously partially cut off with a sharp stone, today with a razor blade.
: 1. A: in [[islam]]ischen Ländern, bei islamischen Bevölkerungsgruppen
|| partially bared [[glans]], loss of sensitive tissue
:: B: bei afrikanischen Stämmen, bei [[Aborigines]] in Nordwest-Australien
|| very strong
:: C: in Westaustralien
|| no
:: D: in westlichen Ländern
|-
: 2. A: Der Barbier, ein Beschneider, manchmal ein Arzt (der dann aber meistens radikal beschneidet)
| '''Partial circumcision (at least half to 2/3)'''
:: B: ein Amateur
|| in [[Islam]]ic countries, among Islamic population groups
:: C: ein Amateur
|| the barber, a circumciser, sometimes a doctor (who then usually circumcises radically)
:: D: ein Arzt
|| Initiation rite, tradition
: 3. A: Initiationsritus, Tradition
|| varying, always before [[puberty]]
:: B: dito
|| yes
:: C: dito
|| The [[foreskin]] is pulled forward and previously partially cut off with a sharp stone, today with a razor blade or a scalpel. If carried out by a surgeon, parts of both [[skin]] layers are usually removed and, if necessary, then sutured.
:: D: weil Probleme auftraten, die der Arzt nicht anders zu lösen wusste
|| partially, after [[puberty]] mostly completely bare [[glans]], visible scar, loss of sensitive tissue
: 4. A: unterschiedlich, stets vor der Pubertät
|| very strong (with anesthesia: no pain, but possibly unpleasant after-effects)
:: B: unterschiedlich
|| no or rarely
:: C: ?
|-
:: D: unterschiedlich, meist bei Kindern
| '''Partial circumcision (at least half to 2/3)'''
: 5. A: ja
|| with African tribes, with [[Aborigines]] in Northwest [[Australia]]
:: B: ja
|| an amateur
:: C: ja
|| Initiation rite, tradition
:: D: ja
|| varying
: 6. Die Vorhaut wird vorgezogen und früher mit einem scharfen Stein, heute mit einer Rasierklinge oder einem Skalpell teilweise abgeschnitten. Wenn durch einen Chirurgen durchgeführt, werden meist Teile beider Haut­schichten entfernt und ggf. anschließend vernäht
|| yes
: 7. teilweise, nach der Pubertät meist völlig entblößte Eichel, sichtbare Narbe, Verlust von sensitivem Gewebe
|| The [[foreskin]] is pulled forward and previously partially cut off with a sharp stone, today with a razor blade or a scalpel. If carried out by a surgeon, parts of both [[skin]] layers are usually removed and, if necessary, then sutured.
: 8. sehr stark (bei Betäubung: kein Schmerz, aber evtl. unangenehme Nachwirkungen) / nein bzw. selten (bei D heute stets)
|| partially, after puberty mostly completely bare glans, visible scar, loss of sensitive tissue
 
|| very strong (with anesthesia: no pain, but possibly unpleasant after-effects)
== Plastic surgery that removes the inner layer of skin ==
|| no or rarely
# in zivilisierten Ländern
|-
# ein Arzt
| '''Partial circumcision (at least half to 2/3)'''
# weil Probleme auftraten, die der Arzt nicht anders zu lösen wusste
|| in West [[Australia]]
# unterschiedlich, meist bei Kindern
|| an amateur
# ja
|| Initiation rite, tradition
# die innere Vorhautschicht wird entfernt, die äußere Hautschicht wird nach innen geklappt und an der Eichelbasis festgenäht
|| ?
# weitgehend entblößte Eichel, großer Verlust von sensitivem Gewebe. Zweck der Technik ist, eine gewisse Hautreserve zu belassen und die Beschneidungsnarbe unsichtbar anzuordnen.
|| yes
# nein (evtl. unangenehme Nachwirkungen) / ja
|| The [[foreskin]] is pulled forward and previously partially cut off with a sharp stone, today with a razor blade or a scalpel. If carried out by a surgeon, parts of both [[skin]] layers are usually removed and, if necessary, then sutured.
 
|| partially, after puberty mostly completely bare glans, visible scar, loss of sensitive tissue
== Radical circumcision ==
|| very strong (with anesthesia: no pain, but possibly unpleasant after-effects)
: 1. A: in den USA bei Neugeborenen
|| no or rarely
:: B: in Kanada und Australien
|-
:: C: in Südkorea
| '''Partial circumcision (at least half to 2/3)'''
:: D: auf den Philippinen
|| in western countries
: 2.A: Meistens ein Gynäkologe, manchmal ein praktischer Arzt, seltener ein Kinderarzt
|| a doctor
:: B: ein Arzt, meistens Gynäkologe
|| because problems arose that the doctor could not find any other way to solve
:: C: ein Arzt
|| varying, mostly in children
:: D: ein Arzt
|| yes
: 3. A: aus überkommener Tradition (ursprünglich zur Masturbationseindämmung)
|| The [[foreskin]] is pulled forward and previously partially cut off with a sharp stone, today with a razor blade or a scalpel. If carried out by a surgeon, parts of both [[skin]] layers are usually removed and, if necessary, then sutured.
:: B: dito
|| partially, after [[puberty]] mostly completely bare [[glans]], visible scar, loss of sensitive tissue
:: C: um den Amerikanern nachzueifern
|| very strong (with anesthesia: no pain, but possibly unpleasant after-effects)
:: D: dito, z. T. als Ersatz für traditionelle Superinzision
|| today always
: 4. A: kurz nach der Geburt
|-
:: B: dito
|-
:: C: meist vor der Pubertät
| '''Plastic surgery that removes the inner layer of [[skin]]'''
:: D: meist im Alter von 8 bis 10 Jahren
|| in civilized countries
: 5. A: noch häufig (zu 57 %)
|| a doctor
:: B: zumeist selten
|| because problems arose that the doctor could not find any other way to solve
:: C: sehr häufig
|| varying, mostly in children
:: D: häufig
|| yes
: 6. Die Vorhaut wird (nachdem sie bei Babys und Kleinkindern eingeschnitten und von der Eichel abgerissen wurde) vollständig weggeschnitten. Hierfür werden meist verschiedene Vorrichtungen benutzt. Auch das Frenulum wird manchmal enfernt.
|| the inner foreskin layer is removed, the outer [[skin]] layer is folded inward and sewn to the base of the [[glans]]
: 7. völlig entblößte Eichel, großer Verlust von sensitivem Gewebe, sichtbare Narbe, meist fehlende Hautreserve für Erektionen
|| Largely bared glans, great loss of sensitive tissue. The purpose of the technique is to leave a certain reserve of [[skin]] and to make the [[circumcision scar]] invisible.
: 8. extrem stark / bei Babys meistens nein
|| no (possibly unpleasant after-effects)
 
|| yes
== Subincision, lighter type ==
|-
meist in Verbindung mit vorhergehender Beschneidung
| '''Radical circumcision'''
# einige Aborigines-Stämme in Australien
|| in the [[United States]] in newborns
# ein Amateur
|| most often a gynecologist, sometimes a general practitioner, less often a pediatrician
# Initiationsritus
|| from an ancient tradition (originally to contain [[masturbation]])
# ?
|| shortly after birth
# ?
|| still often (estimated 57%)
# Die Harnröhre wird an der Unterseite des Penis eingeschnitten
|| The [[foreskin]] is completely cut away (after it has been incised and torn from the [[glans]] in babies and toddlers). Various devices are usually used for this. The [[frenulum]] is also sometimes removed.
# Urinieren im Stehen wird unmöglich
|| completely bared [[glans]], great loss of sensitive tissue, visible scar, mostly missing [[skin]] reserve for erections
# stark / nein
|| extremely strong
 
|| with babies mostly no
== Subincision, heavier type ==
|-
meist in Verbindung mit vorhergehender Beschneidung
| '''Radical circumcision'''
# einige Aborigines-Stämme in Australien
|| in [[Canada]] and [[Australia]]
# ein Amateur
|| a doctor, mostly a gynecologist
# Initiationsritus
|| from an ancient tradition (originally to contain [[masturbation]])
# ?
|| shortly after birth
# ?
|| seldom
# Die Harnröhre wird von der Peniswurzel bis zur Eichel komplett aufgeschnitten.
|| The [[foreskin]] is completely cut away (after it has been incised and torn from the [[glans]] in babies and toddlers). Various devices are usually used for this. The frenulum is also sometimes removed.
# Aussehen und Funktion des Penis werden massiv verändert. Urinieren im Stehen wird unmöglich
|| completely bared [[glans]], great loss of sensitive tissue, visible scar, mostly missing [[skin]] reserve for erections
# extrem stark / nein
|| extremely strong
 
|| with babies mostly no
== Molting of the entire penis ==
|-
# Afrika, ein Stamm am roten Meer
| '''Radical circumcision'''
# ein Amateur
|| in [[South Korea]]
# Initiationsritus
|| a doctor
# ?
|| to emulate the Americans
# wahrscheinlich seit etwa 1900 nicht mehr praktiziert
|| mostly before [[puberty]]
# Die gesamte Penishaut wird, inkl. einem Stück Haut des Schamhügels, abgerissen.
|| very often
# gravierende Verstümmelung
|| The [[foreskin]] is completely cut away (after it has been incised and torn from the [[glans]] in babies and toddlers). Various devices are usually used for this. The [[frenulum]] is also sometimes removed.
# außerordentlich stark / nein
|| completely bared [[glans]], great loss of sensitive tissue, visible scar, mostly missing [[skin]] reserve for erections
|| extremely strong
|| with babies mostly no
|-
| '''Radical circumcision'''
|| on the [[Tuli| Philippines]]
|| a doctor
|| from traditional tradition (originally to contain [[masturbation]]), e.g. as a replacement for traditional superincision
|| usually between the ages of 8 and 10 years
|| often
|| The [[foreskin]] is completely cut away (after it has been incised and torn from the [[glans]] in babies and toddlers). Various devices are usually used for this. The [[frenulum]] is also sometimes removed.
|| completely bared [[glans]], great loss of sensitive tissue, visible scar, mostly missing [[skin]] reserve for erections
|| extremely strong
|| with babies mostly no
|-
| '''Subincision, lighter type'''<br>
(mostly in connection with previous circumcision)
|| some Aboriginal tribes in [[Australia]]
|| an amateur
|| Initiation rite
|| ?
|| ?
|| The [[urethra]] is sliced at the bottom of the [[penis]].
|| Urinating while standing becomes impossible.
|| strong
|| no
|-
| '''Subincision, heavier type'''<br>
(mostly in connection with previous circumcision)
|| some Aboriginal tribes in Australia
|| an amateur
|| Initiation rite
|| ?
|| ?
|| The [[urethra]] is completely cut open from the base of the [[penis]] to the [[glans]].
|| The appearance and function of the penis are massively changed. Urinating while standing becomes impossible.
|| extremely strong
|| no
|-
| '''Molting of the entire penis'''
|| Africa, a tribe on the Red Sea
|| an amateur
|| Initiation rite
|| ?
|| probably not practiced since around 1900
|| The entire [[penile skin]], including a piece of [[skin]] of the pubic mound, is torn off.
|| serious mutilation
|| extraordinarily strong
|| no
|}


{{SEEALSO}}
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Boys]]
* [[Boys]]
* [[Penis]]
* [[Puberty]]
* [[Sexuality]]
* [[Sexuality]]
* [[Violence]]
* [[Violence]]
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* [[Selbstbestimmung]]
* [[Selbstbestimmung]]


[[Category:Male circumcision]]
[[Category:Violence]]
[[Category:Violence]]
[[Category:Genital mutilation]]
[[Category:Genital mutilation]]
Line 185: Line 238:
[[Category:From WikiMANNia]]
[[Category:From WikiMANNia]]


[[de:Genitalverstümmelung (Tabelle)]]
[[de:Genitalverstümmelung/Tabelle]]