Difference between revisions of "Synechia"

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'''Synechia''' is the medical name for an adhesion between body parts in any area of the body that are not normally adherent . The plural is '''synechiae'''. The word comes to us from Greek.<ref>{{REFweb
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'''Synechia''' is the medical name for an adhesion between body parts in any area of the body that are not normally adherent . The plural is '''synechiae'''. The word comes to us from Greek (συνέχεια).<ref>{{REFweb
 
  |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/synechia
 
  |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/synechia
 
  |title=Synechia
 
  |title=Synechia
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|trans-title=
 
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|language=
 
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|last=
 
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|first=
 
 
  |publisher=The Free Medical Dictionary  
 
  |publisher=The Free Medical Dictionary  
 
  |website=The Free Dictionary
 
  |website=The Free Dictionary
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|date=
 
 
  |accessdate=2019-10-07
 
  |accessdate=2019-10-07
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|format=
 
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|quote=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
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There are some synechiae that are natural.  Baby boys are born with the inner foreskin fused with the glans penis by a synechial membrane that is common to both parts.<ref>{{REFjournal
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There are some synechiae that are natural.  Baby boys are born with the inner [[foreskin]] fused with the [[glans penis]] by a synechial membrane that is common to both parts,<ref name="deibart1933">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Deibart
 
  |last=Deibart
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  |first=GA
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  |init=GA
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|author-link=
 
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|coauthors=
 
 
  |title=The separation of the prepuce in the human penis
 
  |title=The separation of the prepuce in the human penis
 
  |journal=Anat Rec
 
  |journal=Anat Rec
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  |date=1933
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  |date=1933-11
 
  |volume=57
 
  |volume=57
 
  |issue=
 
  |issue=
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  |DOI=https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090570409
 
  |DOI=https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090570409
 
  |accessdate=2019-10-07
 
  |accessdate=2019-10-07
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}}</ref> The synechial membrane gradually breaks down and releases the foreskin so it can be retracted. About 50 percent of boys can retract their foreskin by age 10.<ref>{{REFjournal
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}}</ref> which is called the ''balanopreputial lamina''.
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==Penile synechia in childhood==
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[[Jakob Øster| Øster]] (1968) was a school physician in [[Denmark]] where boys are not usually [[circumcised]]. Øster conducted regular examinations of school boys from age 6 through age 17 and recorded his results. Øster reported that 63% of 6-7 year old boys; 48% of 10-11 year old boys; and 3% of 16-17 year old boys had a prepuce that was not fully separated.<ref name="Øster1968">{{OesterJ 1968}}</ref> The separation and breakdown and the synechia is natural, normal, spontaneous, and requires no special care. Thorvaldsen & Meyhoff (2005) report about 50 percent of boys can retract their [[foreskin]] by age 10.4, thus confirming Øster's report.<ref name-"thorvaldsen2005">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Thorvaldsen
 
  |last=Thorvaldsen
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  |first=MA
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  |init=MA
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  |author-link=
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  |last2=Meyhoff
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  |coauthors=Meyhoff HH
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  |init2=HH
 
  |title=Phimosis: pathological or physiological?
 
  |title=Phimosis: pathological or physiological?
 
  |journal=Ugeskr Læge
 
  |journal=Ugeskr Læge
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  |accessdate=2019-10-07
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
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==Synechia destruction prior to infant circumcision==
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When an infant boy is to be [[circumcised]], as remains a practice in the [[United States]], in preparation for the [[circumcision]], the preputial synechia must first be forcibly separated by passing a blunt probe under the foreskin in an intensely [[Pain| painful]] procedure.
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==Premature forcible foreskin retraction==
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Premature forcible foreskin retraction (PFFR) of a boy's [[foreskin]] will rip the boy's synechia apart and cause severe pain and injury to the boys.<ref>{{REFjournal
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|last=Narvaez
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|init=DF
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|last2=Geisheker
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|init2=J
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|author2-link=John Geisheker
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|title=What Is the Greatest Danger for an Uncircumcised Boy?
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|journal=Psychology Today
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|date=2011-10-23
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|volume=
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|issue=
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|pages=
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|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/moral-landscapes/201110/what-is-the-greatest-danger-uncircumcised-boy
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|quote=
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|pubmedID=
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|pubmedCID=
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|DOI=
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|accessdate=2019-10-08
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}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal
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|last=Narvaez
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|init=DF
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|last2=Geisheker
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|init2=J
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|author2-link=John Geisheker
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|title=Doctor Ignorance of Male Anatomy Harms Boys
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|journal=Psychology Today
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|date=2011-10-30
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|volume=
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|issue=
 +
|pages=
 +
|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/moral-landscapes/201110/doctor-ignorance-male-anatomy-harms-boys
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|quote=
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|pubmedID=
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|pubmedCID=
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|DOI=
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|accessdate=2019-10-08
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}}</ref> Unfortunately, many American physicians are ignorant of normal penile anatomy and cause severe pain and grave injury to boys whom they examine in their practice. The first person to retract a boy's [[foreskin]] should be the boy himself.<ref>{{REFjournal
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|last=Wright
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|init=JE
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|title= Further to the "Further Fate of the Foreskin."
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|journal=Med J Aust
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|date=1994
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|volume=160
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|issue=
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|pages=134-5
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|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/normal/wright2/
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|quote=
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|pubmedID=8295581
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|pubmedCID=
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|DOI=
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|accessdate=2019-10-08
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}}</ref>
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[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] offers information and aid to parents of boys who have been injured and/or traumatized by PFFR.<ref>{{REFweb
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|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-parents/help-with-forcible-foreskin-retraction/
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|title=Wrongful Foreskin Retraction
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|last=
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|first=
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|publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]]
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|website=
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|date=2016-04-01
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|accessdate=2019-10-09
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|format=
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|quote=
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}}</ref>
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==Spontaneous disintegration of the synechia==
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The synechia spontaneously disintegrates to release the [[foreskin]].<ref name="deibart1933" /> The disintegration usually occurs in childhood but will persist into adolescence in a few cases.
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Some [[intact]] boys will report pain when they urinate during the period in which separation is occurring. The condition is temporary and will end when separation is complete.<ref>{{REFweb
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|url=https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/penis_and_foreskin_care/#foreskin-separation
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|title=Foreskin separation
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|last=
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|first=
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|init=
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|publisher=The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne
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|date=2018-02
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|accessdate=2023-08-15
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}}</ref>
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{{SEEALSO}}
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* [[Retraction of the foreskin]]
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* [[Phimosis]]
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* [[Uncircumcised]]
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{{LINKS}}
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* {{REFdocument
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|title=Answers to Your Questions About Premature (Forcible) Retraction of Your Young Son's Foreskin
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|url=http://www.nocirc.org/publish/6pam.pdf
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|contribution=
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|last=Milos
 +
|first=Marilyn
 +
|author-link=Marilyn Fayre Milos
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|publisher=National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers
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|format=Pamphlet
 +
|date=2007-09-01
 +
|accessdate=2019-10-09
 +
}}
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* {{REFdocument
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|title=Freeing of Preputial (Foreskin) Adhesions
 +
|url=https://www.baus.org.uk/_userfiles/pages/files/Patients/Leaflets/Preputial%20adhesions.pdf
 +
|contribution=
 +
|last=
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|first=
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|publisher=British Association of Urological Surgeons(BAUS)
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|format=PDF
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|date=2017-06
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|accessdate=2021-03-03
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}}
  
 
{{REF}}
 
{{REF}}
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[[Category:Parental information]]
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[[Category:Penile anatomy]]
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 +
[[de:Synechie]]

Latest revision as of 07:36, 18 June 2024

Synechia is the medical name for an adhesion between body parts in any area of the body that are not normally adherent . The plural is synechiae. The word comes to us from Greek (συνέχεια).[1]

There are some synechiae that are natural. Baby boys are born with the inner foreskin fused with the glans penis by a synechial membrane that is common to both parts,[2] which is called the balanopreputial lamina.

Penile synechia in childhood

Øster (1968) was a school physician in Denmark where boys are not usually circumcised. Øster conducted regular examinations of school boys from age 6 through age 17 and recorded his results. Øster reported that 63% of 6-7 year old boys; 48% of 10-11 year old boys; and 3% of 16-17 year old boys had a prepuce that was not fully separated.[3] The separation and breakdown and the synechia is natural, normal, spontaneous, and requires no special care. Thorvaldsen & Meyhoff (2005) report about 50 percent of boys can retract their foreskin by age 10.4, thus confirming Øster's report.[4]

Synechia destruction prior to infant circumcision

When an infant boy is to be circumcised, as remains a practice in the United States, in preparation for the circumcision, the preputial synechia must first be forcibly separated by passing a blunt probe under the foreskin in an intensely painful procedure.

Premature forcible foreskin retraction

Premature forcible foreskin retraction (PFFR) of a boy's foreskin will rip the boy's synechia apart and cause severe pain and injury to the boys.[5] [6] Unfortunately, many American physicians are ignorant of normal penile anatomy and cause severe pain and grave injury to boys whom they examine in their practice. The first person to retract a boy's foreskin should be the boy himself.[7]

Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.) offers information and aid to parents of boys who have been injured and/or traumatized by PFFR.[8]

Spontaneous disintegration of the synechia

The synechia spontaneously disintegrates to release the foreskin.[2] The disintegration usually occurs in childhood but will persist into adolescence in a few cases.

Some intact boys will report pain when they urinate during the period in which separation is occurring. The condition is temporary and will end when separation is complete.[9]

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ REFweb Synechia, The Free Dictionary, The Free Medical Dictionary. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  2. ↑ a b REFjournal Deibart GA. The separation of the prepuce in the human penis. Anat Rec. November 1933; 57: 387-99. DOI. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  3. ↑ REFjournal Øster J. Further Fate of the Foreskin: Incidence of Preputial Adhesions, Phimosis, and Smegma among Danish Schoolboys PDF. Arch Dis Child. 1968; 43(228): 200-3. PMID. PMC. DOI. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  4. ↑ REFjournal Thorvaldsen MA, Meyhoff HH. Phimosis: pathological or physiological?. Ugeskr Læge. 2005; 167(17): 1858-62. PMID. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  5. ↑ REFjournal Narvaez DF, Geisheker J. What Is the Greatest Danger for an Uncircumcised Boy?. Psychology Today. 23 October 2011; Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  6. ↑ REFjournal Narvaez DF, Geisheker J. Doctor Ignorance of Male Anatomy Harms Boys. Psychology Today. 30 October 2011; Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  7. ↑ REFjournal Wright JE. Further to the "Further Fate of the Foreskin.". Med J Aust. 1994; 160: 134-5. PMID. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  8. ↑ REFweb (1 April 2016). Wrongful Foreskin Retraction, Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.). Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  9. ↑ REFweb (February 2018). Foreskin separation, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
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