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* Luther, Kraybill & Potter (1976) compared the level of cortisol in infants before and after circumcision. They found a substantial rise in the cortisol levels in the infants, which they said was due to the "stress" of circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal
* Luther, Kraybill & Potter (1976) compared the level of cortisol in infants before and after circumcision. They found a substantial rise in the cortisol levels in the infants, which they said was due to the "stress" of circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Talbert
  |last=Talbert
|init=LM
  |first=Luther M.
  |first=Luther M.
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |last2=Kraybill
  |last2=Kraybill
|init2=EN
  |first2=Ernest N.
  |first2=Ernest N.
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |last3=Potter
  |last3=Potter
  |first3=H. D.
  |init3=HD
  |author3-link=
  |author3-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
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* Rawlings, Miller & Engel (1980) showed that as pain of circumcision increased, oxygenation of the skin decreased.<ref name="rawlings1980">{{REFjournal
* Rawlings, Miller & Engel (1980) showed that as pain of circumcision increased, oxygenation of the skin decreased.<ref name="rawlings1980">{{REFjournal
  |last=Rawlings
  |last=Rawlings
|init=DJ
  |first=David J.
  |first=David J.
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |last2=Miller
  |last2=Miller
|init2=PA
  |first2=Patricia Anne
  |first2=Patricia Anne
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |last3=Engel
  |last3=Engel
|init3=RR
  |first3=Rolf R.
  |first3=Rolf R.
  |author3-link=
  |author3-link=
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The authors were still unwilling to use the word ''pain'' and substituted the word ''stress''. <ref>{{REFjournal
The authors were still unwilling to use the word ''pain'' and substituted the word ''stress''. <ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Gunnar
  |last=Gunnar
|init=MR
  |first=Megan R.
  |first=Megan R.
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |last2=Fisch
  |last2=Fisch
|init2=RO
  |first2=Robert O.
  |first2=Robert O.
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |last3=Korsvick
  |last3=Korsvick
|init3=S
  |first3=Sherry
  |first3=Sherry
  |author3-link=
  |author3-link=
  |last4=Donhowe
  |last4=Donhowe
|init4=JM
  |first4=John M.
  |first4=John M.
  |author4-link=
  |author4-link=
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* Marshall ''et al''. (1982) studied mother-child interaction with regard to feeding behavior after circumcision without anesthesia.  They found that circumcised boys had more interruptions of feeding in the 24-hour period of observation.<ref name="marshall1982">{{REFjournal
* Marshall ''et al''. (1982) studied mother-child interaction with regard to feeding behavior after circumcision without anesthesia.  They found that circumcised boys had more interruptions of feeding in the 24-hour period of observation.<ref name="marshall1982">{{REFjournal
  |last=Marshall
  |last=Marshall
|init=RE
  |first=Richard E.
  |first=Richard E.
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |last2=Porter
  |last2=Porter
|init2=FL
  |first2=Fran L.
  |first2=Fran L.
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |last3=Rogers
  |last3=Rogers
|init3=AG
  |first3=Ann G.
  |first3=Ann G.
  |author3-link=
  |author3-link=
  |last4=Moore
  |last4=Moore
|init4=J
  |first4=JoAnn
  |first4=JoAnn
  |author4-link=
  |author4-link=
  |last5=Anderson
  |last5=Anderson
|init5=B
  |first5=Barbara
  |first5=Barbara
  |author5-link=
  |author5-link=
  |last6=Boxerman
  |last6=Boxerman
  |first6=Stuart B.
  |first6=Stuart B.
|init6=SB
  |author6-link=
  |author6-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
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  |last=Porter
  |last=Porter
  |first=Fran Lang
  |first=Fran Lang
|init=FL
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |last2=Miller
  |last2=Miller
  |first2=Richard H.
  |first2=Richard H.
|init2=RH
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |last3=Marshal
  |last3=Marshal
  |first3=Richard E>
  |first3=Richard E
|init3=RE
  |author3-link=
  |author3-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
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  |last=Poland  
  |last=Poland  
  |first=Ronald L.
  |first=Ronald L.
|init=RL
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |last2=Roberts  
  |last2=Roberts  
  |first2=Ronald J
  |first2=Ronald J
|init2=RJ
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |last3=Gutierrez-Mazorra
  |last3=Gutierrez-Mazorra
  |first3=Juan F.
  |first3=Juan F.
|init3=JF
  |author3-link=
  |author3-link=
  |last4=Fonkalsrud
  |last4=Fonkalsrud
  |first4=Eric W.
  |first4=Eric W.
|init4=EW
  |author4-link=
  |author4-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
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  |last=Gunnar
  |last=Gunnar
  |first=Megan
  |first=Megan
|init=M
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |last2=Connors  
  |last2=Connors  
  |first2=Joan
  |first2=Joan
|init2=J
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |last3=Isensee
  |last3=Isensee
  |first3=Jill
  |first3=Jill
|init3=J
  |author3-link=
  |author3-link=
  |last4=Wall
  |last4=Wall
  |first4=Lee
  |first4=Lee
|init4=L
  |author4-link=
  |author4-link=
|last5=
|first5=
|author5-link=
|last6=
|first6=
|author6-link=
|last7=
|first7=
|author7-link=
|last8=
|first8=
|author8-link=
|last9=
|first9=
|author9-link=
  |etal=yes
  |etal=yes
  |title=Adrenocortical activity and behavioral distress in human newborns
  |title=Adrenocortical activity and behavioral distress in human newborns
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  |last=Schoen
  |last=Schoen
  |first=Edgar J.
  |first=Edgar J.
|init=EJ
  |author-link=Edgar J. Schoen
  |author-link=Edgar J. Schoen
  |last2=Anderson
  |last2=Anderson
  |first2=Glen
  |first2=Glen
|init2=G
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |last3=Bohon
  |last3=Bohon
  |first3=Constance
  |first3=Constance
|init3=C
  |author3-link=
  |author3-link=
  |last4=Hinman, Jr.
  |last4=Hinman Jr
  |first4=Frank
  |first4=Frank
|init4=F
  |author4-link=
  |author4-link=
  |last5=Poland
  |last5=Poland
  |first5=Ronald L.
  |first5=Ronald L.
|init5=RL
  |author5-link=
  |author5-link=
  |last6=E. Wakeman
  |last6=Wakeman
  |first6=Maurice
  |first6=Maurice
|init6=ME
  |author6-link=
  |author6-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
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  |last=Wallerstein
  |last=Wallerstein
  |first=Edward
  |first=Edward
|init=E
  |author-link=Edward Wallerstein
  |author-link=Edward Wallerstein
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
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  |last=Kirya
  |last=Kirya
  |first=Christopher
  |first=Christopher
|init=C
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |last2=Werthman, Jr.
  |last2=Werthman Jr
  |first2=Milton W.
  |first2=Milton W.
|init2=MW
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
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* Ring Block. Broadman ''et al''. (1987) proposed ring block for neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision.<ref name="broadman1987">{{REFjournal
* Ring Block. Broadman ''et al''. (1987) proposed ring block for neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision.<ref name="broadman1987">{{REFjournal
  |last=Broadman
  |last=Broadman
  |first=L M
  |init=LM
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |last2=Hannallah
  |last2=Hannallah
  |first2=R S
  |init2=RS
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |last3=Belman
  |last3=Belman
  |first3=A B
  |init3=AB
  |author3-link=
  |author3-link=
  |last4=Elder
  |last4=Elder
  |first4=P T
  |init4=PT
  |author4-link=
  |author4-link=
  |last5=Ruttiman
  |last5=Ruttiman
  |first5=U
  |init5=U
  |author5-link=
  |author5-link=
  |last6=Epstein
  |last6=Epstein
  |first6=B S
  |init6=BS
  |author6-link=
  |author6-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
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}}</ref> Ring block is considered the most effective analgesic procedure for neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision. Infant boys feel less pain and suffer less trauma than with the other two procedures.<ref name="lander1997" /> <ref name="stang1997">{{REFjournal
}}</ref> Ring block is considered the most effective analgesic procedure for neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision. Infant boys feel less pain and suffer less trauma than with the other two procedures.<ref name="lander1997" /> <ref name="stang1997">{{REFjournal
  |last=Stang
  |last=Stang
  |first=Howard J.  
  |first=Howard J.
|init=HJ
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |last2=Snnellman
  |last2=Snnellman
  |first2=Leonard W.
  |first2=Leonard W.
|init2=LW
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |last3=Condon
  |last3=Condon
  |first3=Lawrence M
  |first3=Lawrence M
|init3=LM
  |author3-link=
  |author3-link=
  |last4=Conroy
  |last4=Conroy
  |first4=Mary Margaret
  |first4=Mary Margaret
|init4=MM
  |author4-link=
  |author4-link=
  |last5=Liebo
  |last5=Liebo
  |first5=Rhoda
  |first5=Rhoda
|init5=R
  |author5-link=
  |author5-link=
  |last6=Brodersen
  |last6=Brodersen
  |first6=Laurie
  |first6=Laurie
|init6=L
  |author6-link=
  |author6-link=
  |last7=Gunnar
  |last7=Gunnar
  |first7=Megan R.
  |first7=Megan R.
|init7=MR
  |author7-link=
  |author7-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
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  |last=Wellington
  |last=Wellington
  |first=Nancy
  |first=Nancy
|init=N
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |last2=Rieder
  |last2=Rieder
  |first2=Michael J.
  |first2=Michael J.
|init2=MJ
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
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  |last=Ryan
  |last=Ryan
  |first=C. Anthony
  |first=C. Anthony
|init=CA
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |last2=Finer
  |last2=Finer
  |first2=Neil N.
  |first2=Neil N.
|init2=NN
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
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The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] convened a new task force on circumcision under the chair of Carole M. Lannon, M. D. That task force reversed the position previously taken under [[Edgar J. Schoen]]. It clearly stated that non-therapeutic infant circumcision is "not essential to the child’s current well-being." It provided an extensive discussion of procedural analgesia and said, quite strongly, that, if a circumcision is done, procedural analgesia should be provided.<ref>{{REFjournal
The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] convened a new task force on circumcision under the chair of Carole M. Lannon, M. D. That task force reversed the position previously taken under [[Edgar J. Schoen]]. It clearly stated that non-therapeutic infant circumcision is "not essential to the child’s current well-being." It provided an extensive discussion of procedural analgesia and said, quite strongly, that, if a circumcision is done, procedural analgesia should be provided.<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Lannon
  |last=Lannon
|init=CM
  |first=Carole M.
  |first=Carole M.
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |last2=Bailey
  |last2=Bailey
  |first2=Ann Geryl Doll Bailey
|init2=AGD
  |first2=Ann Geryl Doll
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |last3=Fleischman
  |last3=Fleischman
|init3=AR
  |first3=Alan R.
  |first3=Alan R.
  |author3-link=
  |author3-link=
  |last4=Kaplan
  |last4=Kaplan
|init4=G
  |first4=George
  |first4=George
  |author4-link=
  |author4-link=
|last5=
|first5=
|author5-link=
|last6=
|first6=
|author6-link=
  |etal=yes
  |etal=yes
  |title=Circumcision policy statement
  |title=Circumcision policy statement
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Kraft (2003) reported that "many health care practitioners routinely perform this procedure without the use of any or with inadequate or ineffective analgesia and anesthesia."<ref name="kraft2003">{{REFjournal
Kraft (2003) reported that "many health care practitioners routinely perform this procedure without the use of any or with inadequate or ineffective analgesia and anesthesia."<ref name="kraft2003">{{REFjournal
  |last=Kraft
  |last=Kraft
  |first=Nancy L.
|init=NL
  |first=Nancy L
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
  |title=A pictorial and video guide to circumcision without pain  
  |title=A pictorial and video guide to circumcision without pain  
|trans-title=
|language=English
  |journal=Adv Neonatal Care
  |journal=Adv Neonatal Care
  |location=
  |location=
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