Difference between revisions of "Alleged reasons for circumcision"

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  |accessdate=
 
  |accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
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* masturbation (females) - 1918 Belle Eskridge<ref name="Eskridge1918">{{REFjournal
+
* [[masturbation]] (females) - 1918 Belle Eskridge<ref name="Eskridge1918">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Eskridge
 
  |last=Eskridge
 
  |first=Belle C.
 
  |first=Belle C.
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  |pages=17-19
 
  |pages=17-19
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
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* masturbation (males) - 1891: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1891">{{REFjournal
+
* [[masturbation]] (males) - 1891: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1891">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Hutchinson
 
  |last=Hutchinson
 
  |first=Jonathan
 
  |first=Jonathan
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  |accessdate=
 
  |accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
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* masturbation (newborns) - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953">{{REFjournal
+
* [[masturbation]] (newborns) - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Miller
 
  |last=Miller
 
  |init=RL
 
  |init=RL
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In 1966, Masters and Johnson erroneous claim that there is no difference in sensitivity between penises with and without foreskin.
 
In 1966, Masters and Johnson erroneous claim that there is no difference in sensitivity between penises with and without foreskin.
−
 
+
: ({{NOTE}} Their work helps propagate the medical dogma that circumcision has no effect on sexuality go practically unquestioned for nearly the next four decades.)<ref name="MastersJohnson1966">{{REFbook
−
({{NOTE}} Their work helps propagate the medical dogma that circumcision has no effect on sexuality go practically unquestioned for nearly the next four decades.)<ref name="MastersJohnson1966">{{REFbook
 
 
  |last=Masters and Johnson
 
  |last=Masters and Johnson
 
  |year=1966
 
  |year=1966
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  |pages=1109-1113
 
  |pages=1109-1113
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
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* eye problems believed to be caused by masturbation - 1881: Maximillian Landesburg<ref name="Landesburg1881">{{REFjournal
+
* eye problems believed to be caused by [[masturbation]] - 1881: Maximillian Landesburg<ref name="Landesburg1881">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Landesburg
 
  |last=Landesburg
 
  |first=Maximillian
 
  |first=Maximillian
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  |pages=1-11
 
  |pages=1-11
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* masturbation (newborns) - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953"/>
+
* [[masturbation]] (newborns) - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953"/>
 
* neuroses (females) - 1915: Benjamin E. Dawson<ref name="Dawson1915">{{REFjournal
 
* neuroses (females) - 1915: Benjamin E. Dawson<ref name="Dawson1915">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Dawson
 
  |last=Dawson
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== Prevention ==
 
== Prevention ==
−
* AIDS - 1986: Aaron J. Fink<ref name="Fink1986">{{REFjournal
+
* AIDS - 1986: [[Aaron J. Fink]]<ref name="Fink1986">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Fink
 
  |last=Fink
 
  |first=Aaron J.
 
  |first=Aaron J.
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  |issue=18
 
  |issue=18
 
  |page=1167
 
  |page=1167
−
}}</ref>, 2003: Edgar J. Schoen<ref name="Schoen2003">{{REFjournal
+
}}</ref>, 2003: [[Edgar J. Schoen]]<ref name="Schoen2003">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Schoen
 
  |last=Schoen
 
  |first=Edgar J.
 
  |first=Edgar J.
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  |first=Abraham
 
  |first=Abraham
 
  |init=A
 
  |init=A
−
  |author-link=Abraham Ravich
+
  |#author-link=Abraham Ravich
 
  |title=Viral carcinogenesis in venereally susceptible organs
 
  |title=Viral carcinogenesis in venereally susceptible organs
 
  |journal=Cancer
 
  |journal=Cancer
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  |pages=341-346
 
  |pages=341-346
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* cervical cancer in women - 1951: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1951">{{REFjournal
+
* [[cervical cancer]] (women) - 1951: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1951">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Ravich
 
  |last=Ravich
 
  |first=Abraham
 
  |first=Abraham
 
  |init=A
 
  |init=A
−
  |author-link=Abraham Ravich
+
  |#author-link=Abraham Ravich
 
  |title=Prophylaxis of cancer of the prostate, penis, and cervix by circumcision
 
  |title=Prophylaxis of cancer of the prostate, penis, and cervix by circumcision
 
  |journal=New York State Journal of Medicine
 
  |journal=New York State Journal of Medicine
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  |first=Ernest L.
 
  |first=Ernest L.
 
  |init=EL
 
  |init=EL
−
  |author-link=Ernest L. Wynder
+
  |#author-link=Ernest L. Wynder
 
  |title=A study of environmental factors of carcinoma of the cervix
 
  |title=A study of environmental factors of carcinoma of the cervix
 
  |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
 
  |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
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}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
 
* HIV (in women after FGM) - 2005: R.Y. Stallings<ref name="Stallings2005"/>
 
* HIV (in women after FGM) - 2005: R.Y. Stallings<ref name="Stallings2005"/>
−
* HIV 'vaccine' - 2007: Robert C. Bailey<ref name="Bailey2007">{{REFjournal
+
* HIV 'vaccine' - 2007: [[Robert C. Bailey]]<ref name="Bailey2007">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Bailey
 
  |last=Bailey
 
  |first=Robert C.
 
  |first=Robert C.
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  |pages=643-656
 
  |pages=643-656
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* inchastity - 1935: R.W. Cockshut<ref name="Cockshut1935">{{REFjournal
+
* inchastity - 1935: [[R. W. Cockshut]]<ref name="Cockshut1935">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Cockshut
 
  |last=Cockshut
 
  |init=RW
 
  |init=RW
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  |issue=4
 
  |issue=4
 
  |pages=368-374
 
  |pages=368-374
−
}}</ref>, 1888: John Harvey Kellogg (as punishment)<ref name="Kellogg1888">{{REFbook
+
}}</ref>, 1888: [[John Harvey Kellogg]] (as punishment)<ref name="Kellogg1888">{{REFbook
 
  |last=Kellogg
 
  |last=Kellogg
 
  |first=John Harvey
 
  |first=John Harvey
 +
|author-link=John Harvey Kellogg
 
  |year=1888
 
  |year=1888
−
  |title=Plain Facts for Old and Young.
+
  |title=Plain Facts for Old and Young
 
  |url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/KelPlai.html
 
  |url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/KelPlai.html
 
  |editor=Project Gutenberg
 
  |editor=Project Gutenberg
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  |publisher=Doubleday & Co
 
  |publisher=Doubleday & Co
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* neonatal group B streptococcal disease - 1988: Aaron J. Fink<ref name="Fink1988">{{REFjournal
+
* neonatal group B streptococcal disease - 1988: [[Aaron J. Fink]]<ref name="Fink1988">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Fink
 
  |last=Fink
 
  |first=Aaron J.
 
  |first=Aaron J.
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}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
 
* nervousness - 1969: Morris Fishbein<ref name="Fishbein1969"/>
 
* nervousness - 1969: Morris Fishbein<ref name="Fishbein1969"/>
−
* penile cancer - 1926: Abraham L. Wolbarst<ref name="Wolbarst1926">{{REFjournal
+
* [[penile cancer]] - 1926: [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]]<ref name="Wolbarst1926">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Wolbarst
 
  |last=Wolbarst
 
  |first=Abraham L.
 
  |first=Abraham L.
 
  |init=AL
 
  |init=AL
 +
|author-link=Abraham L. Wolbarst
 
  |title=Is circumcision a prophylactic against penis cancer?
 
  |title=Is circumcision a prophylactic against penis cancer?
 
  |journal=Cancer
 
  |journal=Cancer
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  |pages=129-131
 
  |pages=129-131
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* prostate cancer - 1942: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1942">{{REFjournal
+
* [[prostate cancer]] - 1942: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1942">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Ravich
 
  |last=Ravich
 
  |first=Abraham
 
  |first=Abraham
 
  |init=A
 
  |init=A
−
  |author-link=Abraham Ravich
+
  |#author-link=Abraham Ravich
 
  |title=The relationship of circumcision to cancer of the prostate
 
  |title=The relationship of circumcision to cancer of the prostate
 
  |journal=Journal of Urology
 
  |journal=Journal of Urology
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  |pages=298-299
 
  |pages=298-299
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* raping whites - 1894: P.C. Remondino (for Blacks)<ref name="Remondino1894">{{REFjournal
+
* raping whites - 1894: [[Peter Charles Remondino|P.C. Remondino]] (for Blacks)<ref name="Remondino1894">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Remondino
 
  |last=Remondino
 
  |init=PC
 
  |init=PC
 +
|author-link=Peter Charles Remondino
 
  |title=Negro rapes and their social problems
 
  |title=Negro rapes and their social problems
 
  |journal=National Popular Review
 
  |journal=National Popular Review
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  |pages=3-6
 
  |pages=3-6
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* sand from getting into the soldiers' foreskins - 1991: Aaron J. Fink<ref name="Fink1991">{{REFjournal
+
* sand from getting into the soldiers' [[foreskin]]s - 1991: [[Aaron J. Fink]]<ref name="Fink1991">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Fink
 
  |last=Fink
 
  |first=Aaron J.
 
  |first=Aaron J.
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  |page=696
 
  |page=696
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* sensitivity - 1935: R.W. Cockshut, 1941: Allan F. Guttmacher<ref name="Guttmacher1941"/>
+
* sensitivity - 1935: [[R. W. Cockshut]]<ref name="Cockshut1935"/>, 1941: Allan F. Guttmacher<ref name="Guttmacher1941"/>
 
* sexual immorality - 1900: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1900"/>
 
* sexual immorality - 1900: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1900"/>
 
* spinal paralysis - 1870: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre 1870 spinal paralysis">{{REFjournal
 
* spinal paralysis - 1870: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre 1870 spinal paralysis">{{REFjournal
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  |accessdate=2021-09-04
 
  |accessdate=2021-09-04
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* UTI (urinary tract infections) - 1985: Thomas E. Wiswell<ref name="Wiswell1985">{{REFjournal
+
* [[UTI]] ([[urinary tract infection]]s) - 1985: [[Thomas E. Wiswell]]<ref name="Wiswell1985">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Wiswell
 
  |last=Wiswell
 
  |first=Thomas E.
 
  |first=Thomas E.
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  |pages=901-3
 
  |pages=901-3
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
−
* tuberculosis - 1914: Abraham L. Wolbarst<ref name="Wolbarst1914">{{REFjournal
+
* tuberculosis - 1914: [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]]<ref name="Wolbarst1914">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Wolbarst
 
  |last=Wolbarst
 
  |first=Abraham L.
 
  |first=Abraham L.
 
  |init=AL
 
  |init=AL
 +
|author-link=Abraham L. Wolbarst
 
  |title=Universal circumcision as a sanitary measure
 
  |title=Universal circumcision as a sanitary measure
 
  |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association
 
  |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association
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{{REF}}
 
{{REF}}
  
−
[[Category:
+
[[Category:Medical conditions]]
 +
[[Category:Penile disorders]]
 +
[[Category:Penile function]]
 +
[[Category:Penile illness]]

Revision as of 14:37, 4 October 2021

In the long history of genital mutilation aka foreskin amputation aka circumcision, there have been many alleged reasons why this should be a medical procedure.

Work in progress: The following information does not claim to be complete. More content will be added gradually.

Foreskin causes

In 1958, C.F. McDonald said "the same reasons that apply for the circumcision of males are generally valid when considered for the female."[9]

In 1966, Masters and Johnson erroneous claim that there is no difference in sensitivity between penises with and without foreskin.

(Note: Their work helps propagate the medical dogma that circumcision has no effect on sexuality go practically unquestioned for nearly the next four decades.)[10]

Cure through FGM

  • clitoris easier findable by husband - 1959: W.G. Rathmann[11]
  • HIV (in women after FGM) - 2005: R.Y. Stallings[12]

Cure through MGM

  • abdominal neuralgia - 1879: H.H. Kane[13]
  • bed wetting - 1873: Joseph Bell[14]
  • blindness - 1890: William D. Gentry[15]
  • deafness - 1890: William D. Gentry[15]
  • dumbness - 1890: William D. Gentry[15]
  • epilepsy - 1865: Nathaniel Heckford[16], 1870: Lewis A. Sayre[17], 1902: Roswell Park[4], 1930: Norton Henry Bare[18]
  • eye problems believed to be caused by masturbation - 1881: Maximillian Landesburg[19]
  • immunity to nearly all physical and mental illness - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder[8]
  • masturbation (newborns) - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder[8]
  • neuroses (females) - 1915: Benjamin E. Dawson[20]
  • nocturnal seminal emissions (i.e. wet dreams) - 1832: Claude-Francois Lallemand[21], 1879: H.H. Kane[13]
  • rectal incontinence - 1894: H.L. Rosenberry[22]
  • sensitiveness of the organ - 1901: Ernest G. Mark[7]
  • urinary incontinence - 1894: H.L. Rosenberry[22]

Prevention

See also

References

  1. ↑ a b c REFjournal Sayre LA. Spinal anaemia with partial paralysis and want of coordination, from irritation of the genital organs. Transactions of the American Medical Association. 1875; 26: 255-274.
  2. ↑ REFjournal Eggleston WG. Two cases of reflex paraplegia(one with aphasia) from tape-worm and phimosis. Journal of the American Medical Association. 8 May 1886; 6(19): 511-515.
  3. ↑ a b REFjournal Guttmacher AF. Should the baby be circumcised?. Parents Magazine. September 1941; 16(9): 26,76-78.
  4. ↑ a b REFjournal Park R. The surgical treatment of epilepsy. American Medicine. 22 November 1902; 4(21): 807-809.
  5. ↑ a b REFjournal Eskridge BC. Why not circumcise the girl as well as the boy?. Texas State Journal of Medicine. May 1918; 14: 17-19.
  6. ↑ REFjournal Hutchinson J. On circumcision as preventive of masturbation. Archives of Surgery. January 1891; 2(7): 267-269.
  7. ↑ a b REFjournal Mark EG. Circumcision. American Practitioner and News. 15 February 1901; 31(4): 122-126.
  8. ↑ a b c REFjournal Miller RL, Snyder DC. Immediate circumcision of the newborn male. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. January 1953; 6(1): 1-11.
  9. ↑ REFjournal McDonald CF. Circumcision of the female. General Practitioner. September 1958; 18(3): 98-99.
  10. ↑ REFbook Masters and Johnson (1966): Human Sexual Response. Boston, MA: Little Brown & Co.
  11. ↑ REFjournal Rathmann WG. Female Circumcision: Indications and a New Technique. General Practitioner. September 1959; 20(9): 115-120.
  12. ↑ a b REFconference Stallings, R.Y.: Female circumcision and HIV infection in Tanzania: for better or for worse?, Rio de Janeiro. (25 July 2005) Third International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment.
  13. ↑ a b REFjournal Kane HH. Seminal emissions, abdominal neuralgia: circumcision: cure. Southern Clinic. October 1879; 2(1): 8-11.
  14. ↑ REFjournal Bell J. Nocturnal incontinence of urine cured by circumcision. Edinburgh Medical Journal. May 1873; 1(9): 1034.
  15. ↑ a b c REFjournal Gentry WD. Nervous derangements produced by sexual irregularities in boys. Medical Current. July 1890; 6(7): 268-274.
  16. ↑ REFjournal Heckford N. Circumcision as a remedial measure in certain cases of epilepsy and chorea. Clinical Lectures and Reports by the Medical and Surgical Staff of the London Hospital. 1865; 2: 58-64.
  17. ↑ REFjournal Sayre LA. Circumcision versus epilepsy, etc; Transcription of the New York Pathological Society meeting of June 8, 1870. Medical Record. 15 July 1870; 5(10): 231-234.
  18. ↑ REFjournal Bare NH. Surgical treatment of epilepsy with report of case. The China Medical Journal. November 1930; 4(11): 1109-1113.
  19. ↑ REFjournal Landesburg M. On affections of the eye caused by masturbation. Medical Bulletin. April 1881; 3(4): 79-81.
  20. ↑ REFjournal Dawson BE. Circumcision in the Female: Its Necessity and How to Perform It. American Journal of Clinical Medicine. June 1915; 22(66): 520-523.
  21. ↑ REFbook Lallemand, Claude-Francois ((1):1836; (2):1839; (3):1842): Des Pertes Seminales Involontaires. Vol. 1-3. Pp. (1):463-467; (2):70-162; (3):266-267, 280-289. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  22. ↑ a b REFjournal Rosenberry HL. Incontinence of the urine and faeces, cured by circumcision. Medical Record. 11 August 1894; 4(6): 173.
  23. ↑ REFjournal Fink AJ. A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS. New England Journal of Medicine. 30 October 1986; 31(18): 1167.
  24. ↑ REFjournal Schoen EJ. It's wise to circumcise: time to change policy. Pediatrics. June 2003; 111(6 Pt 1): 1490-1491.
  25. ↑ a b REFjournal Ravich A. Viral carcinogenesis in venereally susceptible organs. Cancer. June 1971; 27(6): 1493-1496.
  26. ↑ a b REFjournal Hand EH. Circumcision and venereal disease. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology. September 1949; 60(3): 341-346.
  27. ↑ REFjournal Ravich A. Prophylaxis of cancer of the prostate, penis, and cervix by circumcision. New York State Journal of Medicine. June 1951; 51(12): 1519-1520.
  28. ↑ REFjournal Wynder EL. A study of environmental factors of carcinoma of the cervix. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. October 1954; 68(4): 10166-52 (??).
  29. ↑ REFjournal Bailey RC. Male circumcision for HIV prevention for young men in Kisumu, Kenya. Lancet. 2007; 369(9562): 643-656.
  30. ↑ a b REFjournal Cockshut RW. Circumcision. British Medical Journal. 19 October 1935; 2(3902): 764.
  31. ↑ REFbook Dixon, Edward H. (1845): A Treatise on Diseases of the Sexual Organs. New York: Stringer & Co. Pp. 158-165. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  32. ↑ REFjournal Moses MJ. The value of circumcision as a hygienic and therapeutic measure. New York Medical Journal. November 1871; 14(4): 368-374.
  33. ↑ REFbook Kellogg, John Harvey (1888): Treatment for Self-Abuse and Its Effects, in: Plain Facts for Old and Young. Project Gutenberg (ed.). Edition: 1881 edition. Burlington, Iowa: F. Segner & Co. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
  34. ↑ a b REFbook Fishbein, Morris (1969): Sex hygiene, in: Modern Home Medical Adviser. Garden City (ed.). New York: Doubleday & Co. Pp. 90+119.
  35. ↑ REFjournal Fink AJ. Is hygiene enough? Circumcision as a possible strategy to prevent group B streptococcal disease. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. August 1988; 159(2): 534-535.
  36. ↑ REFjournal Wolbarst AL. Is circumcision a prophylactic against penis cancer?. Cancer. July 1926; 3(4): 301-310.
  37. ↑ a b REFjournal Hutchinson J. The advantages of circumcision. The Polyclinic. September 1900; 3(9): 129-131.
  38. ↑ REFjournal Ravich A. The relationship of circumcision to cancer of the prostate. Journal of Urology. September 1942; 48(3): 298-299.
  39. ↑ REFjournal Remondino PC. Negro rapes and their social problems. National Popular Review. January 1894; 4(1): 3-6.
  40. ↑ REFjournal Fink AJ. Circumcision and sand. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. November 1991; 84(11): 696.
  41. ↑ REFjournal Sayre LA. Partial paralysis from reflex irritation, caused by congenital phimosis and adherent prepuce. Transactions of the American Medical Association. 1870; 21: 205-11.
  42. ↑ REFjournal Hutchinson J. On the Influence of Circumcision in Preventing Syphilis. Medical Times and Gazette. 1855; 32(844): 542-543. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  43. ↑ REFjournal Wiswell TE. Decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in circumcised male infants. Pediatrics. May 1985; 75(5): 901-3.
  44. ↑ REFjournal Wolbarst AL. Universal circumcision as a sanitary measure. Journal of the American Medical Association. 10 January 1914; 62(2): 92-97.
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