Difference between revisions of "Synechia"
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|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/synechia | |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/synechia | ||
|title=Synechia | |title=Synechia | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
|publisher=The Free Medical Dictionary | |publisher=The Free Medical Dictionary | ||
|website=The Free Dictionary | |website=The Free Dictionary | ||
| − | |||
|accessdate=2019-10-07 | |accessdate=2019-10-07 | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | There are some synechiae that are natural. Baby boys are born with the inner foreskin fused with the glans penis by a synechial membrane that is common to both parts | + | There are some synechiae that are natural. Baby boys are born with the inner [[foreskin]] fused with the [[glans penis]] by a synechial membrane that is common to both parts,<ref name="deibart1933">{{REFjournal |
|last=Deibart | |last=Deibart | ||
| − | | | + | |init=GA |
|title=The separation of the prepuce in the human penis | |title=The separation of the prepuce in the human penis | ||
|journal=Anat Rec | |journal=Anat Rec | ||
| − | |date=1933 | + | |date=1933-11 |
|volume=57 | |volume=57 | ||
|issue= | |issue= | ||
| Line 29: | Line 22: | ||
|DOI=https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090570409 | |DOI=https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090570409 | ||
|accessdate=2019-10-07 | |accessdate=2019-10-07 | ||
| − | }}</ref> | + | }}</ref> which is called the ''balanopreputial lamina''. |
==Penile synechia in childhood== | ==Penile synechia in childhood== | ||
| − | Øster (1968) was a school physician in Denmark where boys are not usually circumcised. Øster conducted regular examinations of school boys from age 6 through age 17 and recorded his results. Øster reported that 63% of 6-7 year old boys; 48% of 10-11 year old boys; and 3% of 16-17 year old boys had a prepuce that was not fully separated.<ref name="Øster1968">{{REFjournal | + | [[Jakob Øster| Øster]] (1968) was a school physician in [[Denmark]] where boys are not usually [[circumcised]]. Øster conducted regular examinations of school boys from age 6 through age 17 and recorded his results. Øster reported that 63% of 6-7 year old boys; 48% of 10-11 year old boys; and 3% of 16-17 year old boys had a prepuce that was not fully separated.<ref name="Øster1968">{{REFjournal |
| − | |last= | + | |last=Øster |
|first=Jakob | |first=Jakob | ||
| + | |init=J | ||
|title=Further fate of the foreskin: incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys | |title=Further fate of the foreskin: incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys | ||
|journal=Arch Dis Child | |journal=Arch Dis Child | ||
| Line 48: | Line 42: | ||
|DOI=10.1136/adc.43.228.200 | |DOI=10.1136/adc.43.228.200 | ||
|accessdate=2019-10-08 | |accessdate=2019-10-08 | ||
| − | }}</ref> The separation and breakdown and the synechia is natural, normal, spontaneous, and requires no special care. Thorvaldsen & Meyhoff (2005) report about 50 percent of boys can retract their foreskin by age 10.4, thus confirming Øster's report.<ref name-"thorvaldsen2005">{{REFjournal | + | }}</ref> The separation and breakdown and the synechia is natural, normal, spontaneous, and requires no special care. Thorvaldsen & Meyhoff (2005) report about 50 percent of boys can retract their [[foreskin]] by age 10.4, thus confirming Øster's report.<ref name-"thorvaldsen2005">{{REFjournal |
|last=Thorvaldsen | |last=Thorvaldsen | ||
| − | | | + | |init=MA |
|last2=Meyhoff | |last2=Meyhoff | ||
| − | | | + | |init2=HH |
|title=Phimosis: pathological or physiological? | |title=Phimosis: pathological or physiological? | ||
|journal=Ugeskr Læge | |journal=Ugeskr Læge | ||
| Line 69: | Line 63: | ||
==Synechia destruction prior to infant circumcision== | ==Synechia destruction prior to infant circumcision== | ||
| − | When an infant boy is circumcised, as remains | + | When an infant boy is to be [[circumcised]], as remains a practice in the [[United States]], in preparation for the [[circumcision]], the preputial synechia must first be forcibly separated by passing a blunt probe under the foreskin in an intensely [[Pain| painful]] procedure. |
==Premature forcible foreskin retraction== | ==Premature forcible foreskin retraction== | ||
| − | Premature forcible foreskin retraction (PFFR) of a boy's foreskin will rip the boy's synechia apart and cause severe pain and injury to the boys.<ref>{{REFjournal | + | Premature forcible foreskin retraction (PFFR) of a boy's [[foreskin]] will rip the boy's synechia apart and cause severe pain and injury to the boys.<ref>{{REFjournal |
|last=Narvaez | |last=Narvaez | ||
| − | | | + | |init=DF |
|last2=Geisheker | |last2=Geisheker | ||
| − | | | + | |init2=J |
| + | |author2-link=John Geisheker | ||
|title=What Is the Greatest Danger for an Uncircumcised Boy? | |title=What Is the Greatest Danger for an Uncircumcised Boy? | ||
|journal=Psychology Today | |journal=Psychology Today | ||
| Line 92: | Line 87: | ||
}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal | }}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Narvaez | |last=Narvaez | ||
| − | | | + | |init=DF |
|last2=Geisheker | |last2=Geisheker | ||
| − | | | + | |init2=J |
| + | |author2-link=John Geisheker | ||
|title=Doctor Ignorance of Male Anatomy Harms Boys | |title=Doctor Ignorance of Male Anatomy Harms Boys | ||
|journal=Psychology Today | |journal=Psychology Today | ||
| Line 107: | Line 103: | ||
|DOI= | |DOI= | ||
|accessdate=2019-10-08 | |accessdate=2019-10-08 | ||
| − | }}</ref> | + | }}</ref> Unfortunately, many American physicians are ignorant of normal penile anatomy and cause severe pain and grave injury to boys whom they examine in their practice. The first person to retract a boy's [[foreskin]] should be the boy himself.<ref>{{REFjournal |
|last=Wright | |last=Wright | ||
| − | | | + | |init=JE |
|title= Further to the "Further Fate of the Foreskin." | |title= Further to the "Further Fate of the Foreskin." | ||
|journal=Med J Aust | |journal=Med J Aust | ||
| Line 124: | Line 120: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] offers information and aid to parents of boys who have been injured and/or traumatized by PFFR.<ref>{{REFweb | + | [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] offers information and aid to parents of boys who have been injured and/or traumatized by PFFR.<ref>{{REFweb |
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-parents/help-with-forcible-foreskin-retraction/ | |url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-parents/help-with-forcible-foreskin-retraction/ | ||
|title=Wrongful Foreskin Retraction | |title=Wrongful Foreskin Retraction | ||
|last= | |last= | ||
|first= | |first= | ||
| − | |publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision | + | |publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] |
|website= | |website= | ||
|date=2016-04-01 | |date=2016-04-01 | ||
| Line 136: | Line 132: | ||
|quote= | |quote= | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Spontaneous disintegration of the synechia== | ||
| + | |||
| + | The synechia spontaneously disintegrates to release the [[foreskin]].<ref name="deibart1933" /> The disintegration usually occurs in childhood but will persist into adolescence in a few cases. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Some [[intact]] boys will report pain when they urinate during the period in which separation is occurring. The condition is temporary and will end when separation is complete.<ref>{{REFweb | ||
| + | |url=https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/penis_and_foreskin_care/#foreskin-separation | ||
| + | |title=Foreskin separation | ||
| + | |last= | ||
| + | |first= | ||
| + | |init= | ||
| + | |publisher=The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne | ||
| + | |date=2018-02 | ||
| + | |accessdate=2023-08-15 | ||
| + | }}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{SEEALSO}} | ||
| + | * [[Retraction of the foreskin]] | ||
| + | * [[Phimosis]] | ||
| + | * [[Uncircumcised]] | ||
{{LINKS}} | {{LINKS}} | ||
| − | |||
* {{REFdocument | * {{REFdocument | ||
|title=Answers to Your Questions About Premature (Forcible) Retraction of Your Young Son's Foreskin | |title=Answers to Your Questions About Premature (Forcible) Retraction of Your Young Son's Foreskin | ||
| Line 150: | Line 165: | ||
|date=2007-09-01 | |date=2007-09-01 | ||
|accessdate=2019-10-09 | |accessdate=2019-10-09 | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{REFdocument | ||
| + | |title=Freeing of Preputial (Foreskin) Adhesions | ||
| + | |url=https://www.baus.org.uk/_userfiles/pages/files/Patients/Leaflets/Preputial%20adhesions.pdf | ||
| + | |contribution= | ||
| + | |last= | ||
| + | |first= | ||
| + | |publisher=British Association of Urological Surgeons(BAUS) | ||
| + | |format=PDF | ||
| + | |date=2017-06 | ||
| + | |accessdate=2021-03-03 | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{REF}} | {{REF}} | ||
| + | [[Category:Parental information]] | ||
[[Category:Penile anatomy]] | [[Category:Penile anatomy]] | ||
[[de:Synechie]] | [[de:Synechie]] | ||
Latest revision as of 14:37, 25 December 2023
Synechia is the medical name for an adhesion between body parts in any area of the body that are not normally adherent . The plural is synechiae. The word comes to us from Greek (συνέχεια).[1]
There are some synechiae that are natural. Baby boys are born with the inner foreskin fused with the glans penis by a synechial membrane that is common to both parts,[2] which is called the balanopreputial lamina.
Contents
Penile synechia in childhood
Øster (1968) was a school physician in Denmark where boys are not usually circumcised. Øster conducted regular examinations of school boys from age 6 through age 17 and recorded his results. Øster reported that 63% of 6-7 year old boys; 48% of 10-11 year old boys; and 3% of 16-17 year old boys had a prepuce that was not fully separated.[3] The separation and breakdown and the synechia is natural, normal, spontaneous, and requires no special care. Thorvaldsen & Meyhoff (2005) report about 50 percent of boys can retract their foreskin by age 10.4, thus confirming Øster's report.[4]
Synechia destruction prior to infant circumcision
When an infant boy is to be circumcised, as remains a practice in the United States, in preparation for the circumcision, the preputial synechia must first be forcibly separated by passing a blunt probe under the foreskin in an intensely painful procedure.
Premature forcible foreskin retraction
Premature forcible foreskin retraction (PFFR) of a boy's foreskin will rip the boy's synechia apart and cause severe pain and injury to the boys.[5] [6] Unfortunately, many American physicians are ignorant of normal penile anatomy and cause severe pain and grave injury to boys whom they examine in their practice. The first person to retract a boy's foreskin should be the boy himself.[7]
Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.) offers information and aid to parents of boys who have been injured and/or traumatized by PFFR.[8]
Spontaneous disintegration of the synechia
The synechia spontaneously disintegrates to release the foreskin.[2] The disintegration usually occurs in childhood but will persist into adolescence in a few cases.
Some intact boys will report pain when they urinate during the period in which separation is occurring. The condition is temporary and will end when separation is complete.[9]
See also
External links
Milos, Marilyn: Answers to Your Questions About Premature (Forcible) Retraction of Your Young Son's Foreskin (Pamphlet), National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers. (1 September 2007). Retrieved 9 October 2019.
.svg){kind=icon}
- Freeing of Preputial (Foreskin) Adhesions
, British Association of Urological Surgeons(BAUS). (June 2017). Retrieved 3 March 2021.
References
- ↑
Synechia
, The Free Dictionary, The Free Medical Dictionary. Retrieved 7 October 2019. - ↑ a b
Deibart GA. The separation of the prepuce in the human penis. Anat Rec. November 1933; 57: 387-99. DOI. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- ↑ Øster J. Further fate of the foreskin: incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys. Arch Dis Child. 1 April 1968; 43: 200-3. PMID. PMC. DOI. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ Thorvaldsen MA, Meyhoff HH. Phimosis: pathological or physiological?. Ugeskr Læge. 2005; 167(17): 1858-62. PMID. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- ↑ Narvaez DF, Geisheker J. What Is the Greatest Danger for an Uncircumcised Boy?. Psychology Today. 23 October 2011; Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ Narvaez DF, Geisheker J. Doctor Ignorance of Male Anatomy Harms Boys. Psychology Today. 30 October 2011; Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ Wright JE. Further to the "Further Fate of the Foreskin.". Med J Aust. 1994; 160: 134-5. PMID. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ (1 April 2016).
Wrongful Foreskin Retraction
, Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.). Retrieved 9 October 2019. - ↑ (February 2018).
Foreskin separation
, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
