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The '''risks and complications''' of male circumcision are extensive and only gradually being recognized by medical authorities. Agawal et al. (2005) stated:<blockquote>Although circumcision is considered to be a simple procedure devoid of much morbidity, it is associated with many complications like hemorrhage, edema, infection, meatal stenosis, urethral fistulae, unsightly scars, penile curvature, shortness of shaft skin, and partial, or total penile loss.<ref name="agarwal2005">{{Construction SiteREFjournal |last=Agarwal |first= |init=A |author-link= |last2=Mohta |first2= |init2=A |author2-link= |last3=Anand |first3= |init3=RK |author3-link= |etal=no |title=Preputial retraction in children |trans-title= |language= |journal=J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg |location= |date=2005-04 |volume=10 |issue=2 |article= |pages=89-91 |url=https://journals.lww.com/jiap/fulltext/2005/10020/preputial_retraction_in_children.5.aspx |archived= |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.4103/0971-9261.16468 |accessdate=2025-08-02}}</ref></blockquote>Fendereski et al. (2024) found that, in the absence of the protective [[foreskin]], [[circumcised]] boys have three times as many [[penis]] problems as compared with [[foreskinned]] boys.<ref name="fendereski2024">{{REFjournal |last=Fendereski |first= |init=K |author-link= |last2=Horns |first2= |init2=JJ |author2-link= |last3=Driggs |first3= |init3=N |author3-link= |last4=Lau |first4= |init4=G |author4-link= |last5=Shaeffer |first5= |init5=AJ |author5-link= |etal=no |title=Comparing Penile Problems in Circumcised vs. Uncircumcised Boys: Insights From a Large Commercial Claims Database With a Focus on Provider Type Performing Circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=J Pediatr Surg |date=2024-11 |volume=59 |issue=11 |article=161614 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S002234682400407X |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=39084960 |pubmedCID=11486584 |DOI=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2024.06.022 |accessdate=2025-01-06}}</ref>

Male [[circumcision]] is a surgical operation that amputates a [[Foreskin| body part]] with numerous protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions. When considering the complications, risks, and other disadvantages, one must consider the surgical risks and also the loss of function inherent in the loss of a body part. Adverse [[Sexual effects of circumcision| sexual]] and [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| psychological]] effects have been identified, that should be considered in assessing the total risk and losses of a proposed circumcision. A wide range of surgical complications occur in 2-10% of the cases. The risks are classified as [[bleeding]], [[infection]], and surgical mishap.<ref>Williams, N; L. Kapila (October 1993). "[http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/williams-kapila/#n14 Complications of circumcision]". ''Brit J Surg'' 80 (10): 1231-6.</ref>[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)| Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] (2008) provided a comprehensive list in Chapters 4, 5, and 6 of their classic Genital Integrity Policy Statement.<ref>{{REFdocument |title=Genital Integrity Policy Statement |url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2008_Genital_Integrity_Policy_Statement.pdf |contribution= |last=Doctors Opposing Circumcision |author-link=Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.) |publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision |format=PDF |date=2008-06 |accessdate=2025-01-07}}</ref> Since there are approximately 120 million [[circumcised ]] men in the [[United States ]] today, it stands to reason that there are millions of men who suffer daily from the effects of these botched circumcisionsand amputations.  Perhaps worst of all, more than 117<ref>Bollinger, Dan; Boy's Health Advisory ({{BollingerD 2010-04-26). "[http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201004/2026622071.html Lost Boys: An Estimate of U.S. Circumcision-Related Infant Deaths"]. ''Thymos: Journal of Boyhood Studies'' 4 (1): 78–90 Retrieved 3/21/11}}</ref> to 229<ref>Baker RL. [http://www.cirp.org/library/general/baker1/Newborn male circumcision: needless and dangerous]. ''Sexual Medicine Today'' 1979;3(11):35-36)</ref> infants in the U.S. die from [[circumcision ]] every year. The typical [[circumcision]] of an infant boy is a harmful, medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic surgery. It has no upside, only numerous downsides. Many men report a loss of sensation after [[Adult circumcision| circumcision]]. {{SEEALSO}}* [[Complication]]* [[Fatalities]]* [[Foreskin]]* [[Documented severe complications of circumcision]]* [[Lymphoedema]]* [[Meatal stenosis]]* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]]* [[Pain]]* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]]* [[Trauma]]* [[United States of America]] {{LINKS}}* {{REFweb |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/ |title=Complications of circumcision |last= |first= |author-link= |publisher=Circumcision Reference Library |website= |date=2013-02-22 |accessdate=2019-12-03 |format= |quote=}}* {{REFweb |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/sex_function/ |title=Foreskin Sexual Function/Circumcision Sexual Dysfunction |last= |first= |author-link= |publisher=Circumcision Reference Library |website= |date=2013-07-30 |accessdate=2019-12-03 |format= |quote=}}* {{REFweb |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/ |title=Psychological impacts of male circumcision |last= |first= |author-link= |publisher=Circumcision Reference Library |website= |date=2012-05-26 |accessdate=2019-02-03 |format= |quote=}}* {{REFweb |url=http://www.circumstitions.com/Sexuality.html |title=The Foreskin, Circumcision and Sexuality |last=Young |first=Hugh |author-link=Hugh Young |publisher= |website=Circumstitions |date= |accessdate=2019-12-03 |format= |quote=}}* {{REFweb |url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/complications-of-circumcision.pdf |title=Complications of Circumcision |last= |first= |author-link= |publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] |website= |date=2016-07 |accessdate=201912-17 |format=PDF |quote=}}

[[Category:USA]] [[Categoryde:CircumcisionRisiken und Komplikationen]]