Risks and complications: Difference between revisions

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The '''risks and complications''' of male circumcision are extensive and only gradually being recognized by medical authorities. Fendereski et al. (2024) found that, in the absence of the protective [[foreskin]], [[circumcised]] boys have three times as many [[penis]] problems as compared with [[foreskinned]] boys.<ref name="fendereski2024">{{REFjournal

The '''risks and complications''' of male circumcision are extensive and only gradually being recognized by medical authorities. Agawal et al. (2005) stated:

Although circumcision is considered to be a simple procedure devoid of much morbidity, it is associated with many complications like hemorrhage, edema, infection, meatal stenosis, urethral fistulae, unsightly scars, penile curvature, shortness of shaft skin, and partial, or total penile loss.<ref name="agarwal2005">{{REFjournal

|last=Agarwal

|first=

|init=A

|author-link=

|last2=Mohta

|first2=

|init2=A

|author2-link=

|last3=Anand

|first3=

|init3=RK

|author3-link=

|etal=no

|title=Preputial retraction in children

|trans-title=

|language=

|journal=J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg

|location=

|date=2005-04

|volume=10

|issue=2

|article=

|pages=89-91

|url=https://journals.lww.com/jiap/fulltext/2005/10020/preputial_retraction_in_children.5.aspx

|archived=

|quote=

|pubmedID=

|pubmedCID=

|DOI=10.4103/0971-9261.16468

|accessdate=2025-08-02

}}</ref>

</blockquote>

Fendereski et al. (2024) found that, in the absence of the protective [[foreskin]], [[circumcised]] boys have three times as many [[penis]] problems as compared with [[foreskinned]] boys.<ref name="fendereski2024">{{REFjournal

|last=Fendereski

|first=

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Male [[circumcision]] is a surgical operation that amputates a [[Foreskin| body part]] with numerous protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions. When considering the complications, risks, and other disadvantages, one must consider the surgical risks and also the loss of function inherent in the loss of a body part. Adverse [[Sexual effects of circumcision| sexual]] and [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| psychological]] effects have been identified, that should be considered in assessing the total risk and losses of a proposed circumcision.

A wide range of surgical complications occur in 2-10% of the cases. The risks are classified as [[bleeding]], [[infection]], and surgical mishap.<ref>Williams, N; L. Kapila (October 1993). "[http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/williams-kapila/#n14 Complications of circumcision]". ''Brit J Surg'' 80 (10): 1231-6.</ref>

A wide range of surgical complications occur in 2-10% of the cases. The risks are classified as [[bleeding]], [[infection]], and surgical mishap.<ref>Williams, N; L. Kapila (October 1993). "[http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/williams-kapila/#n14 Complications of circumcision]". ''Brit J Surg'' 80 (10): 1231-6.</ref> [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)| Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] (2008) provided a comprehensive list in Chapters 4, 5, and 6 of their classic Genital Integrity Policy Statement.<ref>{{REFdocument

|title=Genital Integrity Policy Statement

|url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2008_Genital_Integrity_Policy_Statement.pdf

|contribution=

|last=Doctors Opposing Circumcision

|author-link=Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)

|publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision

|format=PDF

|date=2008-06

|accessdate=2025-01-07

}}</ref>

Since there are approximately 120 million [[circumcised]] men in the [[United States]] today, it stands to reason that there are millions of men who suffer daily from the effects of these botched circumcisions and amputations.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The '''risks and complications''' of male circumcision are extensive and only gradually being recognized by medical authorities. Fendereski et al. (2024) found that, in the absence of the protective [[foreskin]], [[circumcised]] boys have three times as many [[penis]] problems as compared with [[foreskinned]] boys.<ref name="fendereski2024">{{REFjournal
+The '''risks and complications''' of male circumcision are extensive and only gradually being recognized by medical authorities. Agawal et al. (2005) stated:
+<blockquote>
+Although circumcision is considered to be a simple procedure devoid of much morbidity, it is associated with many complications like hemorrhage, edema, infection, meatal stenosis, urethral fistulae, unsightly scars, penile curvature, shortness of shaft skin, and partial, or total penile loss.<ref name="agarwal2005">{{REFjournal
+ |last=Agarwal
+ |first=
+ |init=A
+ |author-link=
+ |last2=Mohta
+ |first2=
+ |init2=A
+ |author2-link=
+ |last3=Anand
+ |first3=
+ |init3=RK
+ |author3-link=
+ |etal=no
+ |title=Preputial retraction in children
+ |trans-title=
+ |language=
+ |journal=J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg
+ |location=
+ |date=2005-04
+ |volume=10
+ |issue=2
+ |article=
+  |pages=89-91
+ |url=https://journals.lww.com/jiap/fulltext/2005/10020/preputial_retraction_in_children.5.aspx
+ |archived=
+ |quote=
+ |pubmedID=
+ |pubmedCID=
+ |DOI=10.4103/0971-9261.16468
+ |accessdate=2025-08-02
+}}</ref>
+</blockquote>
+Fendereski et al. (2024) found that, in the absence of the protective [[foreskin]], [[circumcised]] boys have three times as many [[penis]] problems as compared with [[foreskinned]] boys.<ref name="fendereski2024">{{REFjournal
   |last=Fendereski
   |first=
@@ Line 40: / Line 75: @@
 Male [[circumcision]] is a surgical operation that amputates a [[Foreskin| body part]] with numerous protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions. When considering the complications, risks, and other disadvantages, one must consider the surgical risks and also the loss of function inherent in the loss of a body part. Adverse [[Sexual effects of circumcision| sexual]] and [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| psychological]] effects have been identified, that should be considered in assessing the total risk and losses of a proposed circumcision.
-A wide range of surgical complications occur in 2-10% of the cases. The risks are classified as [[bleeding]], [[infection]], and surgical mishap.<ref>Williams, N; L. Kapila (October 1993). "[http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/williams-kapila/#n14 Complications of circumcision]". ''Brit J Surg'' 80 (10): 1231-6.</ref>
+A wide range of surgical complications occur in 2-10% of the cases. The risks are classified as [[bleeding]], [[infection]], and surgical mishap.<ref>Williams, N; L. Kapila (October 1993). "[http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/williams-kapila/#n14 Complications of circumcision]". ''Brit J Surg'' 80 (10): 1231-6.</ref> [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)| Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] (2008) provided a comprehensive list in Chapters 4, 5, and 6 of their classic Genital Integrity Policy Statement.<ref>{{REFdocument
+ |title=Genital Integrity Policy Statement
+ |url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2008_Genital_Integrity_Policy_Statement.pdf
+ |contribution=
+ |last=Doctors Opposing Circumcision
+ |author-link=Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)
+ |publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision
+ |format=PDF
+ |date=2008-06
+ |accessdate=2025-01-07
+}}</ref>
 Since there are approximately 120 million [[circumcised]] men in the [[United States]] today, it stands to reason that there are millions of men who suffer daily from the effects of these botched circumcisions and amputations.