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'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''', more formally known as the '''Republic of India''', is the world's most populous nation with an estimated population numbering 1 billion, 428 million inhabitants.
'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''', more formally known as the '''Republic of India''', is the world's most populous nation with an estimated population numbering 1 billion, 428 million inhabitants.


==Religious matters==
== Religious matters ==
India has a long and rich religious history. Four major religions —  Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism — originated in India. Others, including Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Islamism, have been imported. The Hindus are the largest group with 72 percent. The Muslims are the second largest with 14.2 percent.
India has a long and rich religious history. Four major religions —  Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism — originated in India. Others, including Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Islamism, have been imported. The Hindus are the largest group with 72 percent. The Muslims are the second largest with 14.2 percent.


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Hindus, Sikhs, and adherents to other religions would be protected from most of the Muslims who were now in a separate nation. Pakistan now has 241.5 million Muslims and Bangladesh now has 169 million Muslims for a total of 410.5 million who have been removed from India and who cannot conveniently prey upon the non-Muslim citizens of India. The residual 14.2% Muslim population of India is now constitutes only about 172,000,000.<ref>{{URLwikipedia|Religion_in_India|Religion in India}}</ref>
Hindus, Sikhs, and adherents to other religions would be protected from most of the Muslims who were now in a separate nation. Pakistan now has 241.5 million Muslims and Bangladesh now has 169 million Muslims for a total of 410.5 million who have been removed from India and who cannot conveniently prey upon the non-Muslim citizens of India. The residual 14.2% Muslim population of India is now constitutes only about 172,000,000.<ref>{{URLwikipedia|Religion_in_India|Religion in India}}</ref>


The partition caused a mass migration with Muslims moving from India into Pakistan and non-Muslims moving from Pakistan into India. Muslims continued to conduct forced circumcisions at this time.<ref name="fcirc" />
The partition caused a mass migration with Muslims moving from India into Pakistan and non-Muslims moving from Pakistan into India. Muslims continued to conduct forced circumcisions at this time.<ref name="fcirc"/>
==The foreskin in India==
Indian men avoid [[circumcision]].<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.hoshyoga.org/why-do-indians-dont-get-circumcised/
|title=Why do Indians don’t get circumcised?
|last=Anonymous
|publisher=Host Yoga
|date=2025
|accessdate=2025-11-13
}}</ref>
Ravi Kumar (2017) observed:
<blockquote>
Circumcision is a surgical procedure that removes the foreskin in males. It is a controversial topic in many parts of the world. In India however, circumcision is viewed as a barbaric practice. If you are an Indian man, you are expected to have a foreskin. Only Indian Muslims, who constitute about 14 percent of the population, practice circumcision. It is seen as ‘mutilation’ by others, like cutting off useful parts of the body, and is often ridiculed.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2017/07/the-ridicule-i-faced-for-being-a-circumcised-hindu
|title=The Ridicule I Faced For Being A Circumcised Hindu
|last=Kumar
|first=Ravi
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Youth Ki Awaaz
|date=2017-07-05
|accessdate=2025-06-19
}}</ref></blockquote>
 
Balaji et al. (2020) carried out a study of [[circumcision]] practice in South India. They found that the [[foreskin]] is a marker for cultural identity:
<blockquote>
Also, one-third of the individuals from this community felt that circumcision is a safe operation and 20% of the parents favored compulsory circumcision of all boys as they believed that it improves penile hygiene; but, however, the rest preferred foreskin preservation as its removal would result in loss of cultural identity of the individual.<ref name="balaji2020">{{REFjournal
|last=Balaji
|first=
|init=BS
|author-link=
|last2=Tarun
|first2=
|init2=TJK
|author2-link=
|last3=Gowri
|first3=
|init3=MS
|author3-link=
|etal=no
|title=Acceptability and outcomes of foreskin preservation for phimosis: An Indian perspective
|journal=J Family Med Prim Care
|location=
|date=2020-05-31
|volume=9
|issue=5
|pages=2297-302
|url=
|quote=
|pubmedID=32754491
|pubmedCID=7380800
|DOI=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_49_20
|accessdate=2025-07-23
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
The normal variant of [[phimosis| phimosed foreskin]] in adult males is said to be more common in Indian men and more accepted, but more study is needed.


==Medical science==
== Medical science ==
Medical science is highly advanced in India.  
Medical science is highly advanced in India.  


There are more than 600,000,000 [[foreskinned]] men in India. Studies by Indian doctors have contributed to our understanding of the intact [[penis]].
There are more than 600,000,000 [[foreskinned]] men in India. Studies by Indian doctors have contributed to our understanding of the [[intact]] [[penis]].
* Satya Parkash (1972) discussed some of the functions of the [[foreskin]], some drawbacks to circumcision, and conditions for which [[circumcision]] should <i>not</i> be performed. Parkash described a new procedure for the plastic correction of [[phimosis]] which would save the foreskin.<ref name="parkash1972">{{REFjournal
* Satya Parkash (1972) discussed some of the functions of the [[foreskin]], some drawbacks to circumcision, and conditions for which [[circumcision]] should <i>not</i> be performed. Parkash described a new procedure for the plastic correction of [[phimosis]] which would save the foreskin.<ref name="parkash1972">{{REFjournal
  |last=Parkash
  |last=Parkash
Line 188: Line 243:
  |accessdate=2024-07-05
  |accessdate=2024-07-05
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* Shahid (2012) emphasized the necessity of properly diagnosing the type of phimosis when a boy with a non-retractable [[foreskin]] is presented. He also stated that [[circumcision]] is becoming outmoded as a treatment for phimosis.<ref name="shahid2012">{{REFjournal
* Shahid (2012) emphasized the necessity of properly diagnosing the type of [[phimosis]] when a boy with a non-retractable [[foreskin]] is presented. He also stated that [[circumcision]] is becoming outmoded as a treatment for phimosis.<ref name="shahid2012">{{REFjournal
  |last=Shahid
  |last=Shahid
  |first=
  |first=
Line 214: Line 269:
  |accessdate=2025-07-05
  |accessdate=2025-07-05
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* Manekar et al. (2022) surveyed paediatricans across India and found that most were so poorly trained that they could not distinguish between normal physiological phimosis and pathological phimosis in boys, which may result in large numbers of unnecessary circumcisions of boys.<ref name="manetar2022">{{REFjournal
* Manekar et al. (2022) surveyed paediatricians across India and found that most were so poorly trained that they could not distinguish between normal physiological phimosis and pathological phimosis in boys, which may result in large numbers of unnecessary circumcisions of boys.<ref name="manetar2022">{{REFjournal
  |last=Manetar
  |last=Manetar
  |first=
  |first=
Line 257: Line 312:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


==A new surgical technique from India==
== A new surgical technique from India ==
Gupta, Mehta, & Gupta (2021), working in India, have described a new surgical technique to provide coverage of the [[glans penis]] at all times, including tumescent, for men who were involuntarily [[circumcised]] in childhood or who had a congenitally short prepuce ([[foreskin]]). The procedure has been performed on 46 patients with apparent complete success, although penetrating sexual performance has not been evaluated.<ref name="gupta2021">{{REFjournal
Gupta, Mehta, & Gupta (2021), working in India, have described a new surgical technique to provide coverage of the [[glans penis]] at all times, including tumescent, for men who were involuntarily [[circumcised]] in childhood or who had a congenitally short prepuce ([[foreskin]]). The procedure has been performed on 46 patients with apparent complete success, although penetrating sexual performance has not been evaluated.<ref name="gupta2021">{{REFjournal
  |last=Gupta
  |last=Gupta
Line 293: Line 348:


== Circumcision in India ==
== Circumcision in India ==
Circumcision is closely associated with religion in India.<ref name="sahay2014">{{REFjournal
Circumcision is closely associated with the Muslim religion in India.<ref name="sahay2014">{{REFjournal
  |last=Sahay
  |last=Sahay
  |first=
  |first=
Line 328: Line 383:
  |DOI=10.1371/journal.pone.0091213  
  |DOI=10.1371/journal.pone.0091213  
  |accessdate=2024-07-07
  |accessdate=2024-07-07
}}</ref>
}}</ref> The other religions do not circumcise. Non-therapeutic infant [[circumcision]] is not normally done in India except by Muslims.
Non-therapeutic infant [[circumcision]] is not normally done in India.
 
===Muslim circumcision===
=== Muslim circumcision ===
Circumcision marks one as a probable member of the Muslim religious minority.<ref name="sahay2014" /> Although male circumcision is not unlawful, it is not part of the culture or religion of most Indians. In fact, it is viewed with distaste or even horror by most Indians, especially since it is associated with [[Islam| Islamic]] practice.<ref name="sahay2014" /> Sikhism prohibits cutting of the body and Jainism favors non-violence. Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, and others have no desire to appear to be Muslim. The vast majority (86.5%) of males are [[foreskinned]].
Circumcision marks one as a probable member of the Muslim religious minority.<ref name="sahay2014" /> Although male circumcision is not unlawful, it is not part of the culture or religion of most Indians. In fact, it is viewed with distaste or even horror by most Indians, especially since it is associated with [[Islam| Islamic]] practice.<ref name="sahay2014" /> Sikhism prohibits cutting of the body and Jainism favors non-violence. Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, and others have no desire to appear to be Muslim. The vast majority (86.5%) of males are [[foreskinned]].


Boys born into the 14.2% Muslim minority of families are usually [[circumcised]] ritually without anaesthesia for the [[pain]]  by traditional circumcisors or barbers prior to puberty.<ref name="sahay2014" />
Boys born into the 14.2% Muslim minority of families are usually [[circumcised]] ritually without anaesthesia for the [[pain]]  by traditional circumcisors or barbers prior to [[puberty]].<ref name="sahay2014"/>
===Video of Muslim circumicision===
 
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/Intactivism/comments/1e00trr/circumcision_ceremony_celebrated_for_a_child_in/ Muslim circumcision]
=== Medical circumcision ===
===Medical circumcision===
Circumcision of adult male for medical indications is also practiced. There are urologists who advertise and promote their services. It is not clear that Indian urologists offer conservative prepuce-preserving treatment of [[foreskin]] conditions to [[intact]] Indian men. The [https://www.usi.org.in/ Urological Society of India] does not offer guidelines on the conservative prepuce-preserving treatment of [[phimosis]].<ref name="usi2024">{{REFweb
Circumcision for medical indications is also practiced. There are urologists who advertise and promote their services. It is not clear that Indian urologists offer conservative prepuce-preserving treatment of [[foreskin]] conditions to [[intact]] Indian men. The Urological Society of India does not offer guidelines on the conservative prepuce-preserving treatment of [[phimosis]].<ref name="usi2024">{{REFweb
  |url=https://usi.org.in/index.php
  |url=https://usi.org.in/index.php
  |title=Urological Society of India
  |title=Urological Society of India
Line 347: Line 401:
  |date=
  |date=
  |accessdate=2024-07-06
  |accessdate=2024-07-06
}}</ref> As in other nations, [[foreskinned]] men should view a urologist's recommendation for [[adult circumcision]] with extreme caution.
}}</ref> As in other nations, [[foreskinned]] men should receive a urologist's recommendation for [[adult circumcision]] with extreme caution.


== Sources of information ==
== Sources of information ==
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== The prevalence of circumcision ==
== The prevalence of circumcision ==
The World Population Review (2024) and [[Brian J. Morris]] (2016) both estimate that 13.5 percent of Indian males are [[circumcised]],<ref>{{REFweb
The [https://www.nfhsiips.in/nfhsuser/index.php National Family Health Survey] (2015) found that the prevalence of [[circumcision]] varies among the Indian states as shown on a map. The national average was reported to be 15.67 percent.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Kerala/comments/zoumv5/circumcision_among_indian_states/#lightbox
|title=Percentage of Males Who are Circumcised in Each State
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=National Family Health Survey
|date=1915
|accessdate=2025-01-19
}}</ref>
 
The [https://worldpopulationreview.com/ World Population Review] (2024) and [[Brian J. Morris]] (2016) both estimate that 13.5 percent of Indian males are [[circumcised]],<ref>{{REFweb
  |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/circumcision-by-country
  |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/circumcision-by-country
  |title=Circumcision by Country 2024
  |title=Circumcision by Country 2024
Line 414: Line 480:
  |note=
  |note=
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
==Video==
 
== Video ==
This video for adults only illustrates the popularity of the [[foreskin]] in India.
This video for adults only illustrates the popularity of the [[foreskin]] in India.
{{NSFW}}
{{NSFW}}
====Indian Rolls Up His Foreskin WMV====
=== Indian Rolls Up His Foreskin WMV ===
<br>
<youtube>v=s4ZfdCqCPuc</youtube>
<youtube>v=s4ZfdCqCPuc</youtube>
{{SEEALSO}}
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[A Pinch of Skin]]
* [[A Pinch of Skin]]
* [[Khafz]]
* [[Khafz]]
{{LINKS}}
{{LINKS}}
* {{URLwikipedia|India|India|2019-09-15}}
* {{URLwikipedia|India|India|2019-09-15}}
 
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/cultures-that-reject-circumcision/
|title=Cultures That Reject Circumcision—And Why They’re Right
|last=Alissa
|first=Kristel
|init=
|author-link=Kristel Alissa
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2025-02-23
|accessdate=2025-05-08
}}
{{REF}}
{{REF}}


[[Category:Asia]]
[[Category:Asia]]
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Country]]
[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:India]]
 
[[Category:Male circumcision]]
[[Category:Male circumcision]]
[[Category:Statistics]]
[[Category:Statistics]]
[[Category:India]]
[[de:Indien]]
Retrieved from "https://en.intactiwiki.org/wiki/India"