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'''Epispasm''' is a word derived from ancient Greek, (''&epsilon;&pi;&iota;&sigma;&pi;&alpha;&sigma;&mu;&omicron;&sigma;''), that means circumcision reversal or [[foreskin restoration]]. Epispasm was popular in the First Century among circumcised Jewish men who wished to appear as Greek.<ref name="hall1992">{{REFjournal
'''Epispasm''' is a word derived from ancient Greek, (''&epsilon;&pi;&iota;&sigma;&pi;&alpha;&sigma;&mu;&omicron;&sigma;''), that means circumcision reversal or [[foreskin restoration]].<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.yourdictionary.com/epispasm
|title=Epispasm
|last=
|first=
|accessdate=2020-07-17
}}</ref> Epispasm was popular in the First Century among [[circumcised]] Jewish men who wished to pass as [[intact]] Greek.<ref>}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Kennedy
|first=
|init=A
|author-link=Amanda Kennedy
|etal=no
|title=Masculinity and Embodiment in the Practice of Foreskin Restoration
|language=
|journal=International Journal of Men's Health
|date=2015
|season=Spring
|volume=14
|issue=1
|pages=38-54
|url=https://www.arclaw.org/wp-content/uploads/Kennedy-Embodiment-and-Restoration-IJMH-2015.pdf
|DOI=10.3149/jmh.1401.38
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2026-03-13
}}</ref> The practice of epispasm seems to have persisted from the Second Century B. C. to the Sixth Century A. D.<ref name="hall1991">{{REFjournal
  |last=Hall
  |last=Hall
  |first=Robert
  |first=Robert
|init=R
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |title=Epispasm: circumcision in reverse
  |title=Epispasm: circumcision in reverse
Line 11: Line 37:
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/hall1/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/hall1/
  |accessdate=2020-07-17
  |accessdate=2020-07-17
}}</ref> Foreskin restoration is mentioned in the Apocryphal text of 1 Maccabees 14-15.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Maccabees+1%3A14-15&version=NCB
|title=1 Maccabees 1-14-15
|last=
|first=
|init=
|publisher=Bible Gateway
|date=
|accessdate=2022-08-29
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Hall (1992) reports that a surgical operation was necessary.<ref name="hall1992" />
==Lipodermos==


Schultheiss ''et al''. (1998) report that, in an alternative to the surgical procedures, a weight made of bronze, copper, or leather, called the ''Pondus Judaeus'', was attached to the residual foreskin that pulled the skin downward and stretched it which resulted in [[tissue expansion]].<ref name="schultheiss1998">{{REFjournal
Hodges (2001) reported, ''Lipodermos'' is the name given by the Greeks to the condition of having a deficient [[foreskin]]. According to Hodges:
<blockquote>
Through the development of the concept of ''lipodermos'', Greek medicine gave to Greek civilization a scientific reinforcement of its disapproval of the violations of [[genital integrity]] occurring in the Near East. This ethos posited not only that a [[circumcised]] [[penis]] is a deviation from the natural — although that is of real importance — but that a [[circumcised]] penis is a defective and disfigured [[penis]], one that can be repaired by medical treatment. Medicine and law thereby entered into a mutually supportive relationship: [[circumcision]] was against the law because it mutilated its victims, but, taken to the next logical level in this medico-ethical argument, it was also against the law because it necessarily inflicted a state of ''lipodermos'' on its victims.<ref name="hodges2001">{{REFjournal
|last=Hodges
|first=Frederick M.
|init=FM
|author-link=Frederick M. Hodges
|etal=no
|title=The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme
|trans-title=
|language=English
|journal=Bull. Hist. Med.
|location=
|date=2001-09
|volume=75
|issue=3
|pages=375-405
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=11568485
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1353/bhm.2001.0119
|accessdate=2020-07-17
}}</ref></blockquote>
 
==Ancient surgical epispasm==
 
Hall reported that surgery was necessary for epispasm,<ref name="hall1991" /> however that is not correct.
 
==Ancient tissue expansion for epispasm==
 
Schultheiss et al. (1998) report that, in an alternative to the surgical procedures, a weight made of bronze, copper, or leather, called the ''Pondus Judaeus'', was attached to the residual foreskin that pulled the [[skin]] downward and stretched it which resulted in [[tissue expansion]].<ref name="schultheiss1998">{{REFjournal
  |last=Schultheiss
  |last=Schultheiss
  |first=Dirk
  |first=Dirk
|init=D
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |last2=Truss
  |last2=Truss
  |first2=Michael C.
  |first2=Michael C.
|init2=MC
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |last3=Stief
  |last3=Stief
  |first3=Christian G.
  |first3=Christian G.
|init3=CG
  |author3-link=
  |author3-link=
  |last4=Jonas
  |last4=Jonas
  |first4=Udo
  |first4=Udo
|init4=U
  |author4-link=
  |author4-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
Line 47: Line 118:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


The practice of epispasm seems to have persisted from the Second Century B. C. to the Sixth Century A. D.<ref name="hall1992" />  
In Greek terminology, a person who had undergone the procedure of [[stretching]] the [[Foreskin|prepuce]] was known as ''epispastikós'', the stretched one (epispasmós = pull-over). Similarly, the Romans addressed him as ''recutitio'', the reskinned (cutis = [[skin]]), not differentiating by this term whether it was done surgically or nonsurgically.<ref name="schultheiss1998" />


In Greek terminology, a person who had undergone the procedure of stretching the [[Foreskin| prepuce]] was known as ''epispastikós'', the stretched one (epispasmós = pull-over). Similarly, the Romans addressed him as ''recutitio'', the reskinned (cutis = skin), not differentiating by this term whether it was done surgically or nonsurgically.<ref name="schultheiss1998" />
==Epispasm in the present day==


The technique was lost but it was rediscovered in the Twentieth Century by a group of American men who called themselves Brothers United for Future Foreskins ([[BUFF]]}. Non-surgical foreskin restoration seems to be of ever-increasing popularity among circumcised men and even teenagers.
The technique was lost but it was rediscovered in the late Twentieth Century by a group of American men who called themselves Brothers United for Future Foreskins ([[BUFF]]). Epispasm, now known as ''non-surgical foreskin [[restoration]]'', seems to be of ever-increasing popularity in the Twenty-first Century among [[circumcised]] men and even circumcised teenagers as young as 13 years of age.<ref>The popular REDDIT website has a sub-reddit for restoring teens that was started by a thirteen-year-old teen-age restorer. At least one other participant gives his age as thirteen.</ref>


{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]]
* [[Foreskin restoration]]
* [[Foreskin restoration information for circumcised teens]]
* [[Long foreskins]]
{{REF}}
{{REF}}


[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Greece]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Foreskin restoration]]
[[Category:Foreskin restoration]]
[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Physiology]]
[[de:Epispasmus]]

Latest revision as of 13:51, 13 March 2026

Epispasm is a word derived from ancient Greek, (επισπασμοσ), that means circumcision reversal or foreskin restoration.[1] Epispasm was popular in the First Century among circumcised Jewish men who wished to pass as intact Greek.[2] The practice of epispasm seems to have persisted from the Second Century B. C. to the Sixth Century A. D.[3] Foreskin restoration is mentioned in the Apocryphal text of 1 Maccabees 14-15.[4]

Lipodermos

Hodges (2001) reported, Lipodermos is the name given by the Greeks to the condition of having a deficient foreskin. According to Hodges:

Through the development of the concept of lipodermos, Greek medicine gave to Greek civilization a scientific reinforcement of its disapproval of the violations of genital integrity occurring in the Near East. This ethos posited not only that a circumcised penis is a deviation from the natural — although that is of real importance — but that a circumcised penis is a defective and disfigured penis, one that can be repaired by medical treatment. Medicine and law thereby entered into a mutually supportive relationship: circumcision was against the law because it mutilated its victims, but, taken to the next logical level in this medico-ethical argument, it was also against the law because it necessarily inflicted a state of lipodermos on its victims.[5]

Ancient surgical epispasm

Hall reported that surgery was necessary for epispasm,[3] however that is not correct.

Ancient tissue expansion for epispasm

Schultheiss et al. (1998) report that, in an alternative to the surgical procedures, a weight made of bronze, copper, or leather, called the Pondus Judaeus, was attached to the residual foreskin that pulled the skin downward and stretched it which resulted in tissue expansion.[6]

In Greek terminology, a person who had undergone the procedure of stretching the prepuce was known as epispastikós, the stretched one (epispasmós = pull-over). Similarly, the Romans addressed him as recutitio, the reskinned (cutis = skin), not differentiating by this term whether it was done surgically or nonsurgically.[6]

Epispasm in the present day

The technique was lost but it was rediscovered in the late Twentieth Century by a group of American men who called themselves Brothers United for Future Foreskins (BUFF). Epispasm, now known as non-surgical foreskin restoration, seems to be of ever-increasing popularity in the Twenty-first Century among circumcised men and even circumcised teenagers as young as 13 years of age.[7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ REFweb Epispasm. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  2. ↑ }}
  3. ↑ a b REFjournal Hall R. Epispasm: circumcision in reverse. Bible Review. August 1992; : 52-7. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  4. ↑ REFweb 1 Maccabees 1-14-15, Bible Gateway. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  5. ↑ REFjournal Hodges FM. The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme. Bull. Hist. Med.. September 2001; 75(3): 375-405. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  6. ↑ a b REFjournal Schultheiss D, Truss MC, Stief CG, Jonas U. Uncircumcision: a historical review of preputial restoration. Plast Reconstr Surg. June 1998; 101(7): 1990-8. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  7. ↑ The popular REDDIT website has a sub-reddit for restoring teens that was started by a thirteen-year-old teen-age restorer. At least one other participant gives his age as thirteen.
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