Difference between revisions of "Maria J. Wawer"

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| align="center" | '''Colleagues:'''
 
| align="center" | '''Colleagues:'''
 
|-
 
|-
−
| align="center" | [[Ronald Gray]]<br>[[Bertran Auvert]]<br>[[Robert C. Bailey]]<br>[[Thomas Quinn]]
+
| align="center" | [[Ronald Gray]]<br>[[Bertran Auvert]]<br>[[Robert C. Bailey]]<br>[[Thomas C. Quinn]]
 
|- style="background: #DCDCDC"
 
|- style="background: #DCDCDC"
 
| align="center" | '''Funded By:'''
 
| align="center" | '''Funded By:'''
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|}
 
|}
  
−
Maria J. Wawer is a biased pro-circumcision researcher <ref>{{REFweb
+
'''Maria J. Wawer''', {{MD}}, a professor at the [[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health]],<ref>{{REFweb
 +
|url=https://publichealth.jhu.edu/faculty/736/maria-j-wawer
 +
|archived=
 +
|title= Maria J.Wawer, MD
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|last=
 +
|first=
 +
|author-link=
 +
|publisher=Johns Hopkins University
 +
|website=
 +
|date=
 +
|accessdate=2022-01-02
 +
|format=
 +
|quote=
 +
}}</ref> is a [[Bias|biased]] pro-circumcision researcher <ref>{{REFweb
 
  |last=NCBI, PubMed
 
  |last=NCBI, PubMed
 
  |first=
 
  |first=
−
  |year=
+
  |date=
 
  |title=Maria Wawer circumcision
 
  |title=Maria Wawer circumcision
 
  |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Maria%20Wawer%20circumcision
 
  |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Maria%20Wawer%20circumcision
 
  |accessdate=2011-04-24
 
  |accessdate=2011-04-24
−
}}</ref> looking for justifications to roll-out mass circumcision programs around the world. Wawer is married to another biased pro-circumcision researcher [[Ronald Gray]].<ref name="cutting">{{REFjournal
+
}}</ref> looking for justifications to roll-out mass [[circumcision]] programs around the world. Wawer is married to another biased pro-circumcision researcher [[Ronald Gray]].<ref name="cutting">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Willyard
 
  |last=Willyard
 
  |first=Cassandra
 
  |first=Cassandra
 +
|init=C
 
  |date=2007
 
  |date=2007
 
  |title=Cutting the Risk
 
  |title=Cutting the Risk
Line 42: Line 58:
 
  |last=JohnsHopkinsSPH
 
  |last=JohnsHopkinsSPH
 
  |first=
 
  |first=
−
  |year=2010-10-01
+
  |date=2010-10-01
 
  |title=Rakai Project
 
  |title=Rakai Project
 
  |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k#t=8m37s
 
  |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k#t=8m37s
Line 61: Line 77:
 
  |Title=When Wawer found out she could push circumcision
 
  |Title=When Wawer found out she could push circumcision
 
  |Text=You almost feel like crying.
 
  |Text=You almost feel like crying.
−
 
−
<small>'''NOTE:''' ''When she found a reason to push mass circumcision. How could she find joy in that?''</small>
 
 
  |Author=M. Wawer
 
  |Author=M. Wawer
 
  |Source=JohnsHopkinsSPH
 
  |Source=JohnsHopkinsSPH
−
  |ref=<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BHR9rnoelc#t=01m29s M. Wawer, JohnsHopkinsSPH. (2009, May 29). ''Impact.'']</ref>
+
  |ref=<ref>{{REFweb
 +
|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BHR9rnoelc#t=01m29s
 +
|last=Wawer
 +
|first=Maria J.
 +
|init=MJ
 +
|publisher=Wawer, JohnsHopkinsSPH
 +
|date=2009-05-29
 +
|title=Impact
 +
}}</ref>
 +
|Comment=When she found a reason to push mass circumcision. How could she find joy in that?
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
 
  |Title=
 
  |Title=
−
  |Text=Once circumcision programs become more widespread, more available, it's very likely that HIV positive men will also seek the procedure. Partly (because) you don't want to be the only guy on the block who hasn't been circumcised.
+
  |Text=Once circumcision programs become more widespread, more available, it's very likely that [[HIV]] positive men will also seek the procedure. Partly (because) you don't want to be the only guy on the block who hasn't been [[circumcised]].
−
 
 
−
<small>'''NOTE:''' ''This is the goal? To make men feel uncomfortable?''</small>
 
 
  |Author=M. Wawer
 
  |Author=M. Wawer
 
  |Source=MedPageToday
 
  |Source=MedPageToday
−
  |ref=<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCRh1Q69Ry4#t=01m15s  M. Wawer, MedPageToday. (2008, February 08). ''CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission.'']</ref>
+
  |ref=<ref>{{REFweb
 +
|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCRh1Q69Ry4#t=01m15s
 +
  |title=CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission
 +
|last=Wawer
 +
|first=Maria J.
 +
|init=MJ
 +
|date=2008-02-08
 +
}}</ref>
 +
|Comment=This is the goal? To make men feel uncomfortable?
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
 
  |Title=
 
  |Title=
−
  |Text=We found a benefit to the (HIV) positive men of becoming circumcised.
+
  |Text=We found a benefit to the ([[HIV]]) positive men of becoming circumcised.
−
 
 
−
<small>'''NOTE:''' ''They are already HIV positive. You'd think this was a joke.''</small>
 
 
  |Author=M. Wawer
 
  |Author=M. Wawer
 
  |Source=MedPageToday
 
  |Source=MedPageToday
−
  |ref=<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCRh1Q69Ry4#t=03m22s  M. Wawer, MedPageToday. (2008, February 08). ''CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission.'']</ref>
+
  |ref=<ref>{{REFweb
 +
|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCRh1Q69Ry4#t=03m22s
 +
  |title=CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission
 +
|last=Wawer
 +
|first=Maria J.
 +
|init=MJ
 +
|date=2008-02-08
 +
}}</ref>
 +
|Comment=They are already [[HIV]] positive. You'd think this was a joke.
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
 
  |Title=
 
  |Title=
−
  |Text=Where you don’t have complete keratinization of the remaining mucosa, then that could in effect increase the transmission of (the) virus.
+
  |Text=Where you don’t have complete [[keratinization]] of the remaining [[mucosa]], then that could in effect increase the transmission of (the) virus.
−
 
 
−
<small>'''NOTE:''' ''While pro-circ HIV "researchers" are claiming keratinization is a fact, pushers such as [[Brian J. Morris]] and [[Jake H. Waskett]] claim there is no keratinization. The keratinization reduces sensation.''</small>
 
 
  |Author=M. Wawer
 
  |Author=M. Wawer
 
  |Source=MedPageToday
 
  |Source=MedPageToday
−
  |ref=<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCRh1Q69Ry4#t=04m41s  M. Wawer, MedPageToday. (2008, February 08). ''CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission.'']</ref>
+
  |ref=<ref>{{REFweb
 +
|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCRh1Q69Ry4#t=04m41s
 +
  |title=CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission
 +
|last=Wawer
 +
|first=Maria J.
 +
|init=MJ
 +
|date=2008-02-08
 +
}}</ref>
 +
|Comment=While pro-circ [[HIV]] "researchers" are claiming keratinization is a fact, pushers such as [[Brian J. Morris]] and [[Jake H. Waskett]] claim there is no keratinization. The keratinization reduces sensation.
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
 
  |Title=
 
  |Title=
−
  |Text=We are providing male circumcision as a service now to negative men, but also to positive men. Again, because we don't want them to become stigmatized if they refuse the service.
+
  |Text=We are providing [[Adolescent and adult circumcision| male circumcision]] as a service now to negative men, but also to positive men. Again, because we don't want them to become stigmatized if they refuse the service.
−
 
 
−
<small>'''NOTE:''' ''i.e., she promotes the cutting of anyone for any reason. No logic required.''</small>
 
 
  |Author=M. Wawer
 
  |Author=M. Wawer
 
  |Source=MedPageToday
 
  |Source=MedPageToday
−
  |ref=<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCRh1Q69Ry4#t=05m20s  M. Wawer, MedPageToday. (2008, February 08). ''CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission.'']</ref>
+
  |ref=<ref>{{REFweb
 +
|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCRh1Q69Ry4#t=05m20s
 +
  |title=CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission
 +
|last=Wawer
 +
|first=Maria J.
 +
|init=MJ
 +
|date=2008-02-08
 +
}}</ref>
 +
|Comment=i.e., she promotes the cutting of anyone for any reason. No logic required.
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
 
  |Title=
 
  |Title=
−
  |Text=It’s amazing, cultures do change once people see there's a real advantage of a certain action (circumcision) on their part.
+
  |Text=It’s amazing, cultures do change once people see there's a real advantage of a certain action ([[circumcision]]) on their part.
−
 
 
−
<small>'''NOTE:''' ''You heard that right. She want's to make circumcision part of the culture. i.e., the norm.''</small>
 
 
  |Author=M. Wawer
 
  |Author=M. Wawer
 
  |Source=JohnsHopkinsSPH
 
  |Source=JohnsHopkinsSPH
−
  |ref=<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k#t=08m41s  M. Wawer, JohnsHopkinsSPH. (2010, December 01). ''Rakai project.'']</ref>
+
  |ref=<ref>{{REFweb
 +
|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k#t=08m41s
 +
|last=Wawer
 +
  |first=Maria J.
 +
|init=MJ
 +
|publisher=Wawer, JohnsHopkinsSPH
 +
|date=2010-12-01
 +
|title=Rakai project
 +
}}</ref>
 +
|Comment=You heard that right. She want's to make circumcision part of the culture. i.e., the norm.
 
}}
 
}}
  
−
<BR CLEAR="all">
 
 
=== Contradictory quotes ===
 
=== Contradictory quotes ===
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
 
  |Title=Male Circumcision does NOT protect women
 
  |Title=Male Circumcision does NOT protect women
 
  |Text=We haven't seen a benefit to women for the procedure.
 
  |Text=We haven't seen a benefit to women for the procedure.
−
 
−
<small>'''NOTE:''' ''In fact, she found that male circumcision increases risk of HIV transmission in women.''</small>
 
 
  |Author=M. Wawer
 
  |Author=M. Wawer
 
  |Source=MedPageToday
 
  |Source=MedPageToday
−
  |ref=<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCRh1Q69Ry4#t=06m23s  M. Wawer, MedPageToday. (2008, February 08). ''CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission.'']</ref>
+
  |ref=<ref>{{REFweb
 +
|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCRh1Q69Ry4#t=06m23s
 +
|last=Wawer
 +
  |first=Maria J.
 +
|init=MJ
 +
|publisher=MedPageToday
 +
|date=2008-02-08
 +
|title=CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission
 +
}}</ref>
 +
|Comment=In fact, she found that male circumcision increases risk of [[HIV]] transmission in women.
 
}}
 
}}
  
Line 133: Line 193:
 
  |Title=Male Circumcision DOES protect women
 
  |Title=Male Circumcision DOES protect women
 
  |Text=You asked yourself the question, 'If it reduces the risk of acquisition it presumably reduces the risk of transmission to female partners." (Maria nods in agreement)
 
  |Text=You asked yourself the question, 'If it reduces the risk of acquisition it presumably reduces the risk of transmission to female partners." (Maria nods in agreement)
−
 
−
<small>'''NOTE:''' ''Ignoring her own findings when they don't support male circumcision.''</small>
 
 
  |Author=Interviewer
 
  |Author=Interviewer
 
  |Source=MedPageToday
 
  |Source=MedPageToday
−
  |ref=<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCRh1Q69Ry4#t=00m50s  Interviewer, MedPageToday. (2008, February 08). ''CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission.'']</ref>
+
  |ref=<ref>{{REFweb
 +
|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCRh1Q69Ry4#t=00m50s
 +
  |publisher=MedPageToday
 +
|date=2008-02-08
 +
|title=CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission
 +
}}</ref>
 +
|Comment=Ignoring her own findings when they don't support male circumcision.
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
 
  |Title=Male Circumcision does NOT protect women
 
  |Title=Male Circumcision does NOT protect women
−
  |Text=Disappointingly, when we looked at the women partners of the (HIV) positive men, who've been circumcised, compared to the partners who had not been circumcised, we actually found a slightly higher rate of transmission from the positive circumcised men than from positive uncircumcised men.
+
  |Text=Disappointingly, when we looked at the women partners of the (HIV) positive men, who've been circumcised, compared to the partners who had not been circumcised, we actually found a slightly higher rate of transmission from the positive circumcised men than from positive [[uncircumcised]] men.
−
 
 
−
<small>'''NOTE:''' ''Interestingly, Maria has said on numerous occasions that circumcision will reduce the rate of transmission to female partners, even though her research doesn't support this. Here she contradicts herself, yet again.''</small>
 
 
  |Author=M. Wawer
 
  |Author=M. Wawer
 
  |Source=MedPageToday
 
  |Source=MedPageToday
−
  |ref=<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCRh1Q69Ry4#t=03m40s  M. Wawer, MedPageToday. (2008, February 08). ''CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission.'']</ref>
+
  |ref=<ref>{{REFweb
 +
|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCRh1Q69Ry4#t=03m40s
 +
  |last=Wawer
 +
|first=Maria J.
 +
|init=MJ
 +
|publisher=MedPageToday
 +
|date=2008-02-08
 +
|title=CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission
 +
}}</ref>
 +
|Comment=Interestingly, Maria has said on numerous occasions that circumcision will reduce the rate of transmission to female partners, even though her research doesn't support this. Here she contradicts herself, yet again.
 
}}
 
}}
 +
==Circumcision does not prevent HIV infection==
 +
=== Population-based studies ===
 +
{{Population-based studies}}
 +
===Two African surveys===
 +
The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.
 +
 +
French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men.
 +
 +
In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:
 +
<blockquote>
 +
In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Garenne
 +
|first=Michel
 +
|init=M
 +
|author-link=Michel Garenne
 +
|title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho
 +
|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/
 +
|date=2022-04-04
 +
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
 +
|volume=online ahead of print
 +
|pages=1-16
 +
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153
 +
|pubmedID=35373731
 +
|accessdate=2022-11-07
 +
}}</ref>
 +
</blockquote>
  
 +
In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:
 +
<blockquote>
 +
"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Garenne
 +
|first=Michael
 +
|init=M
 +
|author-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
 +
|location=
 +
|date=2022-10-26
 +
|season=
 +
|volume=
 +
|issue=
 +
|article=
 +
|page=
 +
|pages=1-13
 +
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=36286328
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414
 +
|accessdate=2022-11-07
 +
}}</ref></blockquote>
 +
{{SEEALSO}}
 +
* [[Bias]]
 +
* [[Circumcision and HIV]]
 +
* [[United States of America]]
 +
{{LINKS}}
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/hivaids/
 +
|title=HIV/AIDS
 +
|publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]]
 +
|date=2020
 +
|accessdate=2020-07-16
 +
}}
 +
 +
{{ABBR}}
 
{{REF}}
 
{{REF}}
  
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wawer, Maria J.}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wawer, Maria J.}}
  
−
[[Category:People]]
+
[[Category:Person]]
 +
[[Category:Female]]
 +
[[Category:Bias]]
 +
[[Category:Promoter]]
 +
[[Category:Researcher]]
 +
 
 
[[Category:Circumcision in Africa]]
 
[[Category:Circumcision in Africa]]
−
[[Category:Researcher]]
+
 
 +
[[Category:USA]]
  
 
[[Category:From CircLeaks]]
 
[[Category:From CircLeaks]]
 
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
 
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
 +
 +
[[de:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]

Latest revision as of 14:49, 13 May 2024

Maria-Wawer.jpg
Maria J. Wawer
Married To:
Ronald Gray
Colleagues:
Ronald Gray
Bertran Auvert
Robert C. Bailey
Thomas C. Quinn
Funded By:
Johns Hopkins
NIH
Gray and Wawer.jpg
Ronald Gray with his wife,
and colleague, Maria Wawer.

Maria J. Wawer, M.D.[a 1], a professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health,[1] is a biased pro-circumcision researcher [2] looking for justifications to roll-out mass circumcision programs around the world. Wawer is married to another biased pro-circumcision researcher Ronald Gray.[3] Her research has been funded by Johns Hopkins and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.[3] In the waiting room at their clinic, a music video promoting circumcision plays continuously.[4][5]

Quotes

“ When Wawer found out she could push circumcision
You almost feel like crying.
– M. Wawer (JohnsHopkinsSPH)[6]
COMMENT: When she found a reason to push mass circumcision. How could she find joy in that?
“ Once circumcision programs become more widespread, more available, it's very likely that HIV positive men will also seek the procedure. Partly (because) you don't want to be the only guy on the block who hasn't been circumcised.
– M. Wawer (MedPageToday)[7]
COMMENT: This is the goal? To make men feel uncomfortable?
“ We found a benefit to the (HIV) positive men of becoming circumcised.
– M. Wawer (MedPageToday)[8]
COMMENT: They are already HIV positive. You'd think this was a joke.
“ Where you don’t have complete keratinization of the remaining mucosa, then that could in effect increase the transmission of (the) virus.
– M. Wawer (MedPageToday)[9]
COMMENT: While pro-circ HIV "researchers" are claiming keratinization is a fact, pushers such as Brian J. Morris and Jake H. Waskett claim there is no keratinization. The keratinization reduces sensation.
“ We are providing male circumcision as a service now to negative men, but also to positive men. Again, because we don't want them to become stigmatized if they refuse the service.
– M. Wawer (MedPageToday)[10]
COMMENT: i.e., she promotes the cutting of anyone for any reason. No logic required.
“ It’s amazing, cultures do change once people see there's a real advantage of a certain action (circumcision) on their part.
– M. Wawer (JohnsHopkinsSPH)[11]
COMMENT: You heard that right. She want's to make circumcision part of the culture. i.e., the norm.

Contradictory quotes

“ Male Circumcision does NOT protect women
We haven't seen a benefit to women for the procedure.
– M. Wawer (MedPageToday)[12]
COMMENT: In fact, she found that male circumcision increases risk of HIV transmission in women.
“ Male Circumcision DOES protect women
You asked yourself the question, 'If it reduces the risk of acquisition it presumably reduces the risk of transmission to female partners." (Maria nods in agreement)
– Interviewer (MedPageToday)[13]
COMMENT: Ignoring her own findings when they don't support male circumcision.
“ Male Circumcision does NOT protect women
Disappointingly, when we looked at the women partners of the (HIV) positive men, who've been circumcised, compared to the partners who had not been circumcised, we actually found a slightly higher rate of transmission from the positive circumcised men than from positive uncircumcised men.
– M. Wawer (MedPageToday)[14]
COMMENT: Interestingly, Maria has said on numerous occasions that circumcision will reduce the rate of transmission to female partners, even though her research doesn't support this. Here she contradicts herself, yet again.

Circumcision does not prevent HIV infection

Population-based studies

September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population studies on the relationship of circumcision and HIV infection:

  1. Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, Canada (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.[15]
  2. Morten Frisch & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in Denmark of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than intact men.[16]

No association between lack of circumcision and risk of HIV infection was found by either study. There now is credible evidence that the massive, expensive African circumcision programs have not been effective in preventing HIV infection.

Two African surveys

The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.

French scientist Michel Garenne, Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in circumcised and intact men.

In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:

In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.[17]

In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:

"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that circumcised and intact men had similar levels of HIV infection."[18]

See also

External links

Abbreviations

  1. ↑ REFweb Doctor of Medicine, Wikipedia. Retrieved 14 June 2021. In the United Kingdom, Ireland and some Commonwealth countries, the abbreviation MD is common.

References

  1. ↑ REFweb Maria J.Wawer, MD, Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  2. ↑ REFweb NCBI, PubMed. Maria Wawer circumcision. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  3. ↑ a b REFjournal Willyard C. Cutting the Risk. Johns Hopkins Magazine. 2007; Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  4. ↑ REFweb JohnsHopkinsSPH (1 October 2010). Rakai Project. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  5. ↑ REFweb (6 June 2010). Rakai male circumcision video by Stephen Mugamba feat Jemima Sanyu, smugamba. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
    Quote: Rakai Health Sciences Program funded the production of an MC promotion song which was done by Stephen Mugamba and Jemima Sanyu. This was done under the supervision of one Uganda's best audio producers; Henry Kiwuuwa of Grayce Records.
  6. ↑ REFweb Wawer MJ (29 May 2009). Impact, Wawer, JohnsHopkinsSPH.
  7. ↑ REFweb Wawer MJ (8 February 2008). CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission.
  8. ↑ REFweb Wawer MJ (8 February 2008). CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission.
  9. ↑ REFweb Wawer MJ (8 February 2008). CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission.
  10. ↑ REFweb Wawer MJ (8 February 2008). CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission.
  11. ↑ REFweb Wawer MJ (1 December 2010). Rakai project, Wawer, JohnsHopkinsSPH.
  12. ↑ REFweb Wawer MJ (8 February 2008). CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission, MedPageToday.
  13. ↑ REFweb (8 February 2008). CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission, MedPageToday.
  14. ↑ REFweb Wawer MJ (8 February 2008). CROI: Circumcising HIV-Pos Men Doesn't Block Transmission, MedPageToday.
  15. ↑ REFjournal Mayan M, Hamilton RJ, Juurlink DN, Austin PC, Jarvi KA. Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada. J Urol. 23 September 2021; PMID. DOI. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
    Quote: We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
  16. ↑ REFjournal Frisch M, Simonsen J. Non-therapeutic male circumcision in infancy or childhood and risk of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections: national cohort study in Denmark. Eur J Epidemiol. 26 September 2021; 37: 251–9. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  17. ↑ REFjournal Garenne M. Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho. J Biosoc Sci. 4 April 2022; online ahead of print: 1-16. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  18. ↑ REFjournal Garenne M. Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa. J Biosoc Sci. 26 October 2022; : 1-13. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
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