Difference between revisions of "HIV"

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'''HIV''' is an acronym that stands for ''human immunodeficiency virus''. It also is considered to be an ''initalism''.
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'''HIV''' is an initialism that stands for ''human immunodeficiency virus''.
  
−
HIV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Persons who are infected with HIV frequently exhibit ''autoimmune deficiency syndrome'', better known by its own acronym ''AIDS''.
+
HIV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Persons who are infected with HIV frequently exhibit ''autoimmune deficiency syndrome'', better known by its own acronym ''[[AIDS]]''.
  
 
HIV was identified in 1981. It is thought to have originated in Africa.
 
HIV was identified in 1981. It is thought to have originated in Africa.
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==Attempts to link lack of circumcision to HIV infection==
 
==Attempts to link lack of circumcision to HIV infection==
  
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Despite the known [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| immunological functions]] of the [[foreskin]], certain promoters of male circumcision attempted to link HIV infection to lack of [[circumcision]]. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were carried out in Africa in an attempt to prove their hypothesis. Boyle & Hill (2011) however studied their reports and found disabling methodological and statistical errors that invalidated their purported findings.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref>
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Despite the known [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| immunological functions]] of the [[foreskin]], certain [[:Category:Promoter|promoters of male circumcision]] attempted to link HIV infection to lack of [[circumcision]]. [[HIV trials in Africa|Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs)]] were carried out in Africa in an attempt to prove their hypothesis.  
  
−
Van Howe & Boyle (2018) further elaborated on these findings and suggested possible coordination between the RCTs and hinted at the possibility of fraud.<ref name= "vanhowe2018">{{REFjournal
+
Green et al. (2008), in a preliminary report, published a long list of methodological issues with the RCTs.<ref name="green2008">{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Green
 +
|first=Lawrence W.
 +
|init=LW
 +
|author-link=
 +
|last2=McAllister
 +
|first2=Ryan S.
 +
|init2=RS
 +
|author2-link=Ryan McAllister
 +
|last3=Peterson
 +
|first3=Kent W.
 +
|init3=KW
 +
|author3-link=
 +
|last4=Travis
 +
|first4=John W.
 +
|init4=JW
 +
|author4-link=John W. Travis
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=Male circumcision is not the HIV ‘vaccine’ we have been waiting for!
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|journal=Future HIV Therapy
 +
|location=
 +
|date=2008
 +
|volume=2
 +
|issue=3
 +
|article=
 +
|page=
 +
|pages=193-9
 +
|url=http://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/full/10.2217/17469600.2.3.193
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=10.2217/17469600.2.3.193
 +
|accessdate=2021-11-29
 +
}}</ref>
 +
 
 +
''Medical News Today'' (2008) reported that a medical study found that circumcision is not effective in preventing infection in men who have sex with men.<ref name="MNT2008">{{REFnews
 +
|title=Circumcision Not Effective In Preventing HIV Among MSM, Study Finds
 +
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2008/2008-10-09_medicalnewstoday.php
 +
|last=Anonymous
 +
|first=
 +
|init=
 +
|publisher=Medical News Today
 +
|date=2008-10-09
 +
|accessdate=2024-07-26
 +
|quote=According to the study, there was minimal difference in HIV infections between those MSM who were circumcised and those who were not
 +
}}</ref>
 +
 
 +
[[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] & [[George Hill|Hill]] (2011) studied their reports and found disabling methodological and statistical errors that invalidated their purported findings.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref>
 +
 
 +
A circumcision program in Kenya failed to reduce the incidence of HIV infection. In fact, the incidence of infection rose from 3.5% to 3.8%. The circumcision program was deemed to be a total failure.<ref>{{REFnews
 +
|title=Big Blow as circumcision of LUO MEN fails to reduce HIV/AIDS infections in Nyanza
 +
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2013/2013-09-11_kenyandailypost.php
 +
|last=Anonymous
 +
|first=
 +
|init=
 +
|publisher=The Kenyan Daily Post (Nairobi)
 +
|date=2013-09-13
 +
|accessdate=2024-09-13
 +
|quote=However, according to the new survey, the efforts seem to have exacerbated the situation as HIV infection increased from the previous 14.9% to 15.1%.
 +
}}</ref>
 +
 
 +
[[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] & [[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] (2018) further elaborated on these findings and suggested possible coordination between the RCTs and hinted at the possibility of fraud.<ref name= "vanhowe2018">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Van Howe
 
  |last=Van Howe
 
  |first=Robert S.
 
  |first=Robert S.
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}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
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==Population-based studies==
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== Population-based studies ==
 +
{{Population-based studies}}
 +
 
 +
==Two African surveys==
 +
The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.
  
−
September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population studies on the relationship of circumcision and HIV infection.
+
French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men.
  
−
Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, [[Canada]] (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal
+
In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:
−
  |last=Mayan
+
<blockquote>
−
  |first=Madhur
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In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal
 +
  |last=Garenne
 +
  |first=Michel
 
  |init=M
 
  |init=M
−
  |author-link=
+
  |author-link=Michel Garenne
−
  |last2=Hamilton
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  |title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho
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  |first2=Robert J.
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  |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/
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|init2=RJ
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  |date=2022-04-04
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|author2-link=
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  |journal=J Biosoc Sci
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|last3=Juurlink
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  |volume=online ahead of print
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|first3=David N.
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  |pages=1-16
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|init3=DN
+
  |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153
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|author3-link=
+
  |pubmedID=35373731
−
|last4=Austin
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  |accessdate=2022-10-28
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|first4=Peter C.
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}}</ref>
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  |init4=PC
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</blockquote>  
−
|author4-link=
 
−
|last5=Jarvi
 
−
|first5=Keith A.
 
−
|init5=KA
 
−
|author5-link=
 
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  |etal=no
 
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  |title=Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada
 
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|journal=J Urol
 
−
  |date=2021-09-23
 
−
  |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
 
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|quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
 
−
  |pubmedID=34551593
 
−
|DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
 
−
  |accessdate=2021-10-02
 
−
}}</ref>
 
  
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[[Morten Frisch]] & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than intact men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{REFjournal
+
In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:
−
  |last=Frisch
+
<blockquote>
−
  |first=Morten
+
"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal
 +
  |last=Garenne
 +
  |first=Michael
 
  |init=M
 
  |init=M
−
  |author-link=Morten Frisch
+
  |author-link=
−
|last2=Simonsen
 
−
|first2=Jacob
 
−
|init2=J
 
−
|author2-link=
 
 
  |etal=no
 
  |etal=no
−
  |title=Non-therapeutic male circumcision in infancy or childhood and risk of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections: national cohort study in Denmark
+
  |title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa
−
  |journal=Eur J Epidemiol
+
|trans-title=
−
  |date=2021-09-26
+
|language=
−
  |volume=Published online ahead of print
+
  |journal=J Biosoc Sci
−
  |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654-021-00809-6
+
|location=
−
  |pubmedID=34564796
+
  |date=2022-10-26
−
  |DOI=10.1007/s10654-021-00809-6
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|season=
−
  |accessdate=2021-10-20
+
  |volume=
−
}}</ref>
+
|issue=
−
 
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|article=
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No association between circumcision status and risk of HIV infection was found.
+
|page=
 +
|pages=1-13
 +
  |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
 +
  |pubmedID=36286328
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
  |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414
 +
  |accessdate=2022-10-27
 +
}}</ref></blockquote>  
 +
{{SEEALSO}}
 +
* [[Circumcision and HIV]]
  
 
{{REF}}
 
{{REF}}
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[[Category:Acronym]]
 
[[Category:Acronym]]
 
[[Category:Initialism]]
 
[[Category:Initialism]]
 +
[[Category:Disease]]
 +
 +
[[de:HIV]]

Latest revision as of 21:25, 26 July 2024

HIV is an initialism that stands for human immunodeficiency virus.

HIV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Persons who are infected with HIV frequently exhibit autoimmune deficiency syndrome, better known by its own acronym AIDS.

HIV was identified in 1981. It is thought to have originated in Africa.

Attempts to link lack of circumcision to HIV infection

Despite the known immunological functions of the foreskin, certain promoters of male circumcision attempted to link HIV infection to lack of circumcision. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were carried out in Africa in an attempt to prove their hypothesis.

Green et al. (2008), in a preliminary report, published a long list of methodological issues with the RCTs.[1]

Medical News Today (2008) reported that a medical study found that circumcision is not effective in preventing infection in men who have sex with men.[2]

Boyle & Hill (2011) studied their reports and found disabling methodological and statistical errors that invalidated their purported findings.[3]

A circumcision program in Kenya failed to reduce the incidence of HIV infection. In fact, the incidence of infection rose from 3.5% to 3.8%. The circumcision program was deemed to be a total failure.[4]

Van Howe & Boyle (2018) further elaborated on these findings and suggested possible coordination between the RCTs and hinted at the possibility of fraud.[5]

Population-based studies

September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population studies on the relationship of circumcision and HIV infection:

  1. Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, Canada (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.[6]
  2. Morten Frisch & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in Denmark of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than intact men.[7]

No association between lack of circumcision and risk of HIV infection was found by either study. There now is credible evidence that the massive, expensive African circumcision programs have not been effective in preventing HIV infection.

Two African surveys

The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.

French scientist Michel Garenne, Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in circumcised and intact men.

In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:

In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.[8]

In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:

"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that circumcised and intact men had similar levels of HIV infection."[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ REFjournal Green LW, McAllister RS, Peterson KW, Travis JW. Male circumcision is not the HIV ‘vaccine’ we have been waiting for!. Future HIV Therapy. 2008; 2(3): 193-9. DOI. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  2. ↑ REFnews Anonymous (9 October 2008)."Circumcision Not Effective In Preventing HIV Among MSM, Study Finds", Medical News Today. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
    Quote: According to the study, there was minimal difference in HIV infections between those MSM who were circumcised and those who were not
  3. ↑ REFjournal Boyle GJ, Hill G. Sub-Saharan African randomised clinical trials into male circumcision and HIV transmission: Methodological, ethical and legal concerns PDF. Thompson Reuter. December 2011; 19(2): 316-34. PMID. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  4. ↑ REFnews Anonymous (13 September 2013)."Big Blow as circumcision of LUO MEN fails to reduce HIV/AIDS infections in Nyanza", The Kenyan Daily Post (Nairobi). Retrieved 13 September 2024.
    Quote: However, according to the new survey, the efforts seem to have exacerbated the situation as HIV infection increased from the previous 14.9% to 15.1%.
  5. ↑ REFjournal Van Howe RS, Boyle GJ. Meta-analysis of HIV-acquisition studies incomplete and unstable. BJU Int. 31 October 2018; Retrieved 24 November 2021.
    Quote: Given the effectiveness of condoms, the lack of consistent findings on national levels, the methodologically flawed RCTs, the lack of translational research, and the impressive potential uptake and effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis, circumcision as an intervention to prevent HIV infection should be treated with greater scepticism.
  6. ↑ REFjournal Mayan M, Hamilton RJ, Juurlink DN, Austin PC, Jarvi KA. Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada. J Urol. 23 September 2021; PMID. DOI. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
    Quote: We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
  7. ↑ REFjournal Frisch M, Simonsen J. Non-therapeutic male circumcision in infancy or childhood and risk of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections: national cohort study in Denmark. Eur J Epidemiol. 26 September 2021; 37: 251–9. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  8. ↑ REFjournal Garenne M. Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho. J Biosoc Sci. 4 April 2022; online ahead of print: 1-16. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  9. ↑ REFjournal Garenne M. Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa. J Biosoc Sci. 26 October 2022; : 1-13. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
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