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[[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] & [[George Hill|Hill]] (2011) studied their reports and found disabling methodological and statistical errors that invalidated their purported findings.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref>
''Medical News Today'' (2008) reported that a medical study found that circumcision is not effective in preventing infection in men who have sex with men.<ref name="MNT2008">{{REFnews
|title=Circumcision Not Effective In Preventing HIV Among MSM, Study Finds
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2008/2008-10-09_medicalnewstoday.php
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=Medical News Today
|date=2008-10-09
|accessdate=2024-07-26
|quote=According to the study, there was minimal difference in HIV infections between those MSM who were circumcised and those who were not
}}</ref>
 
[[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] & [[George Hill|Hill]] (2011) studied their reports and found disabling methodological and statistical errors that invalidated their purported findings.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Masem
|first=
|init=M
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Benefits of male circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=JAMA Network
|date=2012-02-01
|volume=307
|issue=5
|article=
|page=
|pages=
|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1104924#25424493
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=22298670
|DOI=10.1001/jama.2012.59
|accessdate=2026-03-11
}}</ref>
 
A circumcision program in Kenya failed to reduce the incidence of HIV infection. In fact, the incidence of infection rose from 3.5% to 3.8%. The circumcision program was deemed to be a total failure.<ref>{{REFnews
|title=Big Blow as circumcision of LUO MEN fails to reduce HIV/AIDS infections in Nyanza
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2013/2013-09-11_kenyandailypost.php
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=The Kenyan Daily Post (Nairobi)
|date=2013-09-13
|accessdate=2024-09-13
|quote=However, according to the new survey, the efforts seem to have exacerbated the situation as HIV infection increased from the previous 14.9% to 15.1%.
}}</ref>


[[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] & [[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] (2018) further elaborated on these findings and suggested possible coordination between the RCTs and hinted at the possibility of fraud.<ref name= "vanhowe2018">{{REFjournal
[[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] & [[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] (2018) further elaborated on these findings and suggested possible coordination between the RCTs and hinted at the possibility of fraud.<ref name= "vanhowe2018">{{REFjournal
Line 75: Line 121:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


==Population-based studies==
PEPFAR (2025) has scrapped its ineffective and harmful "voluntary male  medical circumcision" (VMMC) program after 15 years and at least 27,000,000 harmful and useless [[foreskin]] amputations.<ref name="gwarisa2025">{{REFnews
|title=New PEPFAR Waiver Scraps Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program
|url=https://healthtimes.co.zw/2025/02/07/new-pepfar-waiver-scraps-voluntary-medical-male-circumcision-program/
|last=Gwarisa
|first=Michael
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Healthtimes
|website=
|date=2025-02-07
|accessdate=2025-02-16
|format=
|quote=
}}</ref> The [[United States]] government will no longer pay for harmful circumcisions in Africa.


September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population studies on the relationship of circumcision and HIV infection:
== Population-based studies ==
{{Population-based studies}}


# Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, [[Canada]] (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal
==Two African surveys==
  |last=Mayan
The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.
  |first=Madhur
 
French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men.
 
In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:
<blockquote>
In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michel
|init=M
|author-link=Michel Garenne
|title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho
|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/
|date=2022-04-04
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|volume=online ahead of print
|pages=1-16
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153
|pubmedID=35373731
|accessdate=2022-10-28
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
 
In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:
<blockquote>
"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal
  |last=Garenne
  |first=Michael
  |init=M
  |init=M
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
|last2=Hamilton
|first2=Robert J.
|init2=RJ
|author2-link=
|last3=Juurlink
|first3=David N.
|init3=DN
|author3-link=
|last4=Austin
|first4=Peter C.
|init4=PC
|author4-link=
|last5=Jarvi
|first5=Keith A.
|init5=KA
|author5-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
  |title=Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada
  |title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa
  |journal=J Urol
|trans-title=
  |date=2021-09-23
|language=
  |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
  |journal=J Biosoc Sci
  |quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
|location=
  |pubmedID=34551593
  |date=2022-10-26
  |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
|season=
  |accessdate=2021-10-02
|volume=
}}</ref>
|issue=
# [[Morten Frisch]] & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than intact men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</ref>
|article=
 
|page=
No association between circumcision status and risk of HIV infection was found.
|pages=1-13
 
  |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50
|archived=
  |quote=
  |pubmedID=36286328
|pubmedCID=
  |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414
  |accessdate=2022-10-27
}}</ref></blockquote>  
{{SEEALSO}}
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Circumcision and HIV]]
* [[Circumcision and HIV]]
Retrieved from "https://en.intactiwiki.org/wiki/HIV"