United Kingdom: Difference between revisions

Line 237:

==Reduction of practice==

A national election was held in the United Kingdom at the end of World War II. The Labour Party gained a majority of the seats in Parliament and its leader, Clement Atlee, became prime minister. The party leaned to the left and supported social welfare. Aneurin Bevan was Minister of Health. [https://www.nhs.uk/ The National Health Service] (NHS) was created in 1948 to provide free medical treatment for all. Services were provided based on clinical need, not ability to pay.

A national election was held in the United Kingdom at the end of World War II. The Labour Party gained a majority of the seats in Parliament and its leader, Clement Atlee, became prime minister. The party leaned to the left and supported social welfare. Aneurin Bevan was Minister of Health. [https://www.nhs.uk/ The National Health Service] (NHS) was created in 1948 to provide free medical treatment for all. Services were provided based on clinical need, not ability to pay. The NHS did not provide non-therapeutic circumcision, so the incidence of circumcision dropped to a very low level.<ref name="gollaher1994">{{REFjournal

|last=Gollaher

|first=David L.

|init=DL

|author-link=

|title=From ritual to science: the medical transformation of circumcision in America

|journal=Journal of Social History

|date=1994-09

|volume=28

|issue=1

|pages=5-36

|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/gollaher/

|accessdate=2021-10-26

}}</ref>

Sir James Spence, a prominent senior British paediatrician, urged his younger colleague, [[Douglas Gairdner]], to produce a paper on infant circumcision. The now famous classic paper, ''The fate of the foreskin: a study of circumcision'', was published in the ''British Medical Journal'' on Christmas Eve, 1949. The paper reported 16 deaths per year from non-therapeutic infant circumcision and concluded in part: "'''The prepuce of the young infant should therefore be left in its natural state.'''"<ref name="gairdner1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref>

@@ Line 237: / Line 237: @@
 ==Reduction of practice==
-A national election was held in the United Kingdom at the end of World War II. The Labour Party gained a majority of the seats in Parliament and its leader, Clement Atlee, became prime minister. The party leaned to the left and supported social welfare. Aneurin Bevan was Minister of Health. [https://www.nhs.uk/ The National Health Service] (NHS) was created in 1948 to provide free medical treatment for all. Services were provided based on clinical need, not ability to pay.
+A national election was held in the United Kingdom at the end of World War II. The Labour Party gained a majority of the seats in Parliament and its leader, Clement Atlee, became prime minister. The party leaned to the left and supported social welfare. Aneurin Bevan was Minister of Health. [https://www.nhs.uk/ The National Health Service] (NHS) was created in 1948 to provide free medical treatment for all. Services were provided based on clinical need, not ability to pay. The NHS did not provide non-therapeutic circumcision, so the incidence of circumcision dropped to a very low level.<ref name="gollaher1994">{{REFjournal
+ |last=Gollaher
+ |first=David L.
+ |init=DL
+ |author-link=
+ |title=From ritual to science: the medical transformation of circumcision in America
+ |journal=Journal of Social History
+ |date=1994-09
+ |volume=28
+ |issue=1
+ |pages=5-36
+ |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/gollaher/
+ |accessdate=2021-10-26
+}}</ref>
 Sir James Spence, a prominent senior British paediatrician, urged his younger colleague, [[Douglas Gairdner]], to produce a paper on infant circumcision. The now famous classic paper, ''The fate of the foreskin: a study of circumcision'', was published in the ''British Medical Journal'' on Christmas Eve, 1949. The paper reported 16 deaths per year from non-therapeutic infant circumcision and concluded in part: "'''The prepuce of the young infant should therefore be left in its natural state.'''"<ref name="gairdner1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref>