Difference between revisions of "Frenulum of the foreskin"

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The '''frenulum of the foreskin''', often known simply as the '''frenulum''', is an elastic band of tissue under the [[glans penis]] that connects the [[foreskin]] (prepuce) to the vernal mucosa, and helps contract the foreskin over the glans.<ref>{{REFbook
+
The '''frenulum of the foreskin''', often known simply as the '''frenulum''', is an elastic band of tissue under the [[glans penis]] that connects the [[foreskin]] (prepuce) to the vernal [[mucosa]], and helps contract the foreskin over the glans.<ref name="Jensen">{{REFbook
 
  |last=Jensen
 
  |last=Jensen
 
  |first=Christian
 
  |first=Christian
 +
|init=C
 
  |year=2011
 
  |year=2011
 
  |title=Can I Just Ask?
 
  |title=Can I Just Ask?
−
  |url=
+
  |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/9938850-can-i-just-ask
 
  |work=
 
  |work=
 
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  |editor=
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  |volume=
 
  |volume=
 
  |chapter=
 
  |chapter=
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  |pages=58
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  |page=58
 
  |location=
 
  |location=
 
  |publisher=Hay House
 
  |publisher=Hay House
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}}</ref> The frenular artery passes through the frenulum.
 
}}</ref> The frenular artery passes through the frenulum.
  
−
==Sensitivity==
+
Rarely, boys are born without a frenulum. This condition causes no issues and permits unusually full retraction of the foreskin.
 +
 
 +
==Sensation and stimulation==
 
The frenulum and the associated tissue delta on the underside of the [[penis]] below the corona has been described in sexuality textbooks as "very reactive" and "particularly responsive to touch that is light and soft".  The "underside of the shaft of the penis, meaning the part below the corona" is a "source of distinct pleasure".<ref name="hass1993">{{REFbook
 
The frenulum and the associated tissue delta on the underside of the [[penis]] below the corona has been described in sexuality textbooks as "very reactive" and "particularly responsive to touch that is light and soft".  The "underside of the shaft of the penis, meaning the part below the corona" is a "source of distinct pleasure".<ref name="hass1993">{{REFbook
 
  |last=Hass
 
  |last=Hass
 
  |first=K.
 
  |first=K.
 +
|init=K
 
  |author-link=
 
  |author-link=
 
  |last2=Hass
 
  |last2=Hass
 
  |first2=A.
 
  |first2=A.
 +
|init2=A
 
  |author2-link=
 
  |author2-link=
 
  |year=1993
 
  |year=1993
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  |accessdate=2019-10-01
 
  |accessdate=2019-10-01
 
  |note=
 
  |note=
−
}}</ref> Crooks and Baur observe that two extremely sensitive specific locations that many men find particularly responsive to stimulation are the corona, and the frenulum.<ref name="crooks1993">{{REFbook
+
}}</ref> Crooks and Baur (1993) observe that two extremely sensitive specific locations that many men find particularly responsive to stimulation are the corona, and the frenulum.<ref name="crooks1993">{{REFbook
 
  |last=Crooks
 
  |last=Crooks
 
  |first=R.
 
  |first=R.
 +
|init=R
 
  |last2=Baur
 
  |last2=Baur
 
  |first2=K.
 
  |first2=K.
 +
|init2=K
 
  |year=1993
 
  |year=1993
 
  |title=Our Sexuality
 
  |title=Our Sexuality
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  |volume=
 
  |volume=
 
  |chapter=
 
  |chapter=
−
  |pages=129
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  |page=129
 
  |location=Redwood City
 
  |location=Redwood City
 
  |publisher=Benjamin/Cummings
 
  |publisher=Benjamin/Cummings
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}}</ref> Repeated stimulation of this structure will cause orgasm and ejaculation in some men.
 
}}</ref> Repeated stimulation of this structure will cause orgasm and ejaculation in some men.
  
−
In men with spinal cord injury preventing sensations from reaching the brain, the frenulum just below the glans can be stimulated to produce orgasm and peri-ejaculatory response.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
In men with spinal cord injury preventing sensations from reaching the brain, the frenulum just below the glans can be stimulated to produce orgasm and peri-ejaculatory response.<ref name="Saulino">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Saulino
 
  |last=Saulino
 
  |first=Michael F.
 
  |first=Michael F.
−
  |coauthors=
+
  |init=MF
 
  |title=Rehabilitation of Persons With Spinal Cord Injuries
 
  |title=Rehabilitation of Persons With Spinal Cord Injuries
 
  |journal=WebMD
 
  |journal=WebMD
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  |DOI=
 
  |DOI=
 
  |accessdate=2019-10-01
 
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
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}}</ref><ref name="Pryor">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Pryor
 
  |last=Pryor
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  |first=JL
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  |init=JL
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  |coauthors=Leroy, Suzanne C.; Nagel, Theodore C.; Hensleigh, Hugh C.
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|first2=Suzanne C.
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|init2=SC
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|last3=Nagel
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|first3=Theodore C.
 +
|init3=TC
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|last4=Hensleigh
 +
|first4=Hugh C.
 +
|init4=HC
 
  |title=Vibratory stimulation for treatment of anejaculation in quadriplegic men
 
  |title=Vibratory stimulation for treatment of anejaculation in quadriplegic men
 
  |journal=Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
 
  |journal=Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
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  |pubmedCID=
 
  |pubmedCID=
 
  |DOI=10.1016/S0003-9993(95)80044-1
 
  |DOI=10.1016/S0003-9993(95)80044-1
 +
|accessdate=
 +
}}</ref><ref name="Gary2000">{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Preiser
 +
|first=Gary
 +
|init=G
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|last2=Herschel
 +
|init2=M
 +
|last3=Bartman
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|init3=T
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|last4=Andersson
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|init4=C
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|last5=Bailis
 +
|init5=SA
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|last6=Shechet
 +
|init6=RJ
 +
|last7=Tanenbaum
 +
|init7=B
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|last8=Kunin
 +
|init8=SA
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|last9=Hodges
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|init9=FM
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|last10=Fleiss
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|init10=PM
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|last11=Antonopoulos
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|init11=J
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|last12=Rockney
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|init12=R
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|last13=Taylor
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|init14=A
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|last15=Stang
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|init15=H
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|last16=Snellman
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|init16=L
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|last17=Fontaine
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|init17=P
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|last18=Condon
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|init18=LM
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|last19=Lannon
 +
|init19=CM
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|etal=yes
 +
|title=Circumcision—The Debates Goes On
 +
|journal=Pediatrics
 +
|date=2000
 +
|volume=105
 +
|issue=3 Pt 1
 +
|pages=681-684
 +
|url=
 +
|quote=
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|pubmedID=10733391
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|pubmedCID=
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|DOI=10.1542/peds.105.3.681
 
  |accessdate=
 
  |accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
 
==Pathology==
 
==Pathology==
−
[[Frenulum breve]] is a condition in which the frenulum is short and restricts the movement of the foreskin, which may or may not interfere with normal sexual activity. The condition can be treated by frenuloplasty, frenectomy, or [[circumcision]]. Frenulum breve may contribute to frenular chordee, where the glans is pulled toward the vernal body of the penis. Frenulum breve may also be treated by manually expanding the shaft skin by stretching.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}
+
[[Frenulum breve]] is a condition in which the [[frenulum]] is short and restricts the movement of the [[foreskin]], which may or may not interfere with normal sexual activity. Frenulum breve may be treated by manually expanding the [[shaft skin]] by [[stretching]]. The condition may also be treated by [[frenuloplasty]], or [[frenectomy]]. Frenulum breve may contribute to frenular chordee, where the glans is pulled toward the vernal body of the penis.  
  
−
The frenulum may be entirely missing in cases of first degree [[hypospadias]].
+
The [[frenulum]] may be entirely missing in cases of first degree [[hypospadias]].
  
−
It is possible for the frenulum to tear during sexual activities. The frenular artery, a branch of the dorsal artery, may be severed, causing significant bleeding.
+
It is possible for the frenulum to tear during sexual activities. The frenular artery, a branch of the dorsal artery, may be severed, causing significant [[bleeding]].
  
−
In the event of [[frenulum breve]] or frenular chordee, or to ensure that the glans can be freely and completely exposed, the frenulum may be partially or totally removed. It is also often removed in a [[circumcision]].<ref name="pmid2305537">{{REFjournal
+
In the event of [[frenulum breve]] or frenular chordee, or to ensure that the glans can be freely and completely exposed, the frenulum may be partially or totally removed. It is also often removed in a [[circumcision]].<ref name="Griffin-Kroovand1990">{{REFjournal
−
  |last=Griffin AS, Kroovand RL
+
  |last=Griffin
−
  |first=
+
|init=AS
−
  |coauthors=
+
  |last2=Kroovand
 +
  |init2=RL
 
  |title=Frenular chordee: implications and treatment
 
  |title=Frenular chordee: implications and treatment
 
  |journal=Urology
 
  |journal=Urology
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  |issue=2
 
  |issue=2
 
  |pages=133-134
 
  |pages=133-134
−
  |url=
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  |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/009042959080060Z
 
  |quote=
 
  |quote=
 
  |pubmedID=2305537
 
  |pubmedID=2305537
 
  |pubmedCID=
 
  |pubmedCID=
 
  |DOI=10.1016/0090-4295(90)80060-Z
 
  |DOI=10.1016/0090-4295(90)80060-Z
−
  |accessdate=
+
  |accessdate=2019-10-01
−
}}</ref><ref name="pmid10733391">{{REFjournal
+
}}</ref><ref name="Gary2000"/> It has been noted that the wound where the frenulum was amputated is usually slower to heal than the wound where the foreskin was amputated.
−
  |last=Preiser
+
 
−
  |first=Gary
+
Song et al. (2015) report that the frenulum may need to be lengthened after a circumcision amputates [[skin]] tissue from the penis.<ref>{{REFjournal
−
  |coauthors=Herschel, M.; Bartman, T.; Andersson, C.; Bailis, S.A.; Shechet, R.J.; Tanenbaum, B.; Kunin, S.A.; Hodges, F.M.; Fleiss, P.M.; Antonopoulos, J.; Rockney, R.; Taylor, A.; Stang, H.; Snellman, L.; Fontaine, P.; Condon, L.M.; Lannon, C.M.
+
  |last=Song
−
  |title=Circumcision—The Debates Goes On
+
|init=B
−
  |journal=Pediatrics
+
|last2=Hou
−
  |date=2000
+
  |init2=ZH
−
  |volume=105
+
  |last3=Liu
−
  |issue=3 Pt 1
+
|init3=QL
−
  |pages=681-684
+
|last4=Qian
 +
|init4=WP
 +
  |title=[Penile frenulum lengthening for premature ejaculation]
 +
  |journal=Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue
 +
  |date=2015-01-01
 +
  |volume=21
 +
  |issue=2
 +
  |pages=149-152
 
  |url=
 
  |url=
 
  |quote=
 
  |quote=
−
  |pubmedID=10733391
+
  |pubmedID=25796689
 
  |pubmedCID=
 
  |pubmedCID=
−
  |DOI=10.1542/peds.105.3.681
+
  |DOI=
−
|accessdate=
 
−
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
 
−
|url=http://med.stanford.edu/newborns/professional-education/circumcision.html
 
−
|title=Neonatal Circumcision: An Audiovisual Primer
 
−
|last=
 
−
|first=
 
−
|publisher=Stanford School of Medicine
 
−
|website=
 
−
|date=
 
 
  |accessdate=2019-10-01
 
  |accessdate=2019-10-01
−
|format=
 
−
|quote=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
 
==Penis frenectomy==
 
==Penis frenectomy==
−
A frenectomy can be performed to remove the frenulum from the penis, which is a treatment for [[frenulum breve]] or frenular chordee.<ref name="pmid2305537"/> This is a form of [[Genital frenectomy (disambiguation)|genital frenectomy]]. The frenulum may be cut when a male is circumcised. This may also reduce the size of the [[frenular delta]]. The frenulum was reported to be cut in 26.7%, 20%, and 33.33% of circumcised patients in various surveys.<ref name="pmid2305537"/><ref name="pmid10733391"/>
+
A frenectomy can be performed to remove the frenulum from the penis, which is a treatment for [[frenulum breve]] or frenular chordee.<ref name="Griffin-Kroovand1990"/> This is a form of genital [[frenectomy]]. The frenulum may be cut when a male is circumcised. This may also reduce the size of the [http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/mcgrath1/ frenular delta]. The frenulum was reported to be cut in 26.7%, 20%, and 33.33% of circumcised patients in various surveys.<ref name="Griffin-Kroovand1990"/><ref name="Gary2000"/>
  
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
Line 163: Line 226:
 
File:Frenulum remnant of a 34 year old male.jpg|alt=Frenulum remnant and scar from a Gomco clamp circumcision of a 34 year old male|Frenulum remnant and scar from a Gomco clamp circumcision of a 34 year old male
 
File:Frenulum remnant of a 34 year old male.jpg|alt=Frenulum remnant and scar from a Gomco clamp circumcision of a 34 year old male|Frenulum remnant and scar from a Gomco clamp circumcision of a 34 year old male
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 +
 
{{SEEALSO}}
 
{{SEEALSO}}
 +
* [[Foreskin]]
 
* [[Ridged band]]
 
* [[Ridged band]]
 +
* [[Penis]]
  
 
{{LINKS}}
 
{{LINKS}}
 
<!-- {{Commons category}} -->
 
<!-- {{Commons category}} -->
 
* {{REFbook
 
* {{REFbook
−
  |last=Ken
+
  |last=McGrath
−
  |first=McGrath
+
|first=Ken
 +
  |init=K
 
  |author-link=Ken McGrath
 
  |author-link=Ken McGrath
 
  |year=2001
 
  |year=2001
 
  |title=Understanding Circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem
 
  |title=Understanding Circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem
−
  |url=
+
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/mcgrath1/
 
  |work=
 
  |work=
−
  |editor=Denniston GC, Hodges FM, Milos MF
+
  |editors=Denniston GC, Hodges FM, Milos MF
 
  |edition=
 
  |edition=
 
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  |volume=
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  |isbn=978-0306467011
 
  |isbn=978-0306467011
 
  |quote=
 
  |quote=
−
  |accessdate=
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  |accessdate=2019-10-01
 
  |note=
 
  |note=
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
{{REF}}
 
{{REF}}
 +
 
<!-- {{Male reproductive system}} -->
 
<!-- {{Male reproductive system}} -->
 
<!-- {{Authority control}} -->
 
<!-- {{Authority control}} -->
  
−
[[Category:Genitals]]
+
 
 +
[[Category:Education]]
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[[Category:Genital]]
 +
[[Category:Medical information]]
 
[[Category:Penile anatomy]]
 
[[Category:Penile anatomy]]
 +
[[Category:Physiology]]

Latest revision as of 16:02, 18 December 2023

IntactiWikiGraphicWarning.png

The frenulum of the foreskin, often known simply as the frenulum, is an elastic band of tissue under the glans penis that connects the foreskin (prepuce) to the vernal mucosa, and helps contract the foreskin over the glans.[1] The frenular artery passes through the frenulum.

Rarely, boys are born without a frenulum. This condition causes no issues and permits unusually full retraction of the foreskin.

Sensation and stimulation

The frenulum and the associated tissue delta on the underside of the penis below the corona has been described in sexuality textbooks as "very reactive" and "particularly responsive to touch that is light and soft". The "underside of the shaft of the penis, meaning the part below the corona" is a "source of distinct pleasure".[2] Crooks and Baur (1993) observe that two extremely sensitive specific locations that many men find particularly responsive to stimulation are the corona, and the frenulum.[3] Repeated stimulation of this structure will cause orgasm and ejaculation in some men.

In men with spinal cord injury preventing sensations from reaching the brain, the frenulum just below the glans can be stimulated to produce orgasm and peri-ejaculatory response.[4][5][6]

Pathology

Frenulum breve is a condition in which the frenulum is short and restricts the movement of the foreskin, which may or may not interfere with normal sexual activity. Frenulum breve may be treated by manually expanding the shaft skin by stretching. The condition may also be treated by frenuloplasty, or frenectomy. Frenulum breve may contribute to frenular chordee, where the glans is pulled toward the vernal body of the penis.

The frenulum may be entirely missing in cases of first degree hypospadias.

It is possible for the frenulum to tear during sexual activities. The frenular artery, a branch of the dorsal artery, may be severed, causing significant bleeding.

In the event of frenulum breve or frenular chordee, or to ensure that the glans can be freely and completely exposed, the frenulum may be partially or totally removed. It is also often removed in a circumcision.[7][6] It has been noted that the wound where the frenulum was amputated is usually slower to heal than the wound where the foreskin was amputated.

Song et al. (2015) report that the frenulum may need to be lengthened after a circumcision amputates skin tissue from the penis.[8]

Penis frenectomy

A frenectomy can be performed to remove the frenulum from the penis, which is a treatment for frenulum breve or frenular chordee.[7] This is a form of genital frenectomy. The frenulum may be cut when a male is circumcised. This may also reduce the size of the frenular delta. The frenulum was reported to be cut in 26.7%, 20%, and 33.33% of circumcised patients in various surveys.[7][6]

  • Frenulum stretched view.

  • Frenulum divided by frenuloplasty during circumcision.

  • Human frenulum preputii penis and frenular delta location

  • A human frenulum of prepuce of penis displaying frenular chordee.

  • Part of frenulum unremoved after adult circumcision.

  • A removed frenulum preputii penis after a frenectomy

  • Frenulum remnant and scar from a Gomco clamp circumcision of a 34 year old male

    Frenulum remnant and scar from a Gomco clamp circumcision of a 34 year old male

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ REFbook Jensen C (2011): Can I Just Ask?. Hay House. P. 58. ISBN 9781848502468.
  2. ↑ REFbook Hass K, Hass A (1993): Understanding Sexuality. St. Louis: Mosby. Pp. 99–100. ISBN 0801667488. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  3. ↑ REFbook Crooks R, Baur K (1993): Our Sexuality. Edition: 5. Redwood City: Benjamin/Cummings. P. 129. ISBN 0-534-59567-7.
  4. ↑ REFjournal Saulino MF. Rehabilitation of Persons With Spinal Cord Injuries. WebMD. 2006; Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  5. ↑ REFjournal Pryor JL, Leroy SC, Nagel TC, Hensleigh HC. Vibratory stimulation for treatment of anejaculation in quadriplegic men. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1995; 76(1): 59-64. PMID. DOI.
  6. ↑ a b c REFjournal Preiser G, Herschel M, Bartman T, Andersson C, Bailis SA, Shechet RJ, Tanenbaum B, Kunin SA, Hodges FM, et al. Circumcision—The Debates Goes On. Pediatrics. 2000; 105(3 Pt 1): 681-684. PMID. DOI.
  7. ↑ a b c REFjournal Griffin AS, Kroovand RL. Frenular chordee: implications and treatment. Urology. 1990; 35(2): 133-134. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  8. ↑ REFjournal Song B, Hou ZH, Liu QL, Qian WP. [Penile frenulum lengthening for premature ejaculation]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 1 January 2015; 21(2): 149-152. PMID. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
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