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[[Image:World-bank-logo.jpg|thumb|100px|Funded by The World Bank]]
[[Image:World-bank-logo.jpg|thumb|100px|Funded by The World Bank]]


Professor, Depatrments of Medical Microbiology, Community Health Sciences and Medicine. Stephen Moses has been a circumcision proponent since at least 1994.<ref>Moses S., Plummer FA, Bradley, JE, Ndinya-Achola, JO, Nagelkerke NJ, and Ronald AR. The association between lack of male circumcision and risk for HIV infection: a review of the epidemiological data. Sex Transm Dis 1994;21:201-10.
'''Stephen Moses''', Professor, Departments of Medical Microbiology, Community Health Sciences and Medicine. Stephen Moses has been a circumcision proponent since at least 1994.<ref name="Moses1994">{{REFjournal
1.</ref> Moses (along with [[Robert C. Bailey]]) was responsible for one of the three major African circumcision trials (funded by NIAID and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research)<ref>
|last=Moses  
{{cite journal
|init=S
  | author=Krieger JN, Bailey RC, Opeya J, ''et al.''
|author-link=Stephen Moses
  | title=Adult male circumcision: results of a standardized procedure in Kisumu District, Kenya
|last2=Plummer
  | journal=BJU Int.
|init2=FA
  | volume=96
|last3=Bradley
  | issue=7
|init3=JE
  | pages=1109–13
|last4=Ndinya-Achola
| year=2005
|init4=JO
| month=November
|last5=Nagelkerke
| pmid=16225538
|init5=NJ
| doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05810.x
|last6=Ronald
|init6=AR
|title=The association between lack of male circumcision and risk for HIV infection: a review of the epidemiological data
|journal=Sex Transm Dis
|date=1994
|volume=21
|pages=201-210
}}</ref> Moses (along with [[Robert C. Bailey]]) was responsible for one of the three major African circumcision trials (funded by NIAID and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research)<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Krieger
|init=JN
|last2=Bailey
|init2=RC
|last3=Opeya
|init3=J
|etal=yes
|date=2005-11
  |title=Adult male circumcision: results of a standardized procedure in Kisumu District, Kenya
  |journal=BJU Int.
  |volume=96
  |issue=7
  |pages=1109–13
  |url=
  |url=
}}
|pubmedID=16225538
</ref> which are being used by the [[World Health Organization]] (under the guide of [[UNAIDS]]) to endorse circumcision as an HIV prevention method.<ref>
|DOI=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05810.x
  {{cite web
|accessdate=
  | url = http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news68/en/index.html
}}</ref> which are being used by the [[World Health Organization]] (under the guide of [[UNAIDS]]) to endorse circumcision as an [[HIV]] prevention method.<ref>{{REFweb
| title = WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention
|last=World Health Organization
  | accessdate = 2011-02-23
|first=
| date = 2007-03-27
|date=2007-03-27
| publisher = World Health Organization
  |title=WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention
  |url=http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news68/en/index.html
  |accessdate=2011-02-23
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


== Interests ==
== Interests ==
According to Stephen's bio, his interest is in biological and behavioural risk factors for STI/HIV transmission.<ref name='moses-bio'>
According to Stephen's bio, his interest is in biological and behavioural risk factors for STI/[[HIV]] transmission.<ref name='moses-bio'>{{REFweb
{{cite web
|last=Moses
  | url = http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/medicine/units/medical_microbiology/faculty/StephenMoses.html
|first=Stephen
  | title = Dr. Stephen Moses
|title=Dr. Stephen Moses
  | accessdate = 2011-02-23
  |url=http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/medicine/units/medical_microbiology/faculty/StephenMoses.html
| last = Moses
  |publisher={{UNI|University of Manitoba|UManitoba}}
| first = Stephen
|date=
| publisher = University of Manitoba
  |accessdate=2011-02-23
}}
}}</ref> Moses has been an advocate of circumcision since at least 1994.<ref name="Moses1994"/>
</ref> Moses has been an advocate of circumcision since at least 1994.<ref>Moses S., Plummer FA, Bradley, JE, Ndinya-Achola, JO, Nagelkerke NJ, and Ronald AR. The association between lack of male circumcision and risk for HIV infection: a review of the epidemiological data. Sex Transm Dis 1994;21:201-10.</ref>


== RCT in Kenya ==
== RCT in Kenya ==
Of the three RCTs being used by the [[WHO]] to endorse circumcision as HIV prevention, Stephen Moses and [[Robert C. Bailey]] headed the RCT that was carried out in Kenya.<ref>Bailey RC, Moses S, Parker CB, et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;369:643-56. [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(07)60312-2/abstract Abstract]</ref> All three trials were funded by the American [[National Institutes of Health]].<ref name='DOC 2008'>
Three trials were funded by the American [[National Institutes of Health]].<ref name='DOC 2008'>{{REFweb
{{cite web
|quote=...funding from the United States National Institutes of Health to conduct randomized controlled trials ({{#tip-text:RCT|Randomized controlled trial}}s) in Africa.
  | url = http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org
|last=
  | title = The Use of Male Circumcision to Prevent HIV Infection
|first=
  | accessdate = 2011-03-05
|publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]]
  | date = 2008
|date=2016
  | publisher = Doctors Opposing Circumcision
|title=HIV/AIDS
  | archiveurl = http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/info/HIVStatement.html
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/hivaids/
  | archivedate = 2011-03-05
|accessdate=2020-03-23
  | quote = ...funding from the United States National Institutes of Health to conduct randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in Africa.
}}</ref>Of the three {{#tip-text:RCT|Randomized controlled trial}}s being used by the [[WHO]] to endorse circumcision as [[HIV]] prevention, Stephen Moses and [[Robert C. Bailey]] headed the {{#tip-text:RCT|Randomized controlled trial}} that was carried out in Kenya.<ref>{{RCT Bailey et al 2007}}</ref> Moses obviously brought his pre-existing bias in favor of male circumcision into the trial, so he did not start from a neutral position.
 
Moses' research on circumcision protection from [[HIV]] infection is now completely discredited. Boyle & Hill (2011) reviewed the three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and found disabling methodological and statistical errors in all three. Although a 60 percent ''relative'' reduction in [[HIV]] was claimed, the ''absolute'' reduction was a statistically insignificant 1.3 percent.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref> [[Michel Garenne|Garenne]] & Matthews (2019) report that circumcised men have as much [[HIV]] infection as intact men.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|init=M
|author-link=Michel Garenne
|last2=Matthews
|init2=A
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=Voluntary medical male circumcision and HIV in Zambia: expectations and observations
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Biosoc Science
|location=
|date=2019-10-01
|volume=14
|issue=
|pages=1-13
|url=
|quote=
|pubmedID=31608845
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932019000634
|accessdate=2020-03-25
}}</ref>
 
== Active projects ==
* A randomized, controlled trial of male circumcision to reduce [[HIV]] incidence in Kisumu, Kenya.<ref name='moses-bio'/><br><small>[[National Institutes of Health]].</small>
* Scaling up [[HIV]] prevention in Karnataka and southern Maharashtra, Phase II.<ref name='moses-bio'/><br><small>[[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]].</small>
* Monitoring and evaluation of the Avahan project in [[India]].<ref name='moses-bio'/><br><small>[[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]].</small>
* Technical assistance to improve maternal, neonatal & child health through National Rural Health Mission, [[India]].<ref name='moses-bio'/><br><small>[[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]].</small>
* Mapping key populations for [[HIV]] prevention in Sri Lanka.<ref name='moses-bio'/><br><small>World Bank.</small>
 
{{PUB}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Smith
|init=JS
|last2=Backes
|init2=DM
|last3=Hudgens
|init3=MG
|last4=Bailey
  |first4=Robert C.
|init4=RC
|author4-link=Robert C. Bailey
|last5=Agot
|init5=K
|last6=Ndinya-Achola
|init6=JO
|last7=Moses
|init7=S
|author7-link=Stephen Moses
|etal=yes
|date=2010-01
  |title=Prevalence and risk factors of human papillomavirus infection by penile site in uncircumcised Kenyan men
|journal=Int. J. Cancer
|volume=126
|issue=2
|pages=572–7
|url=
|pubmedID=19626601
|pubmedCID=2795021
|DOI=10.1002/ijc.24770
  |accessdate=
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Moses
|init=S
|author-link=Stephen Moses
  |date=2009-10
  |title=Top Achievements in Health Research: Male circumcision: a new approach to reducing HIV transmission
  |journal=CIHR/CMAJ
|volume=181
|issue=8
|pages=E134–5
|url=
|pubmedID=19786481
|pubmedCID=2761462
|DOI=10.1503/cmaj.090809
|accessdate=
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Mehta
|init=SD
|last2=Gray
|init2=RH
|author2-link=Ronald H. Gray
|last3=Auvert
|init3=B
|author3-link=Bertran Auvert
|last4=Moses
|init4=S
|author4-link=Stephen Moses
|last5=Kigozi
|init5=G
|author5-link=Godfrey Kigozi
|last6=Taljaard
|init6=D
|last7=Puren
|init7=A
|last8=Agot
|init8=K
|last9=Serwadda
|init9=D
|other=Parker CB, [[Maria Wawer|Wawer MJ]], [[Robert C. Bailey|Bailey RC]]
|etal=yes
  |date=2007-07
|title=Does sex in the early period after circumcision increase HIV-seroconversion risk? Pooled analysis of adult male circumcision clinical trials
|journal=AIDS
|volume=23
|issue=12
|pages=1557–64
  |url=
|pubmedID=19571722
|pubmedCID=2772053
|DOI=10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832afe95
|accessdate=
}}
* {{RCT Bailey et al 2007}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Nagelkerke
|init=NJD
|last2=Moses
|init2=S
|author2-link=Stephen Moses
|last3=de Vlas
|init3=SJ
|last4=Bailey
|init4=RC
|author4-link=Robert C. Bailey
|date=2007
|title=Modelling the public health impact of male circumcision for HIV prevention in high prevalence areas in Africa
|journal=BMC Infect. Dis.
|volume=7
|issue=
|pages=16
|url=
|pubmedID=17355625
|pubmedCID=1832203
|DOI=10.1186/1471-2334-7-16
|accessdate=
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Krieger
|init=JN
|last2=Bailey
|init2=RC
|author2-link=Robert C. Bailey
|last3=Agot
|init3=K
|last4=Parker
|init4=C
|last5=Ndinya-Achola
|init5=JO
|last6=Moses
|init6=S
|author6-link=Stephen Moses
|etal=yes
|date=2007
|title=Adult male circumcision outcomes: experience in a developing country setting
|journal=Urol Int
|volume=78
|issue=3
|url=
|pages=235–40
|pubmedID=17406133
|DOI=10.1159/000099344
|accessdate=
}}
}}
</ref>


== Active Projects ==
{{SEEALSO}}
*A randomized, controlled trial of male circumcision to reduce HIV incidence in Kisumu , Kenya.<ref name='moses-bio' /> <p></p><small>[[National Institutes of Health]].</small><p></p>
* [[Bias]]
*Scaling up HIV prevention in Karnataka and southern Maharashtra , Phase II.<ref name='moses-bio' /> <p></p><small>[[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]].</small><p></p>
* [[Canada]]
*Monitoring and evaluation of the Avahan project in India.<ref name='moses-bio' /> <p></p><small>[[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]].</small><p></p>
* [[Circumcised doctors]]
*Technical assistance to improve maternal, neonatal & child health through National Rural Health Mission, India.<ref name='moses-bio' /> <p></p><small>[[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]].</small><p></p>
*Mapping key populations for HIV prevention in Sri Lanka.<ref name='moses-bio' /> <p></p><small>World Bank.</small><p></p>


== Recent Publications ==
{{REF}}
*Prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus infection by penile site in uncircumcised Kenyan men.<ref>
{{cite journal
| author=Smith JS, Backes DM, Hudgens MG, ''et al.''
| title=Prevalence and risk factors of human papillomavirus infection by penile site in uncircumcised Kenyan men
| journal=Int. J. Cancer
| volume=126
| issue=2
| pages=572–7
| year=2010
| month=January
| pmid=19626601
| pmc=2795021
| doi=10.1002/ijc.24770
}}</ref> <p></p><small>Smith JS, Hudgens MG, '''[[Robert C. Bailey|Bailey RC]]''', Agot K, Ndinya-Achola JO, Moses S, et al. Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 572-7.</small>
*Top Achievements in Health Research: Male circumcision: a new approach to reducing HIV transmission.<ref>
{{cite journal
| author=Moses S
| title=Male circumcision: a new approach to reducing HIV transmission
| journal=CMAJ
| volume=181
| issue=8
| pages=E134–5
| year=2009
| month=October
| pmid=19786481
| pmc=2761462
| doi=10.1503/cmaj.090809
}}</ref> <p></p><small>Moses S. CIHR/CMAJ 2009; 181: E134-5.</small><p></p>
*Does sex in the early period after circumcision increase HIV-seroconversion risk? Pooled analysis of adult male circumcision clinical trials.<ref>
{{cite journal
| author=Mehta SD, Gray RH, Auvert B, ''et al.''
| title=Does sex in the early period after circumcision increase HIV-seroconversion risk? Pooled analysis of adult male circumcision clinical trials
| journal=AIDS
| volume=23
| issue=12
| pages=1557–64
| year=2009
| month=July
| pmid=19571722
| pmc=2772053
| doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832afe95
}}</ref> <p></p><small>Mehta SD, '''[[Ronald Gray|Gray RH]]''', '''[[Bertran Auvert|Auvert B]]''', Moses S , Kigozi G, Taljaard D, Puren A, Agot K, Serwadda D, Parker CB, '''[[Maria Wawer|Wawer MJ]]''', '''[[Robert C. Bailey|Bailey RC]]'''. AIDS 2009; 23: 1557-64.</small><p></p>
*Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu , Kenya: a randomised controlled trial.<ref>
{{cite journal
| author=Bailey RC, Moses S, Parker CB, ''et al.''
| title=Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial
| journal=Lancet
| volume=369
| issue=9562
| pages=643–56
| year=2007
| month=February
| pmid=17321310
| doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60312-2
}}</ref> <p></p><small>'''[[Robert C. Bailey|Bailey RC]]''', Moses S , Parker CB, Agot K, Maclean I, Krieger JN, et al. Lancet 2007; 369: 643-56.</small><p></p>
*Modelling the public health impact of male circumcision for HIV prevention in high prevalence areas in Africa.<ref>
{{cite journal
| author=Nagelkerke NJ, Moses S, de Vlas SJ, Bailey RC
| title=Modelling the public health impact of male circumcision for HIV prevention in high prevalence areas in Africa
| journal=BMC Infect. Dis.
| volume=7
| issue=
| pages=16
| year=2007
| pmid=17355625
| pmc=1832203
| doi=10.1186/1471-2334-7-16
}}</ref> <p></p><small>Nagelkerke NJD, Moses S, de Vlas S, '''[[Robert C. Bailey|Bailey RC]]'''. BMC Infect Dis 2007; 7: 16.</small><p></p>
*Adult male circumcision outcomes: experience in a developing country setting.<ref>
{{cite journal
| author=Krieger JN, Bailey RC, Opeya JC, ''et al.''
| title=Adult male circumcision outcomes: experience in a developing country setting
| journal=Urol. Int.
| volume=78
| issue=3
| pages=235–40
| year=2007
| pmid=17406133
| doi=10.1159/000099344
}}</ref> <p></p><small>Krieger J, '''[[Robert C. Bailey|Bailey RC]]''', Agot K, Parker C, Ndinya-Achola JO, Moses S, et al. Urol Int 2007; 78: 235-40.</small><p></p>


==References==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Moses, Stephen}}
<div class='references-small'>
<references/>
</div>


[[Category:People|Moses, Stephen]]
[[Category:Person]]
[[Category:Researchers|Moses, Stephen]]
[[Category:Male]]
[[Category:Circumcision in Africa|Moses, Stephen]]
[[Category:CircLeaks]]


[[Category:Construction Site]]
[[Category:Researcher]]
[[Category:Author]]
 
[[Category:Canada]]
[[Category:Circumcision in Africa]]
 
[[Category:From CircLeaks]]
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
[[de:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]