Complication: Difference between revisions
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|accessdate=2020-11-24 | |accessdate=2020-11-24 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
{{Citation | |||
|Title= | |||
|Text=Although haemorrhage and sepsis are the main causes of morbidity, the variety of complications is enormous. The literature abounds with reports of morbidity and even death as a result of circumcision. | |||
|Author=Neville Williams & Leela Kapila | |||
|Source= | |||
|ref= | |||
}} | |||
== Definition == | == Definition == | ||
In medicine, a complication is the undesired development or the unexpectedly difficult course of a disease, trauma or therapy. Complications are therefore secondary events. | In medicine, a complication is the undesired development or the unexpectedly difficult course of a disease, [[trauma]] or therapy. Complications are therefore secondary events. | ||
In relation to drug therapy, the term "side effect" is used rather than "complication". | In relation to drug therapy, the term "side effect" is used rather than "complication". | ||
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Complications of a disease can arise from many different mechanisms, for example through | Complications of a disease can arise from many different mechanisms, for example through | ||
* spread of inflammatory processes (e.g. septicemia in an abscess); | * spread of inflammatory processes (e.g. septicemia in an abscess); | ||
* bleeding complications (e.g. with anticoagulation); | * [[bleeding]] complications (e.g. with anticoagulation); | ||
* dysregulation (e.g. shock); | * dysregulation (e.g. [[shock]]); | ||
* chronic tissue damage (e.g. neuropathy in diabetes mellitus). | * chronic tissue damage (e.g. neuropathy in diabetes mellitus). | ||
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== 47 classes of complications == | == 47 classes of complications == | ||
In a recently published meta-study, Iacob et al. (2021) defined 47 classes of complications arising from male circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal | In a recently published meta-study, Iacob et al. (2021) defined 47 classes of complications arising from male circumcision.<ref name="iacob2021">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Iacob | |last=Iacob | ||
|first=Stanca Iris | |first=Stanca Iris | ||
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|first3=Lauren | |first3=Lauren | ||
|init3=L | |init3=L | ||
|author3-link=Lauren Sardi | |||
|title=Systematic review of complications arising from male circumcision | |title=Systematic review of complications arising from male circumcision | ||
|journal=BJUI Compass | |journal=BJUI Compass | ||
| Line 58: | Line 67: | ||
# [[Phimosis]] (referring to pathological phimosis) | # [[Phimosis]] (referring to pathological phimosis) | ||
# [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome|Sudden infant death syndrome]] | # [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome|Sudden infant death syndrome]] | ||
# [[Haemorrhage]] (bleeding) (outside of a genetic deficiency) | # [[Haemorrhage]] ([[bleeding]]) (outside of a genetic deficiency) | ||
# [[Nonhealing wound]] | # [[Nonhealing wound]] | ||
# [[Scrotum|Scrotal injuries]] | # [[Scrotum|Scrotal injuries]] | ||
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# [[Intraperitoneal bladder perforation]] (leading to life-threatening renal failure) | # [[Intraperitoneal bladder perforation]] (leading to life-threatening renal failure) | ||
# Circulatory [[shock]] | # Circulatory [[shock]] | ||
# [[Death]] (from bleeding or infection) | # [[Death]] (from [[bleeding]] or infection) | ||
# [[Unsatisfactory cosmetic results including uncircumcised appearance]] | # [[Unsatisfactory cosmetic results including uncircumcised appearance]] | ||
# [[Device displacement]] | # [[Device displacement]] | ||
# Early sloughing of foreskin tissue | # [[Early sloughing of foreskin tissue]] | ||
# [[Long foreskin obstructing urine flow]] | # [[Long foreskin obstructing urine flow]] | ||
# [[Insufficient foreskin removal/redundant foreskin]] | # [[Insufficient foreskin removal/redundant foreskin]] | ||
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# [[Skin bridge]]s (penile skin adhesion) | # [[Skin bridge]]s (penile skin adhesion) | ||
# [[Fournier’s gangrene]] | # [[Fournier’s gangrene]] | ||
# Penile mycosis leading to penile gangrene | # [[Penile mycosis leading to penile gangrene]] | ||
# Glandular adhesion (of remnant foreskin) | # [[Glandular adhesion (of remnant foreskin)]] | ||
# Implantation dermoid/epidermal inclusion cysts/penile implantation cyst | # [[Dermoid cyst|Implantation dermoid/epidermal inclusion cysts/penile implantation cyst]] | ||
# Myiasis (fly infestation) | # [[Myiasis (fly infestation)]] | ||
# [[Denuded penis]] | # [[Denuded penis]] | ||
# Chordee | # [[Chordee]] | ||
# Suture sinus | # [[Suture sinus tract]]s | ||
# Lower clinical neurophysiological elicitability of | # [[Lower clinical neurophysiological elicitability of the penilo-cavernosus reflex]] | ||
# Sexual dysfunction | # [[Sexual dysfunction]] | ||
# [[Traumatic neuroma]] | # [[Traumatic neuroma]] | ||
# Decreased urine output | # [[Decreased urine output]] | ||
# [[Excessive skin removal]] | # [[Excessive skin removal]] | ||
# Injury to urethra | # [[Urethral injury|Injury to urethra]] | ||
== Other complications == | |||
* '''Rupture of the ear drum:''' The website [[Saving Our Sons (SoS)]] reported in 2017 about a hearing test for a boy where the doctor asked if the boy was [[circumcised]]. After being asked if that was a relevant question, the doctor stated that sometimes an ear drum can burst while they are [[Pain|crying]] during the [[circumcision]].<ref>{{REFweb | |||
|url=http://www.joseph4gi.com/2017/09/drs-may-ask-if-baby-is-circumcised-for.html | |||
|title=Drs. May Ask If Baby Is Circumcised for a Hearing Test - Here's Why | |||
|website=Joseph4GI | |||
|date=2017-09-01 | |||
|accessdate=2022-04-22 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
{{SEEALSO}} | {{SEEALSO}} | ||
* [[Risks and complications]] | * [[Risks and complications]] | ||
* [[Documented severe complications of circumcision]] | * [[Documented severe complications of circumcision]] | ||
* [[Trauma]] | |||
{{LINKS}} | {{LINKS}} | ||
* {{REFbook | |||
|last=Fahmy | |||
|first=Mohamed | |||
|init=M | |||
|year=2009 | |||
|title=Complications in Male Circumcision | |||
|url=http://circumcisionharm.org/images-circharm.org/Fahmy%20Ch%2010,%2011,%20title,%20TofC.pdf | |||
|scope=193 | |||
|isbn=978-0-323-68127-8 | |||
|accessdate=2022-03-16 | |||
}} | |||
* {{REFweb | * {{REFweb | ||
|url= | |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/complications/ | ||
|title=Complications of circumcision | |title=Complications of circumcision | ||
|last= | |last=Anonymous | ||
|first= | |first= | ||
|website=CIRP.org | |website=CIRP.org | ||
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|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/complications-of-circumcision.pdf | |url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/complications-of-circumcision.pdf | ||
|contribution= | |contribution= | ||
|last= | |last=Anonymous | ||
|first= | |first= | ||
|publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision | |publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] | ||
|format=PDF | |format=PDF | ||
|date=2016-07 | |date=2016-07 | ||
|accessdate=2022-01-13 | |accessdate=2022-01-13 | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{REF}} | {{REF}} | ||
[[Category:Circumcision complication]] | |||
[[Category:Term]] | [[Category:Term]] | ||
[[de:Komplikation]] | [[de:Komplikation]] | ||