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[[File:Dendritic cells.jpg|thumb|300px|Section of skin showing large numbers of dendritic cells (Langerhans cells) in the [[Epidermis (skin)|epidermis]]. (''[[M. ulcerans]]'' infection, S100 [[immunoperoxidase|immunoperoxidase stain]].)]]
[[File:Dendritic cells.jpg|thumb|300px|Section of [[skin]] showing large numbers of dendritic cells (Langerhans cells) in the [[Epidermis (skin)|epidermis]]. (''[[M. ulcerans]]'' infection, S100 [[immunoperoxidase|immunoperoxidase stain]].)]]
[[File:The representation of Langerhans cells in the Cell Ontology.jpg|thumb|300px|The representation of Langerhans cells in the Cell Ontology. A portion of the Cell Ontology is shown with ovals corresponding to cell types defined in the ontology and arrows corresponding to relations between those cell types. Langerhans cell is represented by a yellow oval; blue arrows correspond to is_a relations, and orange arrows correspond to develops_from relations. Only a subset of Langerhans cell parent types are included in the figure.<ref name="pmid19243617">{{REFjournal
[[File:The representation of Langerhans cells in the Cell Ontology.jpg|thumb|300px|The representation of Langerhans cells in the Cell Ontology. A portion of the Cell Ontology is shown with ovals corresponding to cell types defined in the ontology and arrows corresponding to relations between those cell types. Langerhans cell is represented by a yellow oval; blue arrows correspond to is_a relations, and orange arrows correspond to develops_from relations. Only a subset of Langerhans cell parent types are included in the figure.<ref name="pmid19243617">{{REFjournal
  |last=Masci
  |last=Masci
  |first=Anna
  |first=Anna
|init=A
  |last2=Arighi
  |last2=Arighi
  |first2=Cecilia N.
  |first2=Cecilia N.
|init2=CN
  |last3=Diehl
  |last3=Diehl
  |first3=Alexander D.
  |first3=Alexander D.
|init3=AD
  |last4=Lieberman
  |last4=Lieberman
  |first4=Anne E.
  |first4=Anne E.
|init4=AE
  |last5=Mungall
  |last5=Mungall
  |first5=Chris
  |first5=Chris
|init5=C
  |last6=Scheuermann
  |last6=Scheuermann
  |first6=Richard H.
  |first6=Richard H.
|init6=RH
  |last7=Smith
  |last7=Smith
  |first7=Barry
  |first7=Barry
|init7=B
  |last8=Cowell
  |last8=Cowell
  |first8=Lindsay G.
  |first8=Lindsay G.
|init8=LG
  |title=An improved ontological representation of dendritic cells as a paradigm for all cell types
  |title=An improved ontological representation of dendritic cells as a paradigm for all cell types
  |journal=BMC Bioinformatics
  |journal=BMC Bioinformatics
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}}</ref>]]
}}</ref>]]


'''Langerhans cells''' are dendritic cells (antigen-presenting immune cells) of the skin and [[mucosa]], and contain large granules called Birbeck granules. They are present in all layers of the epidermis, but are most prominent in the stratum spinosum.<ref name="Wheaters">{{REFbook
'''Langerhans cells''' are dendritic cells (antigen-presenting immune cells) of the [[skin]] and [[mucosa]], and contain large granules called Birbeck granules. They are present in all layers of the epidermis, but are most prominent in the stratum spinosum.<ref name="Wheaters">{{REFbook
  |last=Young
  |last=Young
  |first=Barbara
  |first=Barbara
|init=B
  |last2=Heath
  |last2=Heath
  |first2=John W.
  |first2=John W.
|init2=JW
  |year=2000
  |year=2000
  |title=Wheater's Functional Histology
  |title=Wheater's Functional Histology
Line 50: Line 60:
  |accessdate=
  |accessdate=
  |note=
  |note=
}}</ref> They also occur in the papillary dermis, particularly around blood vessels,<ref name=Wheaters /> as well as in the oral mucosa, [[foreskin]], and [[vagina]].<ref name=pmid7558138 /> They can be found in other tissues, such as lymph nodes, particularly in association with the condition Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH).
}}</ref> They also occur in the papillary dermis, particularly around blood vessels,<ref name=Wheaters /> as well as in the oral [[mucosa]], [[foreskin]], and [[vagina]].<ref name=pmid7558138 /> They can be found in other tissues, such as lymph nodes, particularly in association with the condition Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH).


== History ==
== History ==
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  |last=Langerhans
  |last=Langerhans
  |first=Paul
  |first=Paul
  |title=Ueber die Nerven der menschlichen Haut
|init=P
  |trans-title=On the nerves of the human skin
  |title=Über die Nerven der menschlichen Haut
  |trans-title=On the nerves of the human [[skin]]
  |language=German
  |language=German
  |journal=Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin
  |journal=Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin
Line 87: Line 98:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


==Function==
== Function ==
In skin infections, the local Langerhans cells take up and process microbial antigens to become fully functional antigen-presenting cells.   
 
In [[skin]] infections, the local Langerhans cells take up and process microbial antigens to become fully functional antigen-presenting cells.   


Generally, dendritic cells in biological tissue are active in the capture, uptake and processing of antigens. Once dendritic cells arrive in secondary lymphoid tissue, however, they lose these properties while gaining the capacity to interact with naive T-cells.
Generally, dendritic cells in biological tissue are active in the capture, uptake and processing of antigens. Once dendritic cells arrive in secondary lymphoid tissue, however, they lose these properties while gaining the capacity to interact with naive T-cells.
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  |last=Ginhoux
  |last=Ginhoux
  |first=Florent
  |first=Florent
|init=F
  |last2=Tacke
  |last2=Tacke
  |first2=Frank
  |first2=Frank
|init2=F
  |last3=Angeli
  |last3=Angeli
  |first3=Veronique
  |first3=Veronique
|init3=V
  |last4=Bogunovic
  |last4=Bogunovic
  |first4=Milena
  |first4=Milena
|init4=M
  |last5=Loubeau
  |last5=Loubeau
  |first5=Martine
  |first5=Martine
|init5=M
  |last6=Dai
  |last6=Dai
  |first6=Xu-Ming
  |first6=Xu-Ming
|init6=XM
  |last7=Stanley
  |last7=Stanley
  |first7=E. Richard
  |first7=E. Richard
|init7=ER
  |last8=Randolph
  |last8=Randolph
  |first8=Gwendalyn J.
  |first8=Gwendalyn J.
|init8=GJ
  |last9=Merad
  |last9=Merad
  |first9=Miriam
  |first9=Miriam
|init9=M
  |title=Langerhans cells arise from monocytes in vivo
  |title=Langerhans cells arise from monocytes in vivo
  |journal=Nature Immunology
  |journal=Nature Immunology
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  |last=Valladeau
  |last=Valladeau
  |first=Jenny
  |first=Jenny
  |lasst2=Dezutter-Dambuyant
  |init=J
|last2=Dezutter-Dambuyant
  |first2=Colette
  |first2=Colette
|init2=C
  |last3=Saeland
  |last3=Saeland
  |first3=Sem
  |first3=Sem
|init3=S
  |title=Langerin/CD207 Sheds Light on Formation of Birbeck Granules and Their Possible Function in Langerhans Cells
  |title=Langerin/CD207 Sheds Light on Formation of Birbeck Granules and Their Possible Function in Langerhans Cells
  |journal=Immunologic Research
  |journal=Immunologic Research
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  |last=Poulin
  |last=Poulin
  |first=Lionel Franz
  |first=Lionel Franz
|init=LF
  |last2=Henri
  |last2=Henri
  |first2=Sandrine
  |first2=Sandrine
|init2=S
  |last3=de Bovis
  |last3=de Bovis
  |first3=Béatrice
  |first3=Béatrice
|init3=B
  |last4=Devilard
  |last4=Devilard
  |first4=Elisabeth
  |first4=Elisabeth
|init4=E
  |last5=Kissenpfennig
  |last5=Kissenpfennig
  |first5=Adrien
  |first5=Adrien
|init5=A
  |last6=Malissen
  |last6=Malissen
  |first6=Bernard
  |first6=Bernard
|init6=B
  |title=The dermis contains langerin+ dendritic cells that develop and function independently of epidermal Langerhans cells
  |title=The dermis contains langerin+ dendritic cells that develop and function independently of epidermal Langerhans cells
  |journal=Journal of Experimental Medicine
  |journal=Journal of Experimental Medicine
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=== LCH ===
=== LCH ===
In the rare disease Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), an excess of these cells is produced. This can cause damage to skin, bone and other organs.
In the rare disease Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), an excess of these cells is produced. This can cause damage to [[skin]], bone and other organs.


=== HIV ===
=== HIV ===
====Former hypothesis====
==== Former hypothesis ====


Kawamura ''et al''. (2005) suggested Langerhans cells may be initial cellular targets in the sexual transmission of HIV,<ref>{{REFjournal
Kawamura et al. (2005) suggested Langerhans cells may be initial cellular targets in the sexual transmission of [[HIV]],<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Kawamura
  |last=Kawamura
  |first=Tatsuyoshi
  |first=Tatsuyoshi
|init=T
  |last2=Kurtz
  |last2=Kurtz
  |first2=Stephen E.
  |first2=Stephen E.
|init2=SE
  |last3=Blauvelt
  |last3=Blauvelt
  |first3=Andrew
  |first3=Andrew
|init3=A
  |last4=Shimada
  |last4=Shimada
  |first4=Shinji
  |first4=Shinji
|init4=S
  |title=The role of Langerhans cells in the sexual transmission of HIV
  |title=The role of Langerhans cells in the sexual transmission of HIV
  |journal=Journal of Dermatological Science
  |journal=Journal of Dermatological Science
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}}</ref> and as a target, reservoir, and vector of dissemination.<ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref> and as a target, reservoir, and vector of dissemination.<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Dezutter-Dambuyant
  |last=Dezutter-Dambuyant
  |first=C.
  |init=C
  |last2=Charbonnier
  |last2=Charbonnier
  |first2=A.S.
  |init2=AS
  |last3=Schmitt
  |last3=Schmitt
  |first3=D.
  |init3=D
  |title=Cellules dendritiques épithéliales et infection par HIV-1 in vivo et in vitro (English: Epithelial dendritic cells and HIV-1 infection in vivo and in vitro)
  |title=Cellules dendritiques épithéliales et infection par HIV-1 in vivo et in vitro
|trans-title=Epithelial dendritic cells and HIV-1 infection in vivo and in vitro
|language=French
  |journal=Pathologie Biologie
  |journal=Pathologie Biologie
  |volume=43
  |volume=43
Line 219: Line 255:
  |date=1995-12
  |date=1995-12
  |accessdate=2019-10-20
  |accessdate=2019-10-20
|language=French
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Hussain & Lehner (2005) observed Langerhans cells have been observed in foreskin, vaginal, and oral mucosa of humans; the lower concentrations in oral mucosa suggest that it is not a likely source of [[HIV]] infection relative to foreskin and vaginal mucosa.<ref name="pmid7558138">{{REFjournal
Hussain & Lehner (2005) observed Langerhans cells have been observed in foreskin, vaginal, and oral [[mucosa]] of humans; the lower concentrations in oral [[mucosa]] suggest that it is not a likely source of [[HIV]] infection relative to foreskin and vaginal [[mucosa]].<ref name="pmid7558138">{{REFjournal
  |last=Hussain
  |last=Hussain
  |first=L.A.
  |init=LA
  |last2=Lehner
  |last2=Lehner
  |first2=T.
  |init2=T
  |title=Comparative investigation of Langerhans' cells and potential receptors for HIV in oral, genitourinary and rectal epithelia
  |title=Comparative investigation of Langerhans' cells and potential receptors for HIV in oral, genitourinary and rectal epithelia
  |journal=Immunology
  |journal=Immunology
Line 241: Line 276:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


====Present view====
==== Present view ====


On March 4, 2007 the online ''Nature Medicine'' magazine published the letter "Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells."<ref>{{REFjournal
On 4 March 2007 the online ''Nature Medicine'' magazine published the letter "Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells."<ref>{{DeWitte etal 2007}}</ref> One of the authors of the study, Teunis Geijtenbeek, said that "Langerin is able to scavenge viruses from the surrounding environment, thereby preventing infection" and "since generally all tissues on the outside of our bodies have Langerhans cells, we think that the human body is equipped with an antiviral defense mechanism, destroying incoming viruses."<ref>{{REFnews
|last=De Witte
|first=Lot
|last2=Nabatov
|first2=Alexey
|last3=Pion
|first3=Marjorie
|last4=Fluitsma
|first4=Donna
|last5=De Jong
|first5= Marein A.W.P.
|last6=De Gruijl
|first6=Tanja
|last7=Piguet
|first7=Vincent
|last8=Van Kooyk
|first8=Yvette
|last9=Geijtenbeek
|first9=Teunis B.H.
|title=Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells
|journal=Nature Medicine
|volume=13
|issue=3
|pages=367-371
|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nm1541
|quote=
|pubmedID=17334373
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1038/nm1541
|date=2007-03-04
|accessdate=2019-10-19
}}</ref> One of the authors of the study, Teunis Geijtenbeek, said that "Langerin is able to scavenge viruses from the surrounding environment, thereby preventing infection" and "since generally all tissues on the outside of our bodies have Langerhans cells, we think that the human body is equipped with an antiviral defense mechanism, destroying incoming viruses."<ref>{{REFnews
  |last=Mundell
  |last=Mundell
  |first=E. J.
  |first=E. J.
Line 285: Line 289:
  |accessdate=2012-06-27
  |accessdate=2012-06-27
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
== Population-based studies ==
{{Population-based studies}}
==Two African surveys==
The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.
French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men.
In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:
<blockquote>
In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michel
|init=M
|author-link=Michel Garenne
|title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho
|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/
|date=2022-04-04
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|volume=online ahead of print
|pages=1-16
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153
|pubmedID=35373731
|accessdate=2022-10-28
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:
<blockquote>
"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michael
|init=M
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|location=
|date=2022-10-26
|season=
|volume=
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=1-13
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=36286328
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414
|accessdate=2022-10-27
}}</ref></blockquote>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Foreskin]]
* [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin]]


{{REF}}
{{REF}}
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