Complication: Difference between revisions
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|accessdate=2020-11-24 | |accessdate=2020-11-24 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
{{Citation | |||
|Title= | |||
|Text=Although haemorrhage and sepsis are the main causes of morbidity, the variety of complications is enormous. The literature abounds with reports of morbidity and even death as a result of circumcision. | |||
|Author=Neville Williams & Leela Kapila | |||
|Source= | |||
|ref= | |||
}} | |||
== Definition == | == Definition == | ||
In medicine, a complication is the undesired development or the unexpectedly difficult course of a disease, trauma or therapy. Complications are therefore secondary events. | In medicine, a complication is the undesired development or the unexpectedly difficult course of a disease, [[trauma]] or therapy. Complications are therefore secondary events. | ||
In relation to drug therapy, the term "side effect" is used rather than "complication". | In relation to drug therapy, the term "side effect" is used rather than "complication". | ||
| Line 15: | Line 23: | ||
Complications of a disease can arise from many different mechanisms, for example through | Complications of a disease can arise from many different mechanisms, for example through | ||
* spread of inflammatory processes (e.g. septicemia in an abscess); | * spread of inflammatory processes (e.g. septicemia in an abscess); | ||
* bleeding complications (e.g. with anticoagulation); | * [[bleeding]] complications (e.g. with anticoagulation); | ||
* dysregulation (e.g. shock); | * dysregulation (e.g. [[shock]]); | ||
* chronic tissue damage (e.g. neuropathy in diabetes mellitus). | * chronic tissue damage (e.g. neuropathy in diabetes mellitus). | ||
In the case of invasive interventions in the human body, complications are frequent and must be communicated to the patient as part of the patient education. | In the case of invasive interventions in the human body, complications are frequent and must be communicated to the patient as part of the patient education. A "[[circumcision]]" is an invasive intervention in the human body by definition. | ||
== Classification == | == Classification == | ||
* Early complication: Short time between the triggering event and the occurrence of the complication | * Early complication: Short time between the triggering event and the occurrence of the complication | ||
* Late complication: Long time lag between the triggering event and the occurrence of the complication | * Late complication: Long time lag between the triggering event and the occurrence of the complication | ||
== 47 classes of complications == | |||
In a recently published meta-study, Iacob et al. (2021) defined 47 classes of complications arising from male circumcision.<ref name="iacob2021">{{REFjournal | |||
|last=Iacob | |||
|first=Stanca Iris | |||
|init=SI | |||
|last2=Feinn | |||
|first2=Richard S. | |||
|init2=RS | |||
|last3=Sardi | |||
|first3=Lauren | |||
|init3=L | |||
|author3-link=Lauren Sardi | |||
|title=Systematic review of complications arising from male circumcision | |||
|journal=BJUI Compass | |||
|date=2021-11-11 | |||
|pages=1–25 | |||
|doi=10.1002/bco2.123 | |||
|url=https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bco2.123 | |||
|format=PDF | |||
|accessdate=2022-01-04 | |||
}}</ref> These are: | |||
# [[Extensive penile skin defect]]s / [[avulsion]] | |||
# [[Infection]] (minor and major) | |||
# [[Penile herpes simplex virus type 1 infection (after Jewish ritual circumcision)]] | |||
# [[Necrosis]] | |||
# Partial penile/glans [[amputation]] | |||
# [[Complete penile amputation]] | |||
# [[Penile haematoma]] | |||
# [[Bleeding]] in the context of a genetic condition: haemophilia, sickle cell trait and factor VII deficiency | |||
# [[Oedema]] | |||
# [[Keloids]] | |||
# [[Phimosis]] (referring to pathological phimosis) | |||
# [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome|Sudden infant death syndrome]] | |||
# [[Haemorrhage]] ([[bleeding]]) (outside of a genetic deficiency) | |||
# [[Nonhealing wound]] | |||
# [[Scrotum|Scrotal injuries]] | |||
# [[Preputial stenosis]] | |||
# [[Meatal stenosis]] | |||
# [[Cicatrix]] | |||
# [[Meatitis]] | |||
# [[Trapped/buried/concealed/inconspicuous penis]] | |||
# [[Urethrocutaneous fistula]] | |||
# [[Iatrogenic]] [[hypospadias]] | |||
# [[Intraperitoneal bladder perforation]] (leading to life-threatening renal failure) | |||
# Circulatory [[shock]] | |||
# [[Death]] (from [[bleeding]] or infection) | |||
# [[Unsatisfactory cosmetic results including uncircumcised appearance]] | |||
# [[Device displacement]] | |||
# [[Early sloughing of foreskin tissue]] | |||
# [[Long foreskin obstructing urine flow]] | |||
# [[Insufficient foreskin removal/redundant foreskin]] | |||
# (Acute) Ischaemia (which can lead to [[necrosis]]) | |||
# [[Pain]] | |||
# [[Skin bridge]]s (penile skin adhesion) | |||
# [[Fournier’s gangrene]] | |||
# [[Penile mycosis leading to penile gangrene]] | |||
# [[Glandular adhesion (of remnant foreskin)]] | |||
# [[Dermoid cyst|Implantation dermoid/epidermal inclusion cysts/penile implantation cyst]] | |||
# [[Myiasis (fly infestation)]] | |||
# [[Denuded penis]] | |||
# [[Chordee]] | |||
# [[Suture sinus tract]]s | |||
# [[Lower clinical neurophysiological elicitability of the penilo-cavernosus reflex]] | |||
# [[Sexual dysfunction]] | |||
# [[Traumatic neuroma]] | |||
# [[Decreased urine output]] | |||
# [[Excessive skin removal]] | |||
# [[Urethral injury|Injury to urethra]] | |||
== Other complications == | |||
* '''Rupture of the ear drum:''' The website [[Saving Our Sons (SoS)]] reported in 2017 about a hearing test for a boy where the doctor asked if the boy was [[circumcised]]. After being asked if that was a relevant question, the doctor stated that sometimes an ear drum can burst while they are [[Pain|crying]] during the [[circumcision]].<ref>{{REFweb | |||
|url=http://www.joseph4gi.com/2017/09/drs-may-ask-if-baby-is-circumcised-for.html | |||
|title=Drs. May Ask If Baby Is Circumcised for a Hearing Test - Here's Why | |||
|website=Joseph4GI | |||
|date=2017-09-01 | |||
|accessdate=2022-04-22 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
{{SEEALSO}} | |||
* [[Risks and complications]] | |||
* [[Documented severe complications of circumcision]] | |||
* [[Trauma]] | |||
{{LINKS}} | {{LINKS}} | ||
* {{REFbook | |||
|last=Fahmy | |||
|first=Mohamed | |||
|init=M | |||
|year=2009 | |||
|title=Complications in Male Circumcision | |||
|url=http://circumcisionharm.org/images-circharm.org/Fahmy%20Ch%2010,%2011,%20title,%20TofC.pdf | |||
|scope=193 | |||
|isbn=978-0-323-68127-8 | |||
|accessdate=2022-03-16 | |||
}} | |||
* {{REFweb | * {{REFweb | ||
|url= | |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/complications/ | ||
|title=Complications of circumcision | |title=Complications of circumcision | ||
|last= | |last=Anonymous | ||
|first= | |first= | ||
|website=CIRP.org | |||
|date=2013-02-22 | |date=2013-02-22 | ||
|accessdate=2020-11-25 | |accessdate=2020-11-25 | ||
}} | }} | ||
* {{REFdocument | |||
|title=Complications of Circumcision | |||
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/complications-of-circumcision.pdf | |||
|contribution= | |||
|last=Anonymous | |||
|first= | |||
|publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] | |||
|format=PDF | |||
|date=2016-07 | |||
|accessdate=2022-01-13 | |||
}} | |||
{{REF}} | {{REF}} | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Circumcision complication]] | ||
[[Category:Term]] | |||
[[de:Komplikation]] | [[de:Komplikation]] | ||