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{{Construction Site}}
[[File:Flag_of_China.svg|thumb|150px|Flag of the People's Republic of China]]
'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' is a very large advanced nation in East Asia. The population is about 1.4 billion which makes it second only to India in population. In land area is the third largest nation on Earth.
'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' is a very large advanced, prosperous nation in East Asia. The population is about 1.4 billion, which makes it second only to [[India]] in population. In land area, it is the third largest nation on Earth.


The three main religions are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. None of these religions have a tradition or a requirement for [[circumcision]] of boys, so China does not have a tradition of circumcision except for a small minority of Muslims who live in the northwest corner of China who adhere to the teachings of [[Islam]]. The adherents to Islam constitute only 1.6 percent of the population.
The three main religions are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.<ref name="RIC">{{URLwikipedia|Religion_in_China|Religion in China}}</ref> None of these religions have a tradition or a requirement for [[circumcision]] of boys, so China does not have a tradition of circumcision except for the small minority of Muslims who live in the northwest corner of China (Xinjiang) who adhere to the teachings of [[Islam]]. The adherents to Islam constitute only 0.45% to 1.8%  of the population.<ref name="RIC" />


There is no tradition of [[circumcision]] in China. Early infant male circumcision (EIMC) is very rare. Pan et al. (2012) reported that [[adult circumcision| circumcisions are done later]] when needed to treat tight [[foreskin]], so the incidence of [[circumcision]] of the newborn is only 2.66 percent.<ref name="SCMP2024>{{REFjournal
|last=Pan
|first=
|init=L
|author-link=
|last2=Zhang
|first2=
|init2=A
|author2-link=
|last3=Shen
|first3=
|init3=R
|author3-link=
|last4=Wang
|first4=
|init4=Z
|author4-link=
|etal=no
|title=Acceptability of early infant male circumcision among Chinese parents: strategy implications of HIV prevention for china
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=BMC Public Health
|location=
|date=2012-09-04
|volume=12
|issue=
|article=738
|page=
|pages=
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3549833/pdf/1471-2458-12-738.pdf
|archived=
|quote=China lacks the history and cultural norms endorsing circumcision.
|pubmedID=22946988
|pubmedCID=3549833
|DOI=10.1186/1471-2458-12-738
|doi=
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2024-03-21
}}</ref> The percentage of [[circumcised]] males in China (prevalence) is reported to be 14%.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://circstatistics.github.io/
|title=Global Circumcision Statistics and Estimates
|last=
|first=
|init=
|publisher=https://circstatistics.github.io
|date=2024-04-01
|accessdate=2024-04-01
}}</ref>
==Promotion of male circumcision in China==
Anecdotal evidence reports there are many posters seen in China which promote the practice of circumcision. It is thought that "[o]nly high-stakes financial and/or scientific advantage could explain the Chinese enthusiasm."<ref>Dr Chris Coughran. (28 February 2025) Personal communication.</ref> 
===Use of HIV to promote circumcision in China===
Circumcision has been falsely claimed to prevent [[infection]] with [[HIV]] by three African randomized controlled trials (RCTs). [[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] & [[George Hill|Hill]] (2011) studied their reports and found disabling methodological and statistical errors that invalidated their purported findings.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref> Regardless of these findings, Chinese medical doctors seem to be pushing for adoption of circumcision to prevent [[HIV]] infection. Numerous papers in the Chinese medical literature advocate circumcision to prevent HIV infection among both heterosexuals and homosexuals.
{{Population-based studies}}
Zhang (2024) reported the cost of each circumcision surgery in [[China]] to be US$270-US$540,<ref name="scmp2024">{{REFnews
|title=‘Sexual shame’: China holds online professional circumcision contest to correct misconceptions, promote positive attitudes, levels of acceptance
|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/gender-diversity/article/3254592/sexual-shame-china-holds-online-professional-circumcision-contest-correct-misconceptions-promote
|last=Zhang
|first=Zoey
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=South China Morning Post
|website=
|date=2024-03-18
|season=
|accessdate=2024-03-21
|format=
|quote=
}}</ref> so physician compensation may be the actual leading indication for circumcision in China.
===Circumcision contest===
A urological group recently staged a circumcision contest to promote the practice of circumcision.<ref name="scmp2024" />
==Shang Ring==
The [[Shang Ring]] circumcision device is manufactured in China. Cheng et al. (2014) report it has been "used for over 600 000 males in China since 2006."<ref name="cheng2014">{{REFjournal
|last=Cheng
|first=
|init=F
|author-link=
|last2=Lü
|first2=
|init2=N
|author2-link=
|last3=Xu
|first3=
|init3=H
|author3-link=
|last4=Barone
|first4=
|init4=MA
|author4-link=
|etal=yes
|title=[Clinical studies of shang ring male circumcision in China and Africa]
|trans-title=
|language=Chinese
|journal=Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue
|location=
|date=2014-04
|volume=20
|issue=4
|article=
|page=
|pages=291-8
|url=
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=24873152
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|accessdate=2024-03-23
}}</ref>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Chinese circumcision contest]]


{{LINKS}}
{{LINKS}}
* {{URLwikipedia|China|China}}
* {{URLwikipedia|China|China}}
 
* {{REFnews
|title=Aids expert sceptical about benefits of male circumcision
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2007/2007-10-12_scmp.ph
|last=Lim
|first=Lina
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=South China Morning Post
|website=
|date=2007-10-12
|accessdate=2024-07-28
|format=
|quote=Recent studies have shown no evidence that male circumcision lessened the spread of HIV, a leading expert on the disease says.
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/cultures-that-reject-circumcision/
|title=Cultures That Reject Circumcision—And Why They’re Right
|last=Alissa
|first=Kristel
|init=
|author-link=Kristel Alissa
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2025-02-23
|accessdate=2025-05-08
}}
{{REF}}
{{REF}}


[[Category:Country]]
[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Male circumcision]]
[[Category:Statistics]]


[[Category:China]]
[[Category:China]]
[[de:China]]
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