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| |ref=<ref>Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</ref> | | |ref=<ref>Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</ref> |
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| | == Population-based studies == |
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| Two separate very-large-scale population based studies found no relationship between circumcision status and the risk of contracting [[HIV]] infection: | | Two separate very-large-scale population based studies found no relationship between circumcision status and the risk of contracting [[HIV]] infection: |
| | {{Population-based studies}} |
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| # Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, [[Canada]] (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of [[HIV]] infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal
| | == Criticism == |
| |last=Mayan
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| |first=Madhur
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| |last2=Hamilton
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| |first2=Robert J.
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| |last3=Juurlink
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| |first3=David N.
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| |author3-link=
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| |last4=Austin
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| |first4=Peter C.
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| |author4-link=
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| |last5=Jarvi
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| |first5=Keith A.
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| |init5=
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| |author5-link=
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| |etal=no
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| |title=Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada
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| |trans-title=
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| |language=
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| |journal=J Urol
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| |location=
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| |date=2021-09-23
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| |volume=
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| |issue=
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| |article=
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| |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
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| |archived=
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| |quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
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| |pubmedID=34551593
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| |pubmedCID=
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| |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
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| |accessdate=2021-11-20
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| }}</ref>
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| # [[Morten Frisch]] and Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing [[HIV]] and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and [[HIV]] infection overall than intact men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</ref>
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| There now is credible evidence that the massive, expensive African circumcision programs have ''not'' been effective in preventing [[HIV]] infection.
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| ==Criticism== | |
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| The [[VMMC Experience Project]] has published a massive, illustrated 153-page report on VMMC in Africa for the United Nations.<ref name="fish2019">{{REFdocument | | The [[VMMC Experience Project]] has published a massive, illustrated 153-page report on VMMC in Africa for the United Nations.<ref name="fish2019">{{REFdocument |