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m using initials for REFjournal AMA notation
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  |last=Svoboda
  |last=Svoboda
  |first=J. Steven
  |first=J. Steven
|init=JS
  |author-link=J. Steven Svoboda
  |author-link=J. Steven Svoboda
  |last2=Van Howe
  |last2=Van Howe
  |first2=Robert S.
  |first2=Robert S.
|init2=RS
  |author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe
  |author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe
  |last3=Dwyer
  |last3=Dwyer
  |first3=James G.
  |first3=James G.
|init3=JG
  |author3-link=
  |author3-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
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  |last=Adler
  |last=Adler
  |first=Peter W.
  |first=Peter W.
|init=PW
  |author-link=Peter W. Adler
  |author-link=Peter W. Adler
  |title=Is circumcision legal?
  |title=Is circumcision legal?
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The medical trade associations, such as the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]], the [[American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists| American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]], the [[American Academy of Family Physicians]], and the American Urological Association have a primary responsibility to their fellows (members) of advancing the profitability of medical practice. Consequently their public statements regarding medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic circumcision of boys are strongly biased in favor of promoting the practice, so that their fellows can earn more money for the additional service of circumcision. The public statements are silent on the [[human rights]] of the child-patient and the multiple physiological [http://www.intactaus.org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/ functions of the foreskin]. They describe "potential" benefits which are imagined benefits that cannot be proved to actually exist. They understate the risks of the surgical procedure, which can include loss of the penis and [[death]]. They are silent on the [[Sexual effects of circumcision| sexual]] and [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| psychological]] harms of having the most erogenous<ref name="winklemann1959">{{REFjournal
The medical trade associations, such as the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]], the [[American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists| American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]], the [[American Academy of Family Physicians]], and the American Urological Association have a primary responsibility to their fellows (members) of advancing the profitability of medical practice. Consequently their public statements regarding medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic circumcision of boys are strongly biased in favor of promoting the practice, so that their fellows can earn more money for the additional service of circumcision. The public statements are silent on the [[human rights]] of the child-patient and the multiple physiological [http://www.intactaus.org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/ functions of the foreskin]. They describe "potential" benefits which are imagined benefits that cannot be proved to actually exist. They understate the risks of the surgical procedure, which can include loss of the penis and [[death]]. They are silent on the [[Sexual effects of circumcision| sexual]] and [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| psychological]] harms of having the most erogenous<ref name="winklemann1959">{{REFjournal
  |last=Winkelmann
  |last=Winkelmann
  |first=R.K.
  |init=RK
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |title=The erogenous zones: their nerve supply and significance
  |title=The erogenous zones: their nerve supply and significance
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One study showed that 40% of parents believed that their doctors failed to provide enough information, 46% reported that their doctors failed to give them any medical information at all, and 82.8% of parents regretted their decision they made within the first six months of their son’s life.<ref>{{REFjournal
One study showed that 40% of parents believed that their doctors failed to provide enough information, 46% reported that their doctors failed to give them any medical information at all, and 82.8% of parents regretted their decision they made within the first six months of their son’s life.<ref>{{REFjournal
  |first=Adler
  |last=Adler
  |last=R.
  |init=R
  |last2=Ottaway
  |last2=Ottaway
  |first2=S.
  |init2=S
  |last3=Gould
  |last3=Gould
  |first3=S.
  |init3=S
  |title=[https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/107/2/e20.short Circumcision: We have heard from the experts; now let’s hear from the parents]
  |title=[https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/107/2/e20.short Circumcision: We have heard from the experts; now let’s hear from the parents]
  |journal=Pediatrics
  |journal=Pediatrics
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Another study found that physicians were less likely to circumcise their own sons.<ref>{{REFjournal
Another study found that physicians were less likely to circumcise their own sons.<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Topp
  |last=Topp
  |first=S.
  |init=S
  |date=1978-01
  |date=1978-01
  |title=Why not to circumcise your baby boy
  |title=Why not to circumcise your baby boy
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<ref>{{REFjournal
<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Van der Kolk
  |last=Van der Kolk
  |first=B.A.
  |init=BA
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/vanderkolk/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/vanderkolk/
  |title=The compulsion to repeat the trauma: re-enactment, revictimization, and masochism
  |title=The compulsion to repeat the trauma: re-enactment, revictimization, and masochism
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Goldman
  |last=Goldman
  |first=R.
  |init=R
  |author-link=Ronald Goldman
  |author-link=Ronald Goldman
  |url=https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1093.x
  |url=https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1093.x
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Maguire
  |last=Maguire
  |first=P.
  |init=P
  |last2=Parks
  |last2=Parks
  |first2=C.M.
  |init2=CM
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/maguire/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/maguire/
  |title=Coping with loss: surgery and loss of body parts
  |title=Coping with loss: surgery and loss of body parts
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  |accessdate=2011-03-18
  |accessdate=2011-03-18
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Hill  
  |last=Hill
  |first=G.
  |init=G
  |author-link=George Hill
  |author-link=George Hill
  |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.738.3612&rep=rep1&type=pd
  |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.738.3612&rep=rep1&type=pd
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Goldman
  |last=Goldman
  |first=R.
  |init=R
  |author-link=Ronald Goldman
  |author-link=Ronald Goldman
  |url=https://academic.oup.com/pch/article/9/9/630/2648566
  |url=https://academic.oup.com/pch/article/9/9/630/2648566
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Many parents are surprised to hear that anesthetics are used in only a minority of cases.<ref>{{REFjournal
Many parents are surprised to hear that anesthetics are used in only a minority of cases.<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Stang
  |last=Stang
  |first=M.J.
  |init=MJ
  |last2=Snellman
  |last2=Snellman
  |first2=L.W.
  |init2=LW
  |date=1998
  |date=1998
  |title=[https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/101/6/e5.full Circumcision practice patterns in the United States]
  |title=[https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/101/6/e5.full Circumcision practice patterns in the United States]
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The use of local anesthetics significantly drives up the costs of surgery. When anesthetics are used, they can only reduce the [[pain]]. Infants can not be given general anesthesia because of the medical risks involved. In the recent past, anesthesia was rarely used, if ever. Because of this, circumcision has always been an extremely traumatizing experience causing an array of short and long term behavioral and developmental problems<ref>{{REFjournal
The use of local anesthetics significantly drives up the costs of surgery. When anesthetics are used, they can only reduce the [[pain]]. Infants can not be given general anesthesia because of the medical risks involved. In the recent past, anesthesia was rarely used, if ever. Because of this, circumcision has always been an extremely traumatizing experience causing an array of short and long term behavioral and developmental problems<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Gunnar
  |last=Gunnar
  |first=M.R.
  |init=MR
  |last2=Fisch
  |last2=Fisch
  |first2=R.O.
  |init2=RO
  |last3=Korsvik
  |last3=Korsvik
  |first3=S.
  |init3=S
  |last4=Donhowe
  |last4=Donhowe
  |first4=J.M.
  |init4=JM
  |title=[http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/gunnar/ The effects of circumcision on serum cortisol and behavior]
  |title=[http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/gunnar/ The effects of circumcision on serum cortisol and behavior]
  |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinolog
  |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinolog
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Porter
  |last=Porter
  |first=F.L.
  |init=FL
  |last2=Miller
  |last2=Miller
  |first2=R.H.
  |init2=RH
  |last3=Marshal
  |last3=Marshal
  |first3=R.E.
  |init3=RE
  |title=Neonatal pain cries: effect of circumcision on acoustic features and perceived urgency
  |title=Neonatal pain cries: effect of circumcision on acoustic features and perceived urgency
  |journal=Child Dev
  |journal=Child Dev
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Porter
  |last=Porter
  |first=F.L.
  |init=FL
  |last2=Porges
  |last2=Porges
  |first2=S.W.
  |init2=SW
  |last3=Marshall
  |last3=Marshall
  |first3=R.E.
  |init3=RE
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/porter2/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/porter2/
  |title=Newborn pain cries and vagal tone: parallel changes in response to circumcision
  |title=Newborn pain cries and vagal tone: parallel changes in response to circumcision
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Emde
  |last=Emde
  |first=R.N.
  |init=RN
  |last2=Harmon
  |last2=Harmon
  |first2=R.J.
  |init2=RJ
  |last3=Metcalf
  |last3=Metcalf
  |first3=D.
  |init3=D
  |etal=yes
  |etal=yes
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/emde/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/emde/
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Gunnar
  |last=Gunnar
  |first=M.R.
  |init=MR
  |last2=Connors
  |last2=Connors
  |first2=J.
  |init2=J
  |last3=Isensee
  |last3=Isensee
|init3=WL
  |first3=Wall L.
  |first3=Wall L.
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/gunnar1988/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/gunnar1988/
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Anders
  |last=Anders
  |first=T.F.
  |init=TF
  |last2=Chalemian
  |last2=Chalemian
  |first2=R.J.
  |init2=RJ
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/anders/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/anders/
  |title=The effects of circumcision on sleep-wake states in human neonates
  |title=The effects of circumcision on sleep-wake states in human neonates
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Marshall
  |last=Marshall
  |first=R.E.
  |init=RE
  |last2=Stratton
  |last2=Stratton
  |first2=W.C.
  |init2=WC
  |last3=Moore
  |last3=Moore
  |first3=J.A.
  |init3=JA
  |etal=yes
  |etal=yes
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/marshall1/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/marshall1/
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Marshall
  |last=Marshall
  |first=R.E.
  |init=RE
  |last2=Porter
  |last2=Porter
  |first2=F.L.
  |init2=FL
  |last3=Rogers
  |last3=Rogers
  |first3=A.G.
  |init3=AG
  |etal=yes
  |etal=yes
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/marshall2/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/marshall2/
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Lee
  |last=Lee
  |first=N.
  |init=N
  |title=[http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/lee1/ Circumcision and breastfeeding]
  |title=[http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/lee1/ Circumcision and breastfeeding]
  |journal=J Hum Lact
  |journal=J Hum Lact
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Anand
  |last=Anand
  |first=K.J.S.
  |init=KJS
  |last2=Hickey
  |last2=Hickey
  |first2=P.R.
  |init2=PR
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/anand/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/anand/
  |title=Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus
  |title=Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Anand
  |last=Anand
  |first=K.J.S.
  |init=KJS
|last2=Scalzo
|init2=FM
  |first2=Frank M.
  |first2=Frank M.
|last2=Scalzo
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/anand4/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/anand4/
  |title=Can Adverse Neonatal Experiences Alter Brain Development and Subsequent Behavior?
  |title=Can Adverse Neonatal Experiences Alter Brain Development and Subsequent Behavior?
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}}</ref>, including altered perceptions of pain<ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref>, including altered perceptions of pain<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Taddio
  |last=Taddio
  |first=A.
  |init=A
  |last2=Goldbach
  |last2=Goldbach
  |first2=M.
  |init2=M
  |last3=Ipp
  |last3=Ipp
  |first3=E.
  |init3=E
  |etal=yes
  |etal=yes
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/taddio/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/taddio/
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Taddio
  |last=Taddio
  |first=A.
  |init=A
  |last2=Katz
  |last2=Katz
  |first2=J.
  |init2=J
  |last3=Ilersich
  |last3=Ilersich
  |first3=A.L.
  |init3=AL
  |last4=Koren
  |last4=Koren
  |first4=G.
  |init4=G
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/taddio2
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/taddio2
  |title=Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination
  |title=Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=LaPrairie
  |last=LaPrairie
|init=JL
  |first=Jamie L.
  |first=Jamie L.
  |last2=Murphy
  |last2=Murphy
|init2=AZ
  |first2=Anne Z.
  |first2=Anne Z.
  |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2766783/
  |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2766783/
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}}</ref>, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)<ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref>, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Boyle
  |last=Boyle
  |first=G.J.
  |init=GJ
  |author-link=Gregory J. Boyle
  |author-link=Gregory J. Boyle
  |last2=Goldman
  |last2=Goldman
  |first2=R.
  |init2=R
  |author2-link=Ronald Goldman
  |author2-link=Ronald Goldman
  |last3=Svoboda
  |last3=Svoboda
  |first3=J.S.
  |init3=JS
  |author3-link=J. Steven Svoboda
  |author3-link=J. Steven Svoboda
  |last4=Fernandez
  |last4=Fernandez
  |first4=E.
  |init4=E
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/boyle6/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/boyle6/
  |title=Male circumcision: pain, trauma and psychosexual sequelae
  |title=Male circumcision: pain, trauma and psychosexual sequelae
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Rhinehart
  |last=Rhinehart
  |first=J.
  |init=J
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/rhinehart1/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/rhinehart1/
  |title=Neonatal circumcision reconsidered
  |title=Neonatal circumcision reconsidered
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Menage
  |last=Menage
  |first=J.
  |init=J
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/menage/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/menage/
  |title=Post-traumatic stress disorder in women who have undergone obstetric and/or gynaecological procedures
  |title=Post-traumatic stress disorder in women who have undergone obstetric and/or gynaecological procedures
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}}</ref>, and a possibly of adult self destructive behavior.<ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref>, and a possibly of adult self destructive behavior.<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Van der Kolk
  |last=Van der Kolk
  |first=B.A.
  |init=BA
  |last2=Perry
  |last2=Perry
  |first2=J.C.
  |init2=JC
  |last3=Herman
  |last3=Herman
  |first3=J.L.
  |init3=JL
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/vanderkolk_1991/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/vanderkolk_1991/
  |title=Childhood origins of self-destructive behavior
  |title=Childhood origins of self-destructive behavior
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Jacobson
  |last=Jacobson
  |first=B.
  |init=B
  |last2=Bygdeman
  |last2=Bygdeman
  |first2=M.
  |init2=M
  |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/317/7169/1346.full
  |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/317/7169/1346.full
  |title=Obstetric care and proneness of offspring to suicide
  |title=Obstetric care and proneness of offspring to suicide
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Salk
  |last=Salk
  |first=L.
  |init=L
  |last2=Lipsitt
  |last2=Lipsitt
  |first2=L.P.
  |init2=LP
  |last3=Sturner
  |last3=Sturner
  |first3=W.Q.
  |init3=WQ
  |etal=yes
  |etal=yes
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/salk1/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/salk1/
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