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m adjusted REFjournal
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  |last=Beaugé
  |last=Beaugé
  |first=Michel
  |first=Michel
|init=M
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |title=The causes of adolescent phimosis
  |title=The causes of adolescent phimosis
Line 33: Line 34:
  |last=Gairdner
  |last=Gairdner
  |first=Douglas
  |first=Douglas
|init=D
  |author-link=Douglas Gairdner
  |author-link=Douglas Gairdner
  |title=The fate of the foreskin: a study of circumcision
  |title=The fate of the foreskin: a study of circumcision
Line 50: Line 52:
}}</ref> The inner surface of the foreskin of a newborn baby is fused by a [[synechia]] to the surface of the glans penis so that is non-retractable.<ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref> The inner surface of the foreskin of a newborn baby is fused by a [[synechia]] to the surface of the glans penis so that is non-retractable.<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Deibart
  |last=Deibart
  |first=G.A.
  |init=GA
  |title=The separation of the prepuce in the human penis
  |title=The separation of the prepuce in the human penis
  |journal=Anat Rec
  |journal=Anat Rec
Line 66: Line 68:
  |last=Shahid
  |last=Shahid
  |first=Sukhbir Kaur
  |first=Sukhbir Kaur
|init=SK
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
  |title=Phimosis in children
  |title=Phimosis in children
|trans-title=
|language=
  |journal=ISRN Urology
  |journal=ISRN Urology
  |location=
  |location=
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By age 10.4 years, about 50 percent of intact boys have a retractable foreskin.<ref name="Øster1968"/><ref name-"thorvaldsen2005">{{REFjournal
By age 10.4 years, about 50 percent of intact boys have a retractable foreskin.<ref name="Øster1968"/><ref name-"thorvaldsen2005">{{REFjournal
  |last=Thorvaldsen
  |last=Thorvaldsen
  |first=M.A.
  |init=MA
  |last2=Meyhoff
  |last2=Meyhoff
  |first2=H.H.
  |init2=HH
  |title=Phimosis: pathological or physiological?
  |title=[Phimosis: pathological or physiological?]
  |journal=Ugeskr Læge
  |journal=Ugeskr Læge
  |date=2005
  |date=2005
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If treatment is deemed necessary, the application of topical steroid ointment is the most cost-effective treatment.<ref name="vanhowe1998">{{REFjournal
If treatment is deemed necessary, the application of topical steroid ointment is the most cost-effective treatment.<ref name="vanhowe1998">{{REFjournal
  |last=Van Howe
  |last=Van Howe
  |first=Robert S.  
  |first=Robert S.
|init=RS
  |author-link=Robert Van Howe
  |author-link=Robert Van Howe
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
  |title=Cost-effective treatment of phimosis
  |title=Cost-effective treatment of phimosis
|trans-title=
|language=
  |journal=Pediatrics
  |journal=Pediatrics
  |location=
  |location=
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If, after that, the [[foreskin]] still remains too tight, resulting in pain during sexual activities, and making genital hygiene difficult, treatment is indicated. The individual should engage in stretching exercises, if needed with the aid of corticosteroid cream, which is available by prescription. Depending on the active substances, success rates of 80-90% have been documented.<ref>{{REFjournal
If, after that, the [[foreskin]] still remains too tight, resulting in pain during sexual activities, and making genital hygiene difficult, treatment is indicated. The individual should engage in stretching exercises, if needed with the aid of corticosteroid cream, which is available by prescription. Depending on the active substances, success rates of 80-90% have been documented.<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Orsola
  |last=Orsola
  |first=A.
  |init=A
  |last2=Caffaratti
  |last2=Caffaratti
  |first2=J.
  |init2=J
  |last3=Garat
  |last3=Garat
  |first3=J.M.
  |init3=JM
  |title=Conservative treatment of phimosis in children using a topical steroid
  |title=Conservative treatment of phimosis in children using a topical steroid
  |journal=Urology
  |journal=Urology
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Ashfield
  |last=Ashfield
  |first=J.E.
  |init=JE
  |last2=Nickel
  |last2=Nickel
  |first2=K.R.
  |init2=KR
  |last3=Siemens
  |last3=Siemens
  |first3=D.R.
  |init3=DR
  |etal=yes
  |etal=yes
  |title=Treatment of [[phimosis]] with topical steroids in 194 children
  |title=Treatment of [[phimosis]] with topical steroids in 194 children
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Pileggi Fde
  |last=Pileggi Fde
  |first=O.
  |init=O
  |last2=Vicente
  |last2=Vicente
  |first2=Y.A.
  |init2=YA
  |title=Phimotic ring topical corticoid cream (0.1% mometasone furoate) treatment in children
  |title=Phimotic ring topical corticoid cream (0.1% mometasone furoate) treatment in children
  |journal=J Pediatr Surg
  |journal=J Pediatr Surg
Line 221: Line 221:
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Ghysel
  |last=Ghysel
  |first=C.
  |init=C
  |last2=Vander Eeckt
  |last2=Vander Eeckt
  |first2=K.
  |init2=K
  |last3=Bogaert
  |last3=Bogaert
  |first3=G.A.
  |init3=GA
  |title=Long-term efficiency of skin stretching and a topical corticoid cream application for unretractable foreskin and phimosis in prepubertal boys
  |title=Long-term efficiency of skin stretching and a topical corticoid cream application for unretractable foreskin and phimosis in prepubertal boys
  |journal=Urol Int
  |journal=Urol Int
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}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Reddy
  |last=Reddy
  |first=S.
  |init=S
  |last2=Jain
  |last2=Jain
  |first2=V.
  |init2=V
  |last3=Dubey
  |last3=Dubey
  |first3=M.
  |init3=M
  |last4=Deshpande
  |last4=Deshpande
  |first4=P.
  |init4=P
  |last5=Singal
  |last5=Singal
  |first5=A.K.
  |init5=AK
  |title=Local steroid therapy as the first line treatment for boys with symptomatic phimosis - A long term prospective study
  |title=Local steroid therapy as the first line treatment for boys with symptomatic phimosis - A long term prospective study
  |journal=Acta Paediatr
  |journal=Acta Paediatr
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  |last=Cuckow
  |last=Cuckow
  |first=Peter M.
  |first=Peter M.
|init=PM
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |etal=yes
  |etal=yes
  |title=Preputial plasty: a good alternative to circumcision
  |title=Preputial plasty: a good alternative to circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
  |journal=J Pediatr Surg
  |journal=J Pediatr Surg
  |location=
  |location=
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  |last=Arora
  |last=Arora
  |first=Bhavinder K.
  |first=Bhavinder K.
|init=BK
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |last2=Arora
  |last2=Arora
  |first2=Rachit
  |first2=Rachit
|init2=R
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |last3=Arora
  |last3=Arora
  |first3=akshit
  |first3=Akshit
|init3=A
  |author3-link=
  |author3-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
  |title=Dorsal slit preputioplasty for phimosis: a prepuce conserving surgery
  |title=Dorsal slit preputioplasty for phimosis: a prepuce conserving surgery
|trans-title=
|language=
  |journal=International Surgery Journal
  |journal=International Surgery Journal
  |location=
  |location=
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* Lateral preputioplasty: this is a refinement of the dorsal slit with transverse suturing. It consists of two lateral, longitudinal incisions sutured transversely.<ref>{{REFjournal
* Lateral preputioplasty: this is a refinement of the dorsal slit with transverse suturing. It consists of two lateral, longitudinal incisions sutured transversely.<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Lane
  |last=Lane
  |first=TM
  |init=TM
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |etal=yes
  |etal=yes
  |title=Lateral preputioplasty for phimosis
  |title=Lateral preputioplasty for phimosis
|trans-title=
|language=
  |journal=J R Coll Surg Edinb
  |journal=J R Coll Surg Edinb
  |location=
  |location=
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* Triple incision: this is a method of foreskin widening. It typically consists of three incisions across the tight ring. They are closed from side to side, thereby increasing the circumference of the tight ring relative to the length of the cuts. From an aesthetic view, it has results far superior to those of a dorsal slit, and usually yields a good cosmetic result.<ref>{{REFjournal
* Triple incision: this is a method of foreskin widening. It typically consists of three incisions across the tight ring. They are closed from side to side, thereby increasing the circumference of the tight ring relative to the length of the cuts. From an aesthetic view, it has results far superior to those of a dorsal slit, and usually yields a good cosmetic result.<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Wahlin
  |last=Wahlin
  |first=N
  |init=N
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |etal=yes
  |etal=yes
  |title="Triple incision plasty". A convenient procedure for preputial relief
  |title="Triple incision plasty". A convenient procedure for preputial relief
|trans-title=
|language=
  |journal=Scand J Urol Nephrol
  |journal=Scand J Urol Nephrol
  |location=
  |location=
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  |last=Williams
  |last=Williams
  |first=Neville
  |first=Neville
|init=N
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |last2=Kapila
  |last2=Kapila
  |first2=Leela
  |first2=Leela
|init2=L
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
  |title=Complications of circumcision
  |title=Complications of circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
  |journal=Brit J Surg
  |journal=Brit J Surg
  |location=
  |location=
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