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→Circumcision impairs commencement of breastfeeding: Add text and citation.
[[File:Breastfeeding.jpg|thumb|Breastfeeding a newborn baby at the mother's breast, which is swollen due to milk production. The baby is held in such a way that it can continue to breathe through the nose.]]
'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' and human milk are the normative standards for infant feeding and nutrition for the first six months of life according to the [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] and the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]].<ref name="cps2013">{{REFjournal
|last=Critch
|DOI=10.1542/peds.2022-057988
|accessdate=2022-12-06
}}</ref> Human milk should be the sole source of nutrition for the first six months, however the [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] (2013) and the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (2022) recommended supplementation with Vitamin D.<ref name="cps2013"/><ref name="aap2022"/> Complementary foods are introduced at about six months of age, but breastfeeding should continue.<ref name="cps2013"/><ref name="aap2022"/>
The [[WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] recommend recommend that children initiate breastfeeding within the first hour of birth and be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life — meaning no other foods or liquids are provided, including water. Infants should be breastfed on demand — that is as often as the child wants, day and night. No bottles, teats or pacifiers should be used. From the age of 6 months, children should begin eating safe and adequate complementary foods while continuing to breastfeed for up to 2 years and beyond.<ref>{{REFweb
|publisher=[[WHO]]
|accessdate=2022-12-08
}}</ref>
Tan et al. (2019) reported:
<blockquote>
Early circumcision, within the first 3 days of life, may have a negative effect on the duration of breastfeeding. In our study, circumcised male infants had more than 4 fewer weeks of breastfeeding than their sibling controls. It may be beneficial to delay circumcision till after breastfeeding is properly established.<ref name="tan2024">{{REFjournal
|last=Tan
|first=
|init=A
|author-link=
|last2=Noble
|first2=
|init2=L
|author2-link=
|last3=Jain
|first3=
|init3=S
|author3-link=
|last4=Shajan
|first4=
|init4=A
|author4-link=
|last5=Craik
|first5=
|init5=D
|author5-link=
|etal=no
|title=The Effect of Early Circumcision on Breastfeeding Duration Using Sibling Comparisons
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Pediatrics
|location=
|date=2019-08
|volume=144
|issue=2
|article=2_MeetingAbstract): 273
|pages=
|url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/144/2_MeetingAbstract/273/3356/The-Effect-of-Early-Circumcision-on-Breastfeeding
|archived=
|quote=
|DOI=10.1542/peds.144.2MA3.273
|accessdate=2024-07-21
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] reported that more than 80 percent of American mothers breastfeed, which makes breastfeeding the cultural norm in the [[United States]].<ref name="aap2022"/>
== Benefits of breastfeeding ==
The advantages of breastfeeding have long been known. [[James Calvert Spence]] (1938) reported the benefits to the health and welfare of the infant.<ref name="spence1938">{{REFjournal
|last=Spence
|first=
|init=JC
|author-link=James Calvert Spence
|etal=no
|title=The modern decline of breastfeeding
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Br Med J
|location=
|date=1938-10-08
|volume=2
|issue=4057
|pages=729-33
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2210420/pdf/brmedj04218-0002.pdf
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=20781788
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1136/bmj.2.4057.729
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2023-03-26
}}</ref>
The Canadian Paediatric Society reported that breastfeeding is associated with "improved cognitive development."<ref name="cps2013" />
The [[American Academy of Pediatrics ]] reported that, as compared with formula feeding, breastfeeding reduces [[SIDS|sudden infant death syndrome ]] (SIDS), infant and neonatal mortality, lower respiratory tract infection, severe or persistent diarrhea, otitis media, asthma, eczema, Crohn's disease, colitis, childhood and adult obesity, diabetes, and leukemia.<ref name="aap2022" /> In infancy, simple sugars in breast milk, like antibacterial oligosaccharides, are acquired from the mother's milk and excreted in [[urine]]. University studies have shown that these substances cling to the [[mucosa]]l lining of the inner foreskin and protect against urinary tract infections,<ref>{{REFbook |last=Hanson |init=LA |last2=Karlsson |init2=B |last3=Jalil |init3=F |etal=yes |chapter=Antiviral and antibacterial factors in human milk |editor=Hanson LA |title=Biology of Human Milk |location=New York |publisher=Raven Press |year=1988 |pages=141-57}}</ref> as well as [[infection]] in other parts of the body.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Coppa |init=GV |last2=Gabrielli |init2=O |last3=Giorgi |init3=P |last4=Catassi |init4=C |last5=Montanari |init5=MP |last6=Veraldo |init6=PE |last7=Nichols |init7=BL |title=Preliminary study of breast feeding and bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells |journal=Lancet |date=1990-03-10 |volume=335 |issue=8689 |pages=569-71}}</ref> Babies excrete in their [[urine]] about 300-500 milligrams of oligosaccharides each day. These compounds prevent virulent strains of ''Escherichia coli'' from adhering to the [[mucosa]] lining of the entire urinary tract, including the [[foreskin]] and [[glans]]. For these reasons breast-milk is highly efficacious at preventing [[UTI]].<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Gothefors |init=L |last2=Olling |init2=S |last3=Winberg |init3=J |title=Breastfeeding and biological properties of faecal ''E. coli'' strains |journal=Acta Paediatr Scand |date=1975-11 |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=807-12}}</ref> Rigorous studies have repeatedly demonstrated that breast feeding protects against urinary tract infections.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Mårild |init=S |title=Breastfeeding and Urinary tract Infections |journal=Lancet |date=1990 |volume=336 |page=942}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Pisacane |init=A |etal=yes |title=Breastfeeding and urinary tract infection |journal=Lancet |date=1990-07-07 |page=50}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Pisacane |init=A |last2=Graziano |init2=L |last3=Mazzarella |init3=G |etal=yes |title=Breast-feeding and urinary tract infection |journal=J Pediatr |date=1992 |volume=120 |pages=87-89}}</ref>
== Contraindications to breastfeeding ==
There are certain conditions that contraindicate breastfeeding. The [[American Academy of Pediatrics ]] provides a discussion of contraindications.<ref name="aap2022" /> == Video ===== Why is breastfeeding important? ===<youtube>v=yt2pMQjzP50</youtube>
== Circumcision impairs commencement of breastfeeding ==
Neonatal [[circumcision]] is a medically unnecessary, non-therapeutic, intensely [[Pain| painful]] surgery that is carried out just at the time when breastfeeding is being commenced. Circumcision causes extreme [[pain]], [[trauma]], and [[shock]], and disturbs feeding behavior.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health; Task Force on Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents
|etal=no
|DOI=10.1542/peds.108.3.793
|accessdate=2022-12-08
}}</ref> [[Circumcised]] boys will be very uncomfortable and fussy when compared with [[intact]] boys and girls.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://thewholetruth.data.blog/2025/06/25/fussy-boys-calm-girls-how-circumcision-distorts-our-view-of-gender-behavior/ |title=Fussy Boys & Calm Girls: How Circumcision Distorts Our View of Gender Behavior |last=Barrett |first= |init=JL |author-link= |publisher=The Whole Truth |date=2025-06-25 |accessdate=2025-06-26}}</ref> The newborn infant boy is left in a debilitated state in which he is may be unable to initiate breastfeeding,<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Lee
|first=
|accessdate=2022-12-07
}}</ref>
Parents are reminded that [[circumcision]] has no proven health benefit, produces significant [[trauma]] ,<ref name="agoglu2022">{{REFjournal |last=Aydoğlu |first= |init=B |author-link= |last2=Aydoğlu |first2= |init2=M |author2-link= |last3=Okur |first3= |init3=MH |author3-link= |etal=no |title=Social and psychological effects of circumcision: A narrative review |trans-title= |language= |journal=Journal of Applied Nursing and Health |location= |date=2022-12 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=264-71 |url=https://janh.candle.or.id/index.php/janh/article/view/110/138 |archived= |quote= ||DOI=10.55018/janh.v4i2.110 |format=PDF |accessdate=2023-12-16}}</ref> and is not recommended by any medical society in the world, while breastfeeding has numerous health benefitsand is recommended world-wide. {{SEEALSO}}* [[Immunological protection of breastfeeding]]* [[La Leche League International]]* [[Protection of intact newborns in hospital]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/leaven1/
|title=Breastfeeding Problems After Circumcision
|publisher=La Leche League
|date=1994-09
|accessdate=2022-12-09
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/birth/
|title=Effects of circumcision on breastfeeding, maternal bonding, and child development
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Circumcision Reference Library
|date=2013
|accessdate=2025-04-26
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.academia.edu/19713609/Breastfeeding_Interference_from_Circumcision
|title=Breastfeeding Interference from Circumcision
|last=Bollinger
|first=
|init=D
|author-link=
|publisher=[[Intact America]]
|date=2015-12-17
|accessdate=2024-08-23
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/good-latch-key-successful-breastfeeding
|title=A Good Latch Is The Key To Successful Breastfeeding
|publisher=KidsHealth of New Zealand
|date=2022-05-30
|accessdate=2023-02-25
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/pregnancy-and-babies/breastfeeding
|date=2020-08
|accessdate=2022-12-06
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://www.savingsons.org/2016/08/breastfeeding-and-circumcision-resources.html
|title=Breastfeeding and Circumcision Resources
|publisher=Breastfeeding and Circumcision Resources
|date=2022
|website=[[Saving Our Sons]]
|accessdate=2024-09-04
}}
* {{REFweb
|accessdate=2022-12-06
}}
* {{REFweb |url=https://www.yourwholebaby.org/search?q=breastfeeding |title=Breastfeeding Index |publisher=[[Your Whole Baby]] |date= |accessdate=2022-12-11}}* {{REFweb |url=http://www.drmomma.org/2020/09/babys-breastfeeding-pattern.html |title=Baby's Breastfeeding Pattern |publisher=[[Peaceful parenting]] |date= |accessdate=2022-12-11}}* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-impact-early-bonding-between-mother-child/ |title=How Circumcision Affects the Early Bonding Process Between Mother and Child |last=Alissa |first=K |init= |author-link=Kristel Alissa |publisher=[[Intact America]] |date=2025-01-26 |accessdate=2025-01-28}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:Breastfeeding]]
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Parental information]]
[[de:Stillen]]