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[[Image:USAID.png|right|thumb|USAID]]
[[Image:USAID.png|right|thumb|USAID]]
In a February 2009 report produced by '''USAID''', a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men were more likely to have [[HIV]] in 10 of 18 (African) countries with data available.<ref name='CR22'>{{REFnews
In a February 2009 report produced by '''USAID''', a U.S. government agency, researchers found that [[circumcised]] men were more likely to have [[HIV]] in 10 of 18 (African) countries with data available.<ref name='CR22'>{{REFnews
  |last=USAID
  |last=USAID
  |first=
  |first=
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  |quote=Progress Report on Kenya's Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Programme
  |quote=Progress Report on Kenya's Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Programme
  |accessdate=2011-03-24
  |accessdate=2011-03-24
}}</ref>
==Closure of the USAID agency==
[[Elon Musk]], the world’s richest man charged with overhauling the federal government, said President Donald Trump had signed off on shutting the agency down.<ref>{{REFnews
|title=Elon Musk said Donald Trump agreed USAID needs to be ‘shut down’
|url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/02/02/politics/usaid-officials-leave-musk-doge/index.html?iid=cnn_buildContentRecirc_end_recirc
|last=Hansler
|first=Jennifer
|init=
|author-link=
|last2=Marquart
|first2=Alex
|init2=
|author2-link=
|last3=Harvey
|first3=Lex
|init3=
|author3-link=
|publisher=CNN
|website=
|date=2025-02-03
|accessdate=2025-02-03
|quote=Musk said USAID is “beyond repair,” among other attacks he made against the agency created by Congress as an independent body.
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


== Circumcision Scale-Up ==
Certain limited activies of United States Agency for International Development are to be continued by the Department of State.<ref>{{REFnews
|title=
Politics
USAID to be merged into State Department, 3 U.S. officials say
|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/usaid-merged-into-state-department/
|last=Cook
|first=Sara
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=CBS News
|website=
|date=2025-02-03
|season=
|accessdate=2025-02-03
|quote=
}}</ref>


USAID has studied the "scale-up" of circumcision in Africa and shows support for circumcision in numerous places on its website.<ref name='usaid-circ-hiv-factsheet'>{{REFweb
<b>The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) was dissolved on 28 March 2025.</b><ref>{{REFnews
|last=
  |title=State Department formally shutters USAID after Trump court victory
|first=
  |url=https://nypost.com/2025/03/28/us-news/state-department-shutters-usaid-after-trump-court-victory/
|date=
  |last=Christenson
  |title=Research: Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
  |first=Josh
  |url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/research/mcfactsheet.html
  |init=
|publisher=USAID
  |publisher=New York Post
|accessdate=2011-03-24
  |website=
}}</ref><ref name='usaid-male-circ'>{{REFweb
  |date=2025-03-28
|last=
  |accessdate=2025-04-08
|first=
  |format=
|date=
  |quote=“Foreign assistance done right can advance our national interests, protect our borders, and strengthen our partnerships with key allies. Unfortunately, USAID strayed from its original mission long ago. As a result, the gains were too few and the costs were too high,” Secretary of State Marco Rubio said in a statement.
|title=Male Circumcision
|url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/malecircumcision.html
|publisher=USAID
|accessdate=2011-03-24
}}</ref><ref>{{REFnews
  |last=Clark
  |first=S.
  |first2=I.
  |last2=Fua
  |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACS892.pdf
|title=Program and Policy Implications for HIV Prevention and Reproductive Health
  |date=2003-05
|publisher=USAID/AIDSMark
|quote=Male Circumcision: Current Epidemiological and Field Evidence
|accessdate=2011-03-24
  |place = Washington, D.C.
}}</ref><ref name='usaid-hiv-circ'>{{REFweb
  |last=
  |first=
|date=
|title=Fighting HIV with Circumcision
|url=http://blog.usaid.gov/2010/12/fighting-hiv-with-circumcision/
|publisher=USAID
|accessdate=2011-03-24
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
== Circumcision program termination ==
[[PEPFAR]] (2025) has scrapped its ineffective and harmful "voluntary male  medical circumcision" ([[VMMC]]) program after 15 years and at least 27,000,000 harmful and useless [[foreskin]] amputations.<ref name="gwarisa2025">{{REFnews
|title=New PEPFAR Waiver Scraps Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program
|url=https://healthtimes.co.zw/2025/02/07/new-pepfar-waiver-scraps-voluntary-medical-male-circumcision-program/
|last=Gwarisa
|first=Michael
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Healthtimes
|website=
|date=2025-02-07
|accessdate=2025-02-15
|format=
|quote=
}}</ref> Numerous studies have demonstrated that [[adult circumcision]] is not effective in preventing [[HIV]] [[infection]].
PEPFAR ignominiously ended the provision of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of boys under age 15 in November 2019 due to significant, [[Complication| complications]], injuries, and other abuses.


== Accelerated Saturation Initiative ==
== Accelerated Saturation Initiative ==
Line 93: Line 124:
== Voluntary Male Medical Circumcision ==
== Voluntary Male Medical Circumcision ==


USAID's support of what they call the "[[Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program]]: VMMC" also focused on Kenya.<ref>{{REFweb
USAID's support of what they call the "[[Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision]] program: VMMC" also focused on Kenya.<ref>{{REFweb
  |quote=USAID/Kenya’s [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] program is supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). PEPFAR, a five-year, $48 billion program, is led by the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, in conjunction with USAID, the Department of Health and Human Services (including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the Department of Defense (DOD), the U.S. Peace Corps, and the Department of State.
  |quote=USAID/Kenya’s [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] program is supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ([[PEPFAR]]). This five-year, $48 billion program, is led by the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, in conjunction with USAID, the Department of Health and Human Services (including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the Department of Defense (DOD), the U.S. Peace Corps, and the Department of State.
  |last=
  |last=
  |first=
  |first=
Line 102: Line 133:
  |url=http://kenya.usaid.gov/programs/health/77
  |url=http://kenya.usaid.gov/programs/health/77
  |accessdate=2011-03-25
  |accessdate=2011-03-25
}}</ref> USAID funded a VMMC based circumcision campaign propaganda video to air on television in South Africa.<ref>{{REFweb
}}</ref> USAID funded a [[VMMC]] based circumcision campaign propaganda video to air on television in [[South Africa]].<ref>{{REFweb
  |last=
  |last=
  |first=
  |first=
Line 114: Line 145:
== C-Change ==
== C-Change ==


A USAID-funded organization called "[[C-Change]]" in Kenya is supporting "Male Circumcision Communication Toolkits" with the stated goal of "Creating demand for VMMC (circumcision)" and "facilitating a scale-up of materials" and capacity to perform more circumcisions from the government of Kenya. One of the ways C-Change is creating demand is by spreading information stating that "VMMC" prevents STI's.<ref>{{REFweb
A USAID-funded organization called "[[C-Change]]" in Kenya is supporting "Male Circumcision Communication Toolkits" with the stated goal of "Creating demand for [[VMMC]] ([[adult circumcision]])" and "facilitating a scale-up of materials" and capacity to perform more circumcisions from the government of Kenya. One of the ways C-Change is creating demand is by spreading information stating that "VMMC" prevents STI's.<ref>{{REFweb
  |quote=...[Male Circumcision] reduces risk for men...
  |quote=...[Male Circumcision] reduces risk for men...
  |url=http://c-changeprogram.org/where-we-work/kenya
  |url=http://c-changeprogram.org/where-we-work/kenya
Line 167: Line 198:
}}
}}


== Population-based studies ==
== Circumcision does not prevent HIV infection ==


Two separate very-large-scale population based studies found no relationship between circumcision status and the risk of contracting [[HIV]] infection:
=== Population-based studies ===
{{Population-based studies}}
{{Population-based studies}}
===Two African surveys===
The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.
French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men.
In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:
<blockquote>
In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michel
|init=M
|author-link=Michel Garenne
|title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho
|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/
|date=2022-04-04
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|volume=online ahead of print
|pages=1-16
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153
|pubmedID=35373731
|accessdate=2022-11-07
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:
<blockquote>
"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michael
|init=M
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|location=
|date=2022-10-26
|season=
|volume=
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=1-13
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=36286328
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414
|accessdate=2022-11-07
}}</ref></blockquote>


== Criticism ==
== Criticism ==
Retrieved from "https://en.intactiwiki.org/wiki/USAID"