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[[File:Breastfeeding.jpg|thumb|Breastfeeding a newborn baby at the mother's breast, which is swollen due to milk production. The baby is held in such a way that it can continue to breathe through the nose.]]
'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' and human milk are the normative standards for infant feeding and nutrition for the first six months of life according to the [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] and the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]].<ref name="cps2013">{{REFjournal
'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' and human milk are the normative standards for infant feeding and nutrition for the first six months of life according to the [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] and the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]].<ref name="cps2013">{{REFjournal
  |last=Critch
  |last=Critch
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  |DOI=10.1542/peds.2022-057988
  |DOI=10.1542/peds.2022-057988
  |accessdate=2022-12-06
  |accessdate=2022-12-06
}}</ref> Human milk should be the sole source of nutrition for the first six months, however the [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] (2013) and the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (2022) recommended supplementation with Vitamin D.<ref name="cps2013"/><ref name="aap2022"/> Complementary foods are introduced at about six months of age, but breastfeeding should continue.<ref name="cps2013"/><ref name="aap2022"/>
}}</ref> Human milk should be the sole source of nutrition for the first six months, however the [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] (2013) and the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (2022) recommended supplementation with Vitamin D.<ref name="cps2013"/><ref name="aap2022"/> Complementary foods are introduced at about six months of age, but breastfeeding should continue.<ref name="cps2013"/><ref name="aap2022"/>


The [[WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] recommend recommend that children initiate breastfeeding within the first hour of birth and be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life — meaning no other foods or liquids are provided, including water. Infants should be breastfed on demand — that is as often as the child wants, day and night. No bottles, teats or pacifiers should be used. From the age of 6 months, children should begin eating safe and adequate complementary foods while continuing to breastfeed for up to 2 years and beyond.<ref>{{REFweb
The [[WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] recommend recommend that children initiate breastfeeding within the first hour of birth and be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life — meaning no other foods or liquids are provided, including water. Infants should be breastfed on demand — that is as often as the child wants, day and night. No bottles, teats or pacifiers should be used. From the age of 6 months, children should begin eating safe and adequate complementary foods while continuing to breastfeed for up to 2 years and beyond.<ref>{{REFweb
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}}</ref>  
}}</ref>  


Noble et al. (2019) reported:
Tan et al. (2019) reported:
 
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
Early circumcision, within the first 3 days of life, may have a negative effect on the duration of breastfeeding. In our study, circumcised male infants had more than 4 fewer weeks of breastfeeding than their sibling controls. It may be beneficial to delay circumcision till after breastfeeding is properly established.<ref>{{REFjournal
Early circumcision, within the first 3 days of life, may have a negative effect on the duration of breastfeeding. In our study, circumcised male infants had more than 4 fewer weeks of breastfeeding than their sibling controls. It may be beneficial to delay circumcision till after breastfeeding is properly established.<ref name="tan2024">{{REFjournal
  |last=Noble
  |last=Tan
  |first=
  |first=
  |init=L
  |init=A
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |last2=Eventov-Friedman
  |last2=Noble
  |first2=
  |first2=
  |init2=S
  |init2=L
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |last3=Hand
  |last3=Jain
  |first3=
  |first3=
  |init3=I
  |init3=S
  |author3-link=
  |author3-link=
  |last4=Meerkin
  |last4=Shajan
  |first4=
  |first4=
  |init4=D
  |init4=A
  |author4-link=
  |author4-link=
  |last5=Gorodetsky
  |last5=Craik
  |first5=
  |first5=
  |init5=O
  |init5=D
  |author5-link=
  |author5-link=
|last6=Noble
|first6=
|init6=L
|author6-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
  |title=Breastfeeding Intensity and Exclusivity of Early Term Infants at Birth and 1 Month
  |title=The Effect of Early Circumcision on Breastfeeding Duration Using Sibling Comparisons
  |trans-title=
  |trans-title=
  |language=
  |language=
  |journal=Breastfeed Med
  |journal=Pediatrics
  |location=
  |location=
  |date=2019-07
  |date=2019-08
  |volume=14
  |volume=144
  |issue=6
  |issue=2
  |article=
  |article=2_MeetingAbstract): 273
|page=
  |pages=
  |pages=398-406
  |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/144/2_MeetingAbstract/273/3356/The-Effect-of-Early-Circumcision-on-Breastfeeding
  |url=
  |archived=
  |archived=
  |quote=
  |quote=
|pubmedID=30990328
  |DOI=10.1542/peds.144.2MA3.273
  |DOI=10.1089/bfm.2018.0260
  |accessdate=2024-07-21
  |accessdate=2024-07-21
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] reported that more than 80 percent of American mothers breastfeed, which makes breastfeeding the cultural norm in the [[United States]].<ref name="aap2022"/>
The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] reported that more than 80 percent of American mothers breastfeed, which makes breastfeeding the cultural norm in the [[United States]].<ref name="aap2022"/>


== Benefits of breastfeeding ==
== Benefits of breastfeeding ==
The advahtages of breastfeeding have long been known. [[James Calvert Spence]] (1938) reported the benefits to the health and welfare of the infant.<ref name="spence1938">{{REFjournal
The advantages of breastfeeding have long been known. [[James Calvert Spence]] (1938) reported the benefits to the health and welfare of the infant.<ref name="spence1938">{{REFjournal
  |last=Spence
  |last=Spence
  |first=
  |first=
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The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] reported that, as compared with formula feeding, breastfeeding reduces [[SIDS|sudden infant death syndrome]] (SIDS), infant and neonatal mortality, lower respiratory tract infection, severe or persistent diarrhea, otitis media, asthma, eczema, Crohn's disease, colitis, childhood and adult obesity, diabetes, and leukemia.<ref name="aap2022" />
The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] reported that, as compared with formula feeding, breastfeeding reduces [[SIDS|sudden infant death syndrome]] (SIDS), infant and neonatal mortality, lower respiratory tract infection, severe or persistent diarrhea, otitis media, asthma, eczema, Crohn's disease, colitis, childhood and adult obesity, diabetes, and leukemia.<ref name="aap2022" />


In infancy, simple sugars in breast milk, like antibacterial oligosaccharides, are acquired from the mother's milk and excreted in [[urine]]. University studies have shown that these substances cling to the [[mucosa]]l lining of the inner foreskin and protect against urinary tract infections,<ref>Hanson LA, Karlsson B, Jalil F, et al. Antiviral and antibacterial factors in human milk. In: Hanson LA, ed. ''Biology of Human Milk''. New York Raven Press; 1988. pp. 141-57</ref> as well as [[infection]] in other parts of the body.<ref>Coppa GV, Gabrielli O, Giorgi P, Catassi C, Montanari MP, Veraldo PE, Nichols BL. Preliminary study of breast feeding and bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells. ''Lancet'' 1990 Mar 10;335(8689):569-71.</ref> Babies excrete in their [[urine]] about 300-500 milligrams of oligosaccharides each day. These compounds prevent virulent strains of ''Escherichia coli'' from adhering to the [[mucosa]] lining of the entire urinary tract, including the [[foreskin]] and [[glans]]. For these reasons breast-milk is highly efficacious at preventing [[UTI]].<ref>Gothefors L, Olling S, Winberg J. Breastfeeding and biological properties of faecal ''E. coli'' strains. ''Acta Paediatr Scand'' 1975 Nov;54(6):807-12.</ref> Rigorous studies have repeatedly demonstrated that breast feeding protects against urinary tract infections.<ref>Mårild S. Breastfeeding and Urinary Tract Infections. ''Lancet'' 1990;336:942.</ref> <ref>Pisacane A, et al. Breastfeeding and urinary tract infection. ''The Lancet'', July 7, 1990, p50 </ref> <ref>Pisacane A, Graziano L, Mazzarella G, et al. Breast-feeding and urinary tract infection. ''J Pediatr'' 1992;120:87-89.</ref>
In infancy, simple sugars in breast milk, like antibacterial oligosaccharides, are acquired from the mother's milk and excreted in [[urine]]. University studies have shown that these substances cling to the [[mucosa]]l lining of the inner foreskin and protect against urinary tract infections,<ref>{{REFbook
|last=Hanson
|init=LA
|last2=Karlsson
|init2=B
|last3=Jalil
|init3=F
|etal=yes
|chapter=Antiviral and antibacterial factors in human milk
|editor=Hanson LA
|title=Biology of Human Milk
|location=New York
|publisher=Raven Press
|year=1988
|pages=141-57
}}</ref> as well as [[infection]] in other parts of the body.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Coppa
|init=GV
|last2=Gabrielli
|init2=O
|last3=Giorgi
|init3=P
|last4=Catassi
|init4=C
|last5=Montanari
|init5=MP
|last6=Veraldo
|init6=PE
|last7=Nichols
|init7=BL
|title=Preliminary study of breast feeding and bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells
|journal=Lancet
|date=1990-03-10
|volume=335
|issue=8689
|pages=569-71
}}</ref> Babies excrete in their [[urine]] about 300-500 milligrams of oligosaccharides each day. These compounds prevent virulent strains of ''Escherichia coli'' from adhering to the [[mucosa]] lining of the entire urinary tract, including the [[foreskin]] and [[glans]]. For these reasons breast-milk is highly efficacious at preventing [[UTI]].<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Gothefors
|init=L
|last2=Olling
|init2=S
|last3=Winberg
|init3=J
|title=Breastfeeding and biological properties of faecal ''E. coli'' strains
|journal=Acta Paediatr Scand
|date=1975-11
|volume=54
|issue=6
|pages=807-12
}}</ref> Rigorous studies have repeatedly demonstrated that breast feeding protects against urinary tract infections.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Mårild
|init=S
|title=Breastfeeding and Urinary tract Infections
|journal=Lancet
|date=1990
|volume=336
|page=942
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Pisacane
|init=A
|etal=yes
|title=Breastfeeding and urinary tract infection
|journal=Lancet
|date=1990-07-07
|page=50
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Pisacane
|init=A
|last2=Graziano
|init2=L
|last3=Mazzarella
|init3=G
|etal=yes
|title=Breast-feeding and urinary tract infection
|journal=J Pediatr
|date=1992
|volume=120
|pages=87-89
}}</ref>


== Contraindications to breastfeeding ==
== Contraindications to breastfeeding ==
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  |DOI=10.1542/peds.108.3.793  
  |DOI=10.1542/peds.108.3.793  
  |accessdate=2022-12-08
  |accessdate=2022-12-08
}}</ref> [[Circumcised]] boys will be very uncomfortable and fussy when compared with [[intact]] boys and girls.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://thewholetruth.data.blog/2025/06/25/fussy-boys-calm-girls-how-circumcision-distorts-our-view-of-gender-behavior/
|title=Fussy Boys & Calm Girls: How Circumcision Distorts Our View of Gender Behavior
|last=Barrett
|first=
|init=JL
|author-link=
|publisher=The Whole Truth
|date=2025-06-25
|accessdate=2025-06-26
}}</ref> The newborn infant boy is left in a debilitated state in which he may be unable to initiate breastfeeding,<ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref> The newborn infant boy is left in a debilitated state in which he may be unable to initiate breastfeeding,<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Lee
  |last=Lee
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  |accessdate=2023-12-16
  |accessdate=2023-12-16
}}</ref> and is not recommended by any medical society in the world, while breastfeeding has numerous health benefits and is recommended world-wide.
}}</ref> and is not recommended by any medical society in the world, while breastfeeding has numerous health benefits and is recommended world-wide.
{{SEEALSO}}
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Immunological protection of breastfeeding]]
* [[Immunological protection of breastfeeding]]
* [[La Leche League International]]
* [[La Leche League International]]
* [[Protection of intact newborns in hospital]]
* [[Protection of intact newborns in hospital]]
{{LINKS}}
{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
* {{REFweb
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  |date=1994-09
  |date=1994-09
  |accessdate=2022-12-09
  |accessdate=2022-12-09
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/birth/
|title=Effects of circumcision on breastfeeding, maternal bonding, and child development
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Circumcision Reference Library
|date=2013
|accessdate=2025-04-26
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.academia.edu/19713609/Breastfeeding_Interference_from_Circumcision
|title=Breastfeeding Interference from Circumcision
|last=Bollinger
|first=
|init=D
|author-link=
|publisher=[[Intact America]]
|date=2015-12-17
|accessdate=2024-08-23
}}
}}
* {{REFweb
* {{REFweb
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  |date=2020-08
  |date=2020-08
  |accessdate=2022-12-06
  |accessdate=2022-12-06
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://www.savingsons.org/2016/08/breastfeeding-and-circumcision-resources.html
|title=Breastfeeding and Circumcision Resources
|publisher=Breastfeeding and Circumcision Resources
|date=2022
|website=[[Saving Our Sons]]
|accessdate=2024-09-04
}}
}}
* {{REFweb
* {{REFweb
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  |url=https://www.yourwholebaby.org/search?q=breastfeeding
  |url=https://www.yourwholebaby.org/search?q=breastfeeding
  |title=Breastfeeding Index
  |title=Breastfeeding Index
  |publisher=Your Whole Baby
  |publisher=[[Your Whole Baby]]
  |date=
  |date=
  |accessdate=2022-12-11
  |accessdate=2022-12-11
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  |url=http://www.drmomma.org/2020/09/babys-breastfeeding-pattern.html
  |url=http://www.drmomma.org/2020/09/babys-breastfeeding-pattern.html
  |title=Baby's Breastfeeding Pattern  
  |title=Baby's Breastfeeding Pattern  
  |publisher=Peaceful Parenting
|publisher=[[Peaceful parenting]]
  |date=
  |date=
  |accessdate=2022-12-11
  |accessdate=2022-12-11
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-impact-early-bonding-between-mother-child/
|title=How Circumcision Affects the Early Bonding Process Between Mother and Child
|last=Alissa
|first=K
|init=
|author-link=Kristel Alissa
|publisher=[[Intact America]]
|date=2025-01-26
|accessdate=2025-01-28
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/breastfeeding/
|title=Breastfeeding blog
|publisher=Reddit
|accessdate=2026-02-22
}}
}}
{{REF}}
{{REF}}
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