Difference between revisions of "Breastfeeding"

From IntactiWiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(Add text and citation.)
(→‎Circumcision impairs commencement of breastfeeding: Add text and citation.)
 
(11 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
 +
[[File:Breastfeeding.jpg|thumb|Breastfeeding a newborn baby at the mother's breast, which is swollen due to milk production. The baby is held in such a way that it can continue to breathe through the nose.]]
 
'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' and human milk are the normative standards for infant feeding and nutrition for the first six months of life according to the [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] and the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]].<ref name="cps2013">{{REFjournal
 
'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' and human milk are the normative standards for infant feeding and nutrition for the first six months of life according to the [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] and the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]].<ref name="cps2013">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Critch
 
  |last=Critch
Line 50: Line 51:
 
  |DOI=10.1542/peds.2022-057988
 
  |DOI=10.1542/peds.2022-057988
 
  |accessdate=2022-12-06
 
  |accessdate=2022-12-06
−
}}</ref> Human milk should be the sole source of nutrition for the first six months, however the [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] (2013) and the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (2022) recommended supplementation with Vitamin D.<ref name="cps2013"/><ref name="aap2022"/> Complementary foods are introduced at about six months of age, but breastfeeding should continue.<ref name="cps2013"/><ref name="aap2022"/>
+
}}</ref> Human milk should be the sole source of nutrition for the first six months, however the [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] (2013) and the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (2022) recommended supplementation with Vitamin D.<ref name="cps2013"/><ref name="aap2022"/> Complementary foods are introduced at about six months of age, but breastfeeding should continue.<ref name="cps2013"/><ref name="aap2022"/>
  
 
The [[WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] recommend recommend that children initiate breastfeeding within the first hour of birth and be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life — meaning no other foods or liquids are provided, including water. Infants should be breastfed on demand — that is as often as the child wants, day and night. No bottles, teats or pacifiers should be used. From the age of 6 months, children should begin eating safe and adequate complementary foods while continuing to breastfeed for up to 2 years and beyond.<ref>{{REFweb
 
The [[WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] recommend recommend that children initiate breastfeeding within the first hour of birth and be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life — meaning no other foods or liquids are provided, including water. Infants should be breastfed on demand — that is as often as the child wants, day and night. No bottles, teats or pacifiers should be used. From the age of 6 months, children should begin eating safe and adequate complementary foods while continuing to breastfeed for up to 2 years and beyond.<ref>{{REFweb
Line 59: Line 60:
 
}}</ref>  
 
}}</ref>  
  
−
Noble et al. (2019) reported:
 
−
<blockquote>
 
−
Early circumcision, within the first 3 days of life, may have a negative effect on the duration of breastfeeding. In our study, circumcised male infants had more than 4 fewer weeks of breastfeeding than their sibling controls. It may be beneficial to delay circumcision till after breastfeeding is properly established.<ref name="noble2024">{{REFjournal
 
−
|last=Noble
 
−
|first=
 
−
|init=L
 
−
|author-link=
 
−
|last2=Eventov-Friedman
 
−
|first2=
 
−
|init2=S
 
−
|author2-link=
 
−
|last3=Hand
 
−
|first3=
 
−
|init3=I
 
−
|author3-link=
 
−
|last4=Meerkin
 
−
|first4=
 
−
|init4=D
 
−
|author4-link=
 
−
|last5=Gorodetsky
 
−
|first5=
 
−
|init5=O
 
−
|author5-link=
 
−
|last6=Noble
 
−
|first6=
 
−
|init6=L
 
−
|author6-link=
 
−
|etal=no
 
−
|title=Breastfeeding Intensity and Exclusivity of Early Term Infants at Birth and 1 Month
 
−
|trans-title=
 
−
|language=
 
−
|journal=Breastfeed Med
 
−
|location=
 
−
|date=2019-07
 
−
|volume=14
 
−
|issue=6
 
−
|article=
 
−
|page=
 
−
|pages=398-406
 
−
|url=
 
−
|archived=
 
−
|quote=
 
−
|pubmedID=30990328
 
−
|DOI=10.1089/bfm.2018.0260
 
−
|accessdate=2024-07-21
 
−
}}</ref>
 
−
</blockquote>
 
 
Tan et al. (2019) reported:
 
Tan et al. (2019) reported:
 +
 
<blockquote>
 
<blockquote>
 
Early circumcision, within the first 3 days of life, may have a negative effect on the duration of breastfeeding. In our study, circumcised male infants had more than 4 fewer weeks of breastfeeding than their sibling controls. It may be beneficial to delay circumcision till after breastfeeding is properly established.<ref name="tan2024">{{REFjournal
 
Early circumcision, within the first 3 days of life, may have a negative effect on the duration of breastfeeding. In our study, circumcised male infants had more than 4 fewer weeks of breastfeeding than their sibling controls. It may be beneficial to delay circumcision till after breastfeeding is properly established.<ref name="tan2024">{{REFjournal
Line 147: Line 102:
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
 
</blockquote>
 
</blockquote>
 +
 
The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] reported that more than 80 percent of American mothers breastfeed, which makes breastfeeding the cultural norm in the [[United States]].<ref name="aap2022"/>
 
The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] reported that more than 80 percent of American mothers breastfeed, which makes breastfeeding the cultural norm in the [[United States]].<ref name="aap2022"/>
  
 
== Benefits of breastfeeding ==
 
== Benefits of breastfeeding ==
−
The advahtages of breastfeeding have long been known. [[James Calvert Spence]] (1938) reported the benefits to the health and welfare of the infant.<ref name="spence1938">{{REFjournal
+
The advantages of breastfeeding have long been known. [[James Calvert Spence]] (1938) reported the benefits to the health and welfare of the infant.<ref name="spence1938">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Spence
 
  |last=Spence
 
  |first=
 
  |first=
Line 179: Line 135:
 
The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] reported that, as compared with formula feeding, breastfeeding reduces [[SIDS|sudden infant death syndrome]] (SIDS), infant and neonatal mortality, lower respiratory tract infection, severe or persistent diarrhea, otitis media, asthma, eczema, Crohn's disease, colitis, childhood and adult obesity, diabetes, and leukemia.<ref name="aap2022" />
 
The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] reported that, as compared with formula feeding, breastfeeding reduces [[SIDS|sudden infant death syndrome]] (SIDS), infant and neonatal mortality, lower respiratory tract infection, severe or persistent diarrhea, otitis media, asthma, eczema, Crohn's disease, colitis, childhood and adult obesity, diabetes, and leukemia.<ref name="aap2022" />
  
−
In infancy, simple sugars in breast milk, like antibacterial oligosaccharides, are acquired from the mother's milk and excreted in [[urine]]. University studies have shown that these substances cling to the [[mucosa]]l lining of the inner foreskin and protect against urinary tract infections,<ref>Hanson LA, Karlsson B, Jalil F, et al. Antiviral and antibacterial factors in human milk. In: Hanson LA, ed. ''Biology of Human Milk''. New York Raven Press; 1988. pp. 141-57</ref> as well as [[infection]] in other parts of the body.<ref>Coppa GV, Gabrielli O, Giorgi P, Catassi C, Montanari MP, Veraldo PE, Nichols BL. Preliminary study of breast feeding and bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells. ''Lancet'' 1990 Mar 10;335(8689):569-71.</ref> Babies excrete in their [[urine]] about 300-500 milligrams of oligosaccharides each day. These compounds prevent virulent strains of ''Escherichia coli'' from adhering to the [[mucosa]] lining of the entire urinary tract, including the [[foreskin]] and [[glans]]. For these reasons breast-milk is highly efficacious at preventing [[UTI]].<ref>Gothefors L, Olling S, Winberg J. Breastfeeding and biological properties of faecal ''E. coli'' strains. ''Acta Paediatr Scand'' 1975 Nov;54(6):807-12.</ref> Rigorous studies have repeatedly demonstrated that breast feeding protects against urinary tract infections.<ref>Mårild S. Breastfeeding and Urinary Tract Infections. ''Lancet'' 1990;336:942.</ref> <ref>Pisacane A, et al. Breastfeeding and urinary tract infection. ''The Lancet'', July 7, 1990, p50 </ref> <ref>Pisacane A, Graziano L, Mazzarella G, et al. Breast-feeding and urinary tract infection. ''J Pediatr'' 1992;120:87-89.</ref>
+
In infancy, simple sugars in breast milk, like antibacterial oligosaccharides, are acquired from the mother's milk and excreted in [[urine]]. University studies have shown that these substances cling to the [[mucosa]]l lining of the inner foreskin and protect against urinary tract infections,<ref>{{REFbook
 +
|last=Hanson
 +
|init=LA
 +
|last2=Karlsson
 +
|init2=B
 +
|last3=Jalil
 +
|init3=F
 +
|etal=yes
 +
|chapter=Antiviral and antibacterial factors in human milk
 +
|editor=Hanson LA
 +
|title=Biology of Human Milk
 +
|location=New York
 +
|publisher=Raven Press
 +
|year=1988
 +
|pages=141-57
 +
}}</ref> as well as [[infection]] in other parts of the body.<ref>{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Coppa
 +
|init=GV
 +
|last2=Gabrielli
 +
|init2=O
 +
|last3=Giorgi
 +
|init3=P
 +
|last4=Catassi
 +
|init4=C
 +
|last5=Montanari
 +
|init5=MP
 +
|last6=Veraldo
 +
|init6=PE
 +
|last7=Nichols
 +
|init7=BL
 +
|title=Preliminary study of breast feeding and bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells
 +
|journal=Lancet
 +
|date=1990-03-10
 +
|volume=335
 +
|issue=8689
 +
|pages=569-71
 +
}}</ref> Babies excrete in their [[urine]] about 300-500 milligrams of oligosaccharides each day. These compounds prevent virulent strains of ''Escherichia coli'' from adhering to the [[mucosa]] lining of the entire urinary tract, including the [[foreskin]] and [[glans]]. For these reasons breast-milk is highly efficacious at preventing [[UTI]].<ref>{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Gothefors
 +
|init=L
 +
|last2=Olling
 +
|init2=S
 +
|last3=Winberg
 +
|init3=J
 +
|title=Breastfeeding and biological properties of faecal ''E. coli'' strains
 +
|journal=Acta Paediatr Scand
 +
|date=1975-11
 +
|volume=54
 +
|issue=6
 +
|pages=807-12
 +
}}</ref> Rigorous studies have repeatedly demonstrated that breast feeding protects against urinary tract infections.<ref>{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Mårild
 +
|init=S
 +
|title=Breastfeeding and Urinary tract Infections
 +
|journal=Lancet
 +
|date=1990
 +
|volume=336
 +
|page=942
 +
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Pisacane
 +
|init=A
 +
|etal=yes
 +
|title=Breastfeeding and urinary tract infection
 +
|journal=Lancet
 +
|date=1990-07-07
 +
|page=50
 +
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Pisacane
 +
|init=A
 +
|last2=Graziano
 +
|init2=L
 +
|last3=Mazzarella
 +
|init3=G
 +
|etal=yes
 +
|title=Breast-feeding and urinary tract infection
 +
|journal=J Pediatr
 +
|date=1992
 +
|volume=120
 +
|pages=87-89
 +
}}</ref>
  
 
== Contraindications to breastfeeding ==
 
== Contraindications to breastfeeding ==
Line 209: Line 243:
 
  |DOI=10.1542/peds.108.3.793  
 
  |DOI=10.1542/peds.108.3.793  
 
  |accessdate=2022-12-08
 
  |accessdate=2022-12-08
 +
}}</ref> [[Circumcised]] boys will be very uncomfortable and fussy when compared with [[intact]] boys and girls.<ref>{{REFweb
 +
|url=https://thewholetruth.data.blog/2025/06/25/fussy-boys-calm-girls-how-circumcision-distorts-our-view-of-gender-behavior/
 +
|title=Fussy Boys & Calm Girls: How Circumcision Distorts Our View of Gender Behavior
 +
|last=Barrett
 +
|first=
 +
|init=JL
 +
|author-link=
 +
|publisher=The Whole Truth
 +
|date=2025-06-25
 +
|accessdate=2025-06-26
 
}}</ref> The newborn infant boy is left in a debilitated state in which he may be unable to initiate breastfeeding,<ref>{{REFjournal
 
}}</ref> The newborn infant boy is left in a debilitated state in which he may be unable to initiate breastfeeding,<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Lee
 
  |last=Lee
Line 297: Line 341:
 
  |accessdate=2023-12-16
 
  |accessdate=2023-12-16
 
}}</ref> and is not recommended by any medical society in the world, while breastfeeding has numerous health benefits and is recommended world-wide.
 
}}</ref> and is not recommended by any medical society in the world, while breastfeeding has numerous health benefits and is recommended world-wide.
 +
 
{{SEEALSO}}
 
{{SEEALSO}}
 
* [[Immunological protection of breastfeeding]]
 
* [[Immunological protection of breastfeeding]]
 
* [[La Leche League International]]
 
* [[La Leche League International]]
 
* [[Protection of intact newborns in hospital]]
 
* [[Protection of intact newborns in hospital]]
 +
 
{{LINKS}}
 
{{LINKS}}
 
* {{REFweb
 
* {{REFweb
Line 308: Line 354:
 
  |date=1994-09
 
  |date=1994-09
 
  |accessdate=2022-12-09
 
  |accessdate=2022-12-09
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/birth/
 +
|title=Effects of circumcision on breastfeeding, maternal bonding, and child development
 +
|last=Anonymous
 +
|first=
 +
|init=
 +
|author-link=
 +
|publisher=Circumcision Reference Library
 +
|date=2013
 +
|accessdate=2025-04-26
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=https://www.academia.edu/19713609/Breastfeeding_Interference_from_Circumcision
 +
|title=Breastfeeding Interference from Circumcision
 +
|last=Bollinger
 +
|first=
 +
|init=D
 +
|author-link=
 +
|publisher=[[Intact America]]
 +
|date=2015-12-17
 +
|accessdate=2024-08-23
 
}}
 
}}
 
* {{REFweb
 
* {{REFweb
Line 325: Line 393:
 
  |date=2020-08
 
  |date=2020-08
 
  |accessdate=2022-12-06
 
  |accessdate=2022-12-06
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=http://www.savingsons.org/2016/08/breastfeeding-and-circumcision-resources.html
 +
|title=Breastfeeding and Circumcision Resources
 +
|publisher=Breastfeeding and Circumcision Resources
 +
|date=2022
 +
|website=[[Saving Our Sons]]
 +
|accessdate=2024-09-04
 
}}
 
}}
 
* {{REFweb
 
* {{REFweb
Line 339: Line 415:
 
  |url=https://www.yourwholebaby.org/search?q=breastfeeding
 
  |url=https://www.yourwholebaby.org/search?q=breastfeeding
 
  |title=Breastfeeding Index
 
  |title=Breastfeeding Index
−
  |publisher=Your Whole Baby
+
  |publisher=[[Your Whole Baby]]
 
  |date=
 
  |date=
 
  |accessdate=2022-12-11
 
  |accessdate=2022-12-11
Line 346: Line 422:
 
  |url=http://www.drmomma.org/2020/09/babys-breastfeeding-pattern.html
 
  |url=http://www.drmomma.org/2020/09/babys-breastfeeding-pattern.html
 
  |title=Baby's Breastfeeding Pattern  
 
  |title=Baby's Breastfeeding Pattern  
−
  |publisher=Peaceful Parenting
+
|publisher=[[Peaceful parenting]]
 
  |date=
 
  |date=
 
  |accessdate=2022-12-11
 
  |accessdate=2022-12-11
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-impact-early-bonding-between-mother-child/
 +
|title=How Circumcision Affects the Early Bonding Process Between Mother and Child
 +
|last=Alissa
 +
|first=K
 +
|init=
 +
|author-link=Kristel Alissa
 +
|publisher=[[Intact America]]
 +
|date=2025-01-26
 +
|accessdate=2025-01-28
 
}}
 
}}
 
{{REF}}
 
{{REF}}

Latest revision as of 12:53, 26 June 2025

Breastfeeding a newborn baby at the mother's breast, which is swollen due to milk production. The baby is held in such a way that it can continue to breathe through the nose.

Breastfeeding and human milk are the normative standards for infant feeding and nutrition for the first six months of life according to the Canadian Paediatric Society and the American Academy of Pediatrics.[1][2] Human milk should be the sole source of nutrition for the first six months, however the Canadian Paediatric Society (2013) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (2022) recommended supplementation with Vitamin D.[1][2] Complementary foods are introduced at about six months of age, but breastfeeding should continue.[1][2]

The WHO and UNICEF recommend recommend that children initiate breastfeeding within the first hour of birth and be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life — meaning no other foods or liquids are provided, including water. Infants should be breastfed on demand — that is as often as the child wants, day and night. No bottles, teats or pacifiers should be used. From the age of 6 months, children should begin eating safe and adequate complementary foods while continuing to breastfeed for up to 2 years and beyond.[3]

Tan et al. (2019) reported:

Early circumcision, within the first 3 days of life, may have a negative effect on the duration of breastfeeding. In our study, circumcised male infants had more than 4 fewer weeks of breastfeeding than their sibling controls. It may be beneficial to delay circumcision till after breastfeeding is properly established.[4]

The American Academy of Pediatrics reported that more than 80 percent of American mothers breastfeed, which makes breastfeeding the cultural norm in the United States.[2]

Benefits of breastfeeding

The advantages of breastfeeding have long been known. James Calvert Spence (1938) reported the benefits to the health and welfare of the infant.[5]

The Canadian Paediatric Society reported that breastfeeding is associated with "improved cognitive development."[1]

The American Academy of Pediatrics reported that, as compared with formula feeding, breastfeeding reduces sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), infant and neonatal mortality, lower respiratory tract infection, severe or persistent diarrhea, otitis media, asthma, eczema, Crohn's disease, colitis, childhood and adult obesity, diabetes, and leukemia.[2]

In infancy, simple sugars in breast milk, like antibacterial oligosaccharides, are acquired from the mother's milk and excreted in urine. University studies have shown that these substances cling to the mucosal lining of the inner foreskin and protect against urinary tract infections,[6] as well as infection in other parts of the body.[7] Babies excrete in their urine about 300-500 milligrams of oligosaccharides each day. These compounds prevent virulent strains of Escherichia coli from adhering to the mucosa lining of the entire urinary tract, including the foreskin and glans. For these reasons breast-milk is highly efficacious at preventing UTI.[8] Rigorous studies have repeatedly demonstrated that breast feeding protects against urinary tract infections.[9][10][11]

Contraindications to breastfeeding

There are certain conditions that contraindicate breastfeeding. The American Academy of Pediatrics provides a discussion of contraindications.[2]

Video

Why is breastfeeding important?

Circumcision impairs commencement of breastfeeding

Neonatal circumcision is a medically unnecessary, non-therapeutic, intensely painful surgery that is carried out just at the time when breastfeeding is being commenced. Circumcision causes extreme pain, trauma, and shock, and disturbs feeding behavior.[12] Circumcised boys will be very uncomfortable and fussy when compared with intact boys and girls.[13] The newborn infant boy is left in a debilitated state in which he may be unable to initiate breastfeeding,[14][15] which frequently results in the substution of formula feeding to the detriment of a boy's health.[16]

Parents are reminded that circumcision has no proven health benefit, produces significant trauma,[17] and is not recommended by any medical society in the world, while breastfeeding has numerous health benefits and is recommended world-wide.

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ a b c d REFjournal Critch JM. Nutrition for healthy term infants, birth to six months: An overview. Paediatr Child Health. April 2013; 18(4): 206-7. PMID. PMC. DOI. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f REFjournal Meek JY, Meek L. Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics. July 2022; 150(1): e2022057988. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  3. ↑ REFweb Breastfeeding, WHO. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  4. ↑ REFjournal Tan A, Noble L, Jain S, Shajan A, Craik D. The Effect of Early Circumcision on Breastfeeding Duration Using Sibling Comparisons. Pediatrics. August 2019; 144(2): [2_MeetingAbstract): 273]. DOI. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  5. ↑ REFjournal Spence JC. The modern decline of breastfeeding PDF. Br Med J. 8 October 1938; 2(4057): 729-33. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  6. ↑ REFbook Hanson LA, Karlsson B, Jalil F (1988): Antiviral and antibacterial factors in human milk, in: Biology of Human Milk. Hanson LA (ed.). New York: Raven Press. Pp. 141-57.
  7. ↑ REFjournal Coppa GV, Gabrielli O, Giorgi P, Catassi C, Montanari MP, Veraldo PE, Nichols BL. Preliminary study of breast feeding and bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells. Lancet. 10 March 1990; 335(8689): 569-71.
  8. ↑ REFjournal Gothefors L, Olling S, Winberg J. Breastfeeding and biological properties of faecal E. coli strains. Acta Paediatr Scand. November 1975; 54(6): 807-12.
  9. ↑ REFjournal Mårild S. Breastfeeding and Urinary tract Infections. Lancet. 1990; 336: 942.
  10. ↑ REFjournal Pisacane A, et al. Breastfeeding and urinary tract infection. Lancet. 7 July 1990; : 50.
  11. ↑ REFjournal Pisacane A, Graziano L, Mazzarella G, et al. Breast-feeding and urinary tract infection. J Pediatr. 1992; 120: 87-89.
  12. ↑ REFjournal American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health; Task Force on Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. The Assessment and Management of Acute Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents (0793). Pediatrics. September 2002; 108(3): 793-7. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  13. ↑ REFweb Barrett JL (25 June 2025). Fussy Boys & Calm Girls: How Circumcision Distorts Our View of Gender Behavior, The Whole Truth. Retrieved 26 June 2025.
  14. ↑ REFjournal Lee N. Circumcision and Breastfeeding. J Hum Lact. 2000; 16(4): 295. PMID. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  15. ↑ REFjournal Caplan L. Circumcision and Breastfeeding: A Response to Nikki Lee's Letter. J Hum Lact. 2001; 17(1): 7. PMID. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  16. ↑ REFjournal Hill G. Breastfeeding must be given priority over circumcision. J Hum Lact. February 2003; 19(1): 21. PMID. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  17. ↑ REFjournal Aydoğlu B, Aydoğlu M, Okur MH. Social and psychological effects of circumcision: A narrative review PDF. Journal of Applied Nursing and Health. December 2022; 4(2): 264-71. DOI. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
Retrieved from "https://en.intactiwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Breastfeeding&oldid=42579"