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The foreskin is highly vascularized.  The high rate of blood flow helps to prevent infection.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998"/>
The foreskin is highly vascularized.  The high rate of blood flow helps to prevent infection.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998"/>


Although claims have been made that the presence of the foreskin increases the risk of infection with [[Circumcision and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)| human immune deficiency virus]] (HIV), that is not correct. The claims are based on the reported findings of three randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that were carried out more than a decade ago in Africa. Boyle & Hill (2011) have shown these RCTs to be have significant methodological flaws and statistical errors that render their claims invalid.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{REFjournal
Although claims have been made that the presence of the foreskin increases the risk of infection with [[Circumcision and HIV|human immune deficiency virus]] (HIV), that is not correct. The claims are based on the reported findings of three randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that were carried out more than a decade ago in Africa. Boyle & Hill (2011) have shown these RCTs to be have significant methodological flaws and statistical errors that render their claims invalid.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{REFjournal
  |last=Boyle
  |last=Boyle
  |first=Gregory J.
  |first=Gregory J.
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