Preputial sac: Difference between revisions

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}}</ref> Moistness also may be maintained by [[transudation]].<ref name="cold-taylor1999" /> The preputial sac may also receive [[pre-ejaculate]].

A longer prepuce helps to keep out contaminants and pathogens. Lakshmanan & Parkash (1980) described the muscle fibers in the [[prepuce]] (known as the [[dartos]]), which contract to keep the prepuce snugly close to the [[glans penis]]~~. The muscle fibers form a whorl at the tip to keep the tip of the [[foreskin]] and keep the preputial sac closed against the outside world and contamination~~.<ref>{{REFjournal

A longer prepuce helps to keep out contaminants and pathogens. Lakshmanan & Parkash (1980) described the muscle fibers in the [[prepuce]] (known as the [[dartos]]), which contract to keep the prepuce snugly close to the [[glans penis]].<ref>{{REFjournal

|last=Lakshmanan

|first=

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|DOI=

|accessdate=

}}</ref>

}}</ref> The muscle fibers form a whorl at the tip to keep the tip of the [[foreskin]] and keep the preputial sac closed against the outside world and contamination.<ref name="fleiss1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref>

Cold & Taylor (1999) described a healthy microbiome that lives within the preputial sac.<ref name="cold-taylor1999" /> They also reported that Langerhans cells are found in the mucosa of the preputial sac. [[Langerhans cells]] are part of the immunological defenses of the [[penis]]. De Witte et al. (2007) reported that Langerhans cells produce a substance named ''langerin''. The langerin offers protection against HIV infection:

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}}</ref>

Fleiss, Hodges & Van Howe (1998) reported the presence of cathepsin B, lysosyme, chymotrypsin, neutrophil elastase, and cytokine in the sub-preputial moisture. These substances have a destructive lytic effect on pathogens and make the preputial sac a trap for disease-causing organisms.<ref name="fleiss1998"~~>{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}<~~/~~ref~~>

Fleiss, Hodges & Van Howe (1998) reported the presence of cathepsin B, lysosyme, chymotrypsin, neutrophil elastase, and cytokine in the sub-preputial moisture. These substances have a destructive lytic effect on pathogens and make the preputial sac a trap for disease-causing organisms.<ref name="fleiss1998" />

The presence of the healthy microbiome, the [[Langerhans cells]], and the lytics in the sub-preputial moisture give the preputial sac strong immunological functions. [[Circumcision]] destroys the preputial sac and its protective immunological functions and makes the patient more vulnerable to [[infection]] throughout life.<ref name="fleiss1998" />

One frequently hears the advice to wash the preputial ~~cavity~~ at least daily to prevent [[infection]]. This advice is outmoded.<ref name="~~birley1993~~" /> <ref name="~~fleiss1998~~" /> Washing may introduce pathogens into the preputial cavity. It also removes the skin oil and protective lytic substances described above. It is better to wash only as necessary.

One frequently hears the advice to wash the preputial sac at least daily to prevent [[infection]]. This advice is outmoded.<ref name="fleiss1998" /> <ref name="birley1993" /> Washing may introduce pathogens into the preputial cavity. It also removes the skin oil and protective lytic substances described above. It is better to wash only as necessary.

If the [[foreskin]] is non-retractable, then a rubber-bulb ear syringe may be used to squirt warm water into the [[foreskin]] to flush it out for an occasional washing. Washing is recommended before and after sex and as desired to remove accumulated [[smegma]].

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 }}</ref> Moistness also may be maintained by [[transudation]].<ref name="cold-taylor1999" /> The preputial sac may also receive [[pre-ejaculate]].
-A longer prepuce helps to keep out contaminants and pathogens. Lakshmanan & Parkash (1980) described the muscle fibers in the [[prepuce]] (known as the [[dartos]]), which contract to keep the prepuce snugly close to the [[glans penis]]. The muscle fibers form a whorl at the tip to keep the tip of the [[foreskin]] and keep the preputial sac closed against the outside world and contamination.<ref>{{REFjournal
+A longer prepuce helps to keep out contaminants and pathogens. Lakshmanan & Parkash (1980) described the muscle fibers in the [[prepuce]] (known as the [[dartos]]), which contract to keep the prepuce snugly close to the [[glans penis]].<ref>{{REFjournal
   |last=Lakshmanan
   |first=
@@ Line 155: / Line 155: @@
   |DOI=
   |accessdate=
-}}</ref>
+}}</ref> The muscle fibers form a whorl at the tip to keep the tip of the [[foreskin]] and keep the preputial sac closed against the outside world and contamination.<ref name="fleiss1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref>
 Cold & Taylor (1999) described a healthy microbiome that lives within the preputial sac.<ref name="cold-taylor1999" /> They also reported that Langerhans cells are found in the mucosa of the preputial sac. [[Langerhans cells]] are part of the immunological defenses of the [[penis]]. De Witte et al. (2007) reported that Langerhans cells produce a substance named ''langerin''. The langerin offers protection against HIV infection:
@@ Line 202: / Line 202: @@
 }}</ref>
-Fleiss, Hodges & Van Howe (1998) reported the presence of cathepsin B, lysosyme, chymotrypsin, neutrophil elastase, and cytokine in the sub-preputial moisture. These substances have a destructive lytic effect on pathogens and make the preputial sac a trap for disease-causing organisms.<ref name="fleiss1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref>
+Fleiss, Hodges & Van Howe (1998) reported the presence of cathepsin B, lysosyme, chymotrypsin, neutrophil elastase, and cytokine in the sub-preputial moisture. These substances have a destructive lytic effect on pathogens and make the preputial sac a trap for disease-causing organisms.<ref name="fleiss1998" />
 The presence of the healthy microbiome, the [[Langerhans cells]], and the lytics in the sub-preputial moisture give the preputial sac strong immunological functions. [[Circumcision]] destroys the preputial sac and its protective immunological functions and makes the patient more vulnerable to [[infection]] throughout life.<ref name="fleiss1998" />
-One frequently hears the advice to wash the preputial cavity at least daily to prevent [[infection]]. This advice is outmoded.<ref name="birley1993" /> <ref name="fleiss1998" /> Washing may introduce pathogens into the preputial cavity. It also removes the skin oil and protective lytic substances described above. It is better to wash only as necessary.
+One frequently hears the advice to wash the preputial sac at least daily to prevent [[infection]]. This advice is outmoded.<ref name="fleiss1998" /> <ref name="birley1993" /> Washing may introduce pathogens into the preputial cavity. It also removes the skin oil and protective lytic substances described above. It is better to wash only as necessary.
 If the [[foreskin]] is non-retractable, then a rubber-bulb ear syringe may be used to squirt warm water into the [[foreskin]] to flush it out for an occasional washing. Washing is recommended before and after sex and as desired to remove accumulated [[smegma]].