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The '''Fifth International Symposium''' convened at the [http://www.ox.ac.uk/ University of Oxford], Oxford, England, United Kingdom on 5-7 August 1998.
The '''Fifth International Symposium''' convened at the {{UNI|University of Oxford|Oxon}}, Oxford, England, United Kingdom on 5-7 August 1998.


==Proceedings==
== Proceedings ==
=== Section 1. Keynote Address ===
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_1 Evolutionary Cultural Ethics and Circumcision of Children]
: — N. Toubia


Section 1. Keynote Address<br>
=== Section 2. The Anatomy, Physiology, and Histology of the Human Prepuce ===
Evolutionary Cultural Ethics and Circumcision of Children<br>
* [https://www.coloradonocirc.org/files/handouts/Anatomy_and_Physiology.pdf Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Penis]
— N. Toubia
: — S. Scott
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_3 Anatomy and Histology of the Penile and Clitoral Prepuce in Primates: Evolutionary Perspective of Specialized Sensory Tissue of the External Genitalia]
: — C. J. Cold and [[Ken McGrath|K. A. McGrath]]
* [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=U0EyBwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA31&ots=wANGDtjbEh&sig=7jojvzTJetGcxP7S8Qz2OaXYpFw#v=onepage&q&f=false Significance and Function of Preputial Langerhans Cells]
: — G. L. Williams


Section 2. The Anatomy, Physiology, and Histology of the Human Prepuce<br>
=== Section 3. Current Research on Circumcision and Phimosis ===
Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Penis<br>
* [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=U0EyBwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA37&ots=wANGDtk4zk&sig=uqGUAkePGUNJP471GN_FcTOnWg8#v=onepage&q&f=false The History of Phimosis from Antiquity to the Present]
— S. Scott<br>
: — [[Frederick M. Hodges|F. M. Hodges]]
* Diagnosis and Treatment of Phimosis
: — S. C. Donnell
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_7 Anaesthesia for Circumcision: A Review of the Literature]
: — [[Robert S. Van Howe|R. S. Van Howe]]
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_8 Neonatal Circumcision and HIV Infection]
: — [[Robert S. Van Howe|R. S. Van Howe]]


Anatomy and Histology of the Penile and Clitoral Prepuce in Primates: Evolutionary Perspective of Specialized Sensory Tissue of the External Genitalia<br>
=== Section 4. Genital Mutilation: Religious and Cultural Considerations ===
— C. J. Cold and K. A. McGrath<br>
* Muslims’ Genitalia in the Hands of the Clergy: Religious Arguments about Male and Female Circumcision
Significance and Function of Preputial Langerhans Cells<br>
: — [[Sami Aldeeb|S. A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlich]]
— G. L. Williams
* Evangelical Christianity and Its Relation to Infant Male Circumcision
: — [[Jim Bigelow|J. D. Bigelow]]
* [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ljZZ9ZvD_kQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA179&ots=GA2LgxOJFe&sig=J1NIElSagB7I9Dj5jC05K_v3Cy4#v=onepage&q&f=false A Jewish Perspective on Circumcision]
: — [[Jenny Goodman|J. Goodman]]
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_12 Circumcision: An African Point of View]
: — G. B. Tangwa
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_13 Unifying Language: Religious and Cultural Considerations]
: — J. P. Baker


Section 3. Current Research on Circumcision and Phimosis<br>
=== Section 5. Psychological Aspects of Genital Mutilation ===
The History of Phimosis from Antiquity to the Present<br>
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_14 Motivations for Modifications of the Human Body]
— F. M. Hodges<br>
: — G. Zwang
Diagnosis and Treatment of Phimosis<br>
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_15 Psychoanalysis of Circumcision]
— S. C. Donnell<br>
: — M. Tractenberg
Anaesthesia for Circumcision: A Review of the Literature<br>
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_16 Post Trumatic Stress Disorder After Genital Medical Procedures]
— R. S. Van Howe<br>
: — J. Menage
Neonatal Circumcision and HIV Infection<br>
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_17 Tyranny of the Victims: An Analysis of Circumcision Advocacy]
— R. S. Van Howe<br><br>
: — [[George C. Denniston|G. C. Denniston]]
* Epidemiological, Medical, Legal, and Psychological Aspects of Mutilated/At-Risk Girls in Italy: A Bioethical Focus
: — [[Pia Grassivaro Gallo|P. Grassivaro Gallo]], L. Araldi, [[Franco Viviani|F. Viviani]], and R. Gaddini
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_19 Circumcision in America in 1998: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Charges of American Physicians]
: — [[Christopher Fletcher|C. R. Fletcher]]
* Facing Circumcision: Eight Physicians Tell Their Stories
: — [[Betty Katz Sperlich|B. Katz Sperlich]] and [[Mary Conant|M. Conant]]
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_21 Neonatal Circumcision from a Primal Health Research Perspective]
: — M. Odent
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_22 Celebrating Phallos: Healing Men and Culture]
: — J. Zoske


Section 4. Genital Mutilation: Religious and Cultural Considerations<br>
=== Section 6. Foreskin Restoration: Historical and Contemporary Considerations ===
Muslims’ Genitalia in the Hands of the Clergy: Religious Arguments about Male and Femle Circumcision<br>
* [http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/schultheiss/ The History of Foreskin Restoration]
— S. A. Aldeeb Abu- Sahlich<br>
: — D. Schultheiss
Evangelical Christianity and Its Relation to Infant Male Circumcision<br>
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_24 Current Practices in Foreskin Restoration: The State of Affairs in the United States, and Results of a Survey of Restoring Men]
— J. D. Bigelow<br>
: — R. W. Griffiths
A Jewish Perspective on Circumcision
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_25 Foreskin Restoration (Circumcision Reversal)]
— J. Goodman<br>
: — [[John Warren|J. P. Warren]]
Circumcision: An African Point of View<br>
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_26 The Man Behind Restoration]
— G. B. Tangwa<br>
: — M. M. Lander
Unifying Language: Religious and Cultural Considerations<br>
— J. P. Baker<br><br>


Section 5. Psychological Aspects of Genital Mutilation<br>
=== Section 7. The World-Wide Campaign to End Genital Mutilation ===
Motivations for Modifications of the Human Body<br>
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_27 A Comprehensive Approach for Communication about Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt]
— G. Zwang<br>
: — [[Sami Aldeeb|S. Abd el Salam]]
Psychoanalysis of Circumcision<br>
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_28 The History of Circumcision in the United States: A Physician’s Perspective]
— M. Tractenberg<br>
: — [[Morris L. Sorrells|M. L. Sorrells]]
Post Trumatic Stress Disorder After Genital Medical Procedures<br>
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_29 Genital Mutilation in Ireland: A Public Health and Human Rights Report]
— J. Menage<br>
: — L. Massie
Tyranny of the Victims: An Analysis of Circumcision Advocacy<br>
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_30 Challenges to Circumcision in Israel: The Israeli Association Against Genital Mutilation]
— G. C. Denniston<br>
: — A. Zoossmann-Diskin and R. Blustein
Epidemiological, Medical, Legal, and Psychological Aspects of Mutilated/At-Risk Girls in Italy: A Bioethical Focus<br>
* {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_31 Activism on the World Wide Web: The Role of the Internet in the Dissemination of Circumcision-Related Information]
— P. Grassivaro Gallo, L. Araldi, F. Viviani, and R. Gaddini<br>
: — M. M. Sarkis
Circumcision in America in 1998: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Charges of American Physicians<br>
— C. R. Fletcher<br>
Facing Circumcision: Eight Physicians Tell Their Stories<br>
— B. Katz Sperlich and M. Conant<br>
Neonatal from a Primal Health Research Perspective<br>
— M. Odent<br>
Celebrating Phallos: Healing Men and Culture<br>
— J. Zoske<br><br>


Section 6. Foreskin Restoration: Historical and Contemporary Considerations<br>
=== Section 8. Current Problems in Medical Publications ===
The History of Foreskin Restoration<br>
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_32 Peer-Review Bias Regarding Circumcision in American Medical Publishing: Subverting the Dominant Paradigm]
— D. Schultheiss<br>
: — [[Robert S. Van Howe|R. S. Van Howe]]
Current Practices in Foreskin Restoration: The State of Affairs in the United States, and Results of a Survey of Restoring Men<br>
* [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ljZZ9ZvD_kQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA379&ots=GA2KpzMECk&sig=jFqDYQhV0sqAWil6LDZWXnQdJO8#v=onepage&q&f=false An Analysis of Bias Regarding Circumcision in American Medical Literature]
— R. W. Griffiths<br>
: — [[Paul M. Fleiss|P. M. Fleiss]]
Foreskin Restoration (Circumcision Reversal)<br>
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_34 Publication on Circumcision in the Medical Literature: The Role of an Editor]
— J. P. Warren<br>
: — H. N. Whitfield
The Man Behind Restoration<br>
— M. M. Lander<br><br>


Section 7. The World-Wide Campaign to End Genital Mutilation<br>
=== Section 9. Legal and Ethical Considerations of Genital Mutilation ===
A Comprehensive Approach for Communication about Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt<br>
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_35 Circumcision and Virtue Ethics]
— S. Abd el Salam<br>
: — M. M. Lander
The History of Circumcision in the United States: A Physician’s Perspective<br>
* [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ljZZ9ZvD_kQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA413&ots=GA2LgBUCIe&sig=0YCdCJNO5bfwL643sEza2bE7dBw#v=onepage&q&f=false Respect in the Context of Infant Male Circumcisiion: Can Ethics and Law Provide Insights?]
— M. L. Sorrells<br>
: — [[Margaret A. Somerville|M. A. Somerville]]
Genital Mutilation in Ireland: A Public Health and Human Rights Report<br>
* [http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/price2/ Male Non-Therapeutic Circumcision: The Legal and Ethical Issues]
— L. Massie<br>
: — C. Price
Challenges to Circumcision in Israel: The Israeli Association Against Genital Mutilation<br>
* [https://arclaw.org/wp-content/uploads/Svoboda-Attaining-International-Acknowledgement-of-Male-Genital-Mutilation-as-a-Human-Rights-Violation-Denniston-Hodges-Milos-Male-and-Female-Circumcision-bk-1999.pdf Attaining International Acknowledgment of Male Genital Mutilation as a Human Rights Violation, and a Written Intervention]
— A. Zoossmann-Diskin and R. Blustein<br>
: — [[J. Steven Svoboda|J. S. Svoboda]]
Activism on the World Wide Web: The Role of the Internet in the Dissemination of Circumcision-Related Information<br>
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_39 Some Thoughts on Legal Remedies]
— M. M. Sarkis<br><br>
: — [[David J. Llewellyn|D. J. Llewellyn]]
 
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_40 The Doctor as Expert Witness in United States Courts]
Section 8. Current Problems in Medical Publications<br>
: — [[James L. Snyder|J. L. Snyder]]
Peer-Review Bias Regarding Circumcision in American Medical Publishing: Subverting the Dominant Paradigm<br>
* [[MEdia:1998-08-07-The_Oxford_Declaration.pdf|The Oxford Declaration: A Call for the Prohibition of the Genital Mutilation of Children]]
— R. S. Van Howe<br>
: — [[Charles A. Bonner]]
An Analysis of Bias Regarding Circumcision in American Medical Literature<br>
— P. M. Fleiss<br>
Publication on Circumcision in the Medical Literature: The Role of an Editor<br>
— H. N. Whitfield<br><br>
 
Section 9. Legal and Ethical Considerations of Genital Mutilation<br>
Circumcision and Virtue Ethics<br>
— M. M. Lander<br>
Respect in the Context of Infant Male Circumcisiion: Can Ethics and Law Provide Insights?<br>
— M. A. Somerville<br>
Male Non-Therapeutic Circumcision: The Legal and Ethical Issues<br>
— C. Price<br>
Attaining International Acknowledgment of Male Genital Mutilation as a Human Rights Violation, and a Written Intervention<br>
— J. S. Svoboda<br>
Some Thoughts on Legal Remedies<br>
— D. J. Llewellyn<br>
The Doctor as Expert Witness in United States Courts<br>
— J. L. Snyder<br>
The Oxford Declaration: A Call for the Prohibition of the Genital Mutilatiion of Children<br>
— C. A. Bonner<br>


The proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Sexual Mutilations have been published in ''[https://www.amazon.com/s?k=Male+and+Female+Circumcision%3A+Medical%2C+Legal%2C+and+Ethical+Considerations+in+Pediatric+Practice%2C&i=stripbooks&ref=nb_sb_noss Male and Female Circumcision: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice]'', Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 1999.
The proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Sexual Mutilations have been published in ''[https://www.amazon.com/s?k=Male+and+Female+Circumcision%3A+Medical%2C+Legal%2C+and+Ethical+Considerations+in+Pediatric+Practice%2C&i=stripbooks&ref=nb_sb_noss Male and Female Circumcision: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice]'', Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 1999.
New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow (ISBN: 0-306-46131-5).
New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow (ISBN: 0-306-46131-5).


==Sponsor==
== Sponsor ==
The Symposium was sponsored by the [http://www.nocirc.org National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers].
The Symposium was sponsored by the [http://www.nocirc.org National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers].
{{SEEALSO}}
{{Template:List of International Symposiums}}


[[Category:Symposium]]
[[Category:Symposium]]
[[Category:Intactivism]]
[[Category:Intactivism]]
[[Category:Human rights]]
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