Human rights: Difference between revisions

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The practice of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]], which is rooted in antiquity, predates recorded history, and was re-instituted in the 19th century for alleged medical reasons, predates the inauguration of the human rights era in 1945. The advent of and recognition of human rights for all (including patients) has profoundly altered medical ethics and the acceptability of non-therapeutic child circumcision.

The practice of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]], which is rooted in antiquity, predates recorded history, and was re-instituted in the 19th century for alleged medical reasons, predates the inauguration of the human rights era in 1945. The advent of and recognition of human rights for all (including patients) has profoundly altered medical ethics and the acceptability of non-therapeutic child circumcision.<ref>{{REFweb

|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-crisis/

|title=The U.S. Circumcision Crisis: Why Your Support Matters

|last=Alissa

|first=Kristel

|init=

|author-link=

|publisher=Intact America

|date=2024-10-20

|accessdate=2024-10-23

}}</ref>

Children, unlike adults, possess two sets of human rights. [[UNICEF]] says:

Children, unlike adults, possess two sets of human rights.<ref>{{REFjournal

|last=Hill

|first=

|init=G

|author-link=George Hill

|title=The case against circumcision

|journal=Journal of Men's Health and Gender

|date=2007

|volume=4

|issue=3

|pages=318-23

|url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=04ace5046cc27f01b8fbe4aa359c059778983912

|quote=

|format=PDF

|accessdate=2023-10-01

}}</ref> [[UNICEF]] says:

Children and young people have the same general human rights as adults and also specific rights that recognize their special needs. Children are neither the property of their parents nor are they helpless objects of charity. They are human beings and are the subject of their own rights.<ref>{{REFweb

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}}</ref>

The General Assembly of the United Nations, acting to fulfill its obligations under the Charter, adopted the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' (UDHR) in 1948.<ref name="udhr1948">{{REFdocument

The General Assembly of the United Nations, acting to fulfill its obligations under the Charter, adopted the ''[[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]'' (UDHR) in 1948.<ref name="udhr1948">{{REFdocument

|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. res. 217A (III), U.N. Doc A/810 at 71 (1948).

|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf

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</blockquote>

==Superiority of international treaty law==

The [[ICCPR]] and the [[UN-CRC]] are multilateral international treaties and are a part of international law. Treaties are superior law to ordinary domestic law, because they contain various commitments made by each state-party. When there is a conflict between domestic law and international treaty law, the treaty law is supreme while the domestic law which is in conflict is without force or effect, or in other words, is nullified.<ref>[https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties] (1969), Article 27.</ref> Most nations are a state-party to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.

The [[ICCPR]] and the [[UN-CRC]] are multilateral international treaties and are a part of international law. Treaties are superior law to ordinary domestic law, because they contain various commitments made by each state-party. When there is a conflict between domestic law and international treaty law, the treaty law is supreme while the domestic law which is in conflict is without force or effect, or in other words, is nullified.<ref>[https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties] (1969), Article 27.</ref> Most nations are a state-party to the [https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties].

* [[UN Convention on the Rights of the Child]]

* [[Declaration of the First International Symposium on Circumcision (1989)]]

* [[https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/1998-08-07-The_Oxford_Declaration.pdf The Oxford Declaration (1998)]]

* [[Declaration of Helsinki (2012)]]

* [[Ethics of non-therapeutic child circumcision]]

* [http://semantic-pace.net/tools/pdf.~~aspx?doc~~=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL1hSZWYvWDJILURXLWV4dHIuYXNwP2ZpbGVpZD0yMDE3NCZsYW5nPUVO&xsl=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL3hzbC1mby9QZGYvWFJlZi1XRC1BVC1YTUwyUERGLnhzbA==&xsltparams=ZmlsZWlkPTIwMTc0 Children's Right to Physical Integrity (2013)], Resolution 1952 of the Council of Europe.

* [http://semantic-pace.net/tools/pdf.aspxdoc=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL1hSZWYvWDJILURXLWV4dHIuYXNwP2ZpbGVpZD0yMDE3NCZsYW5nPUVO&xsl=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL3hzbC1mby9QZGYvWFJlZi1XRC1BVC1YTUwyUERGLnhzbA==&xsltparams=ZmlsZWlkPTIwMTc0 Children's Right to Physical Integrity (2013)], Resolution 1952 of the Council of Europe.

* [[Informed consent]]

* [[Surrogate consent]]

==Video==

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[[Category:Parental information]]

[[Category:Medical ethics]]

[[Category:Law: UN]]

[[Category:Human rights]]

[[de:Menschenrechte]]

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 }}</ref>
-The practice of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]], which is rooted in antiquity, predates recorded history, and was re-instituted in the 19th century for alleged medical reasons, predates the inauguration of the human rights era in 1945. The advent of and recognition of human rights for all (including patients) has profoundly altered medical ethics and the acceptability of non-therapeutic child circumcision.
+The practice of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]], which is rooted in antiquity, predates recorded history, and was re-instituted in the 19th century for alleged medical reasons, predates the inauguration of the human rights era in 1945. The advent of and recognition of human rights for all (including patients) has profoundly altered medical ethics and the acceptability of non-therapeutic child circumcision.<ref>{{REFweb
+ |url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-crisis/
+ |title=The U.S. Circumcision Crisis: Why Your Support Matters
+ |last=Alissa
+ |first=Kristel
+ |init=
+ |author-link=
+ |publisher=Intact America
+ |date=2024-10-20
+ |accessdate=2024-10-23
+}}</ref>
-Children, unlike adults, possess two sets of human rights. [[UNICEF]] says:
+Children, unlike adults, possess two sets of human rights.<ref>{{REFjournal
+ |last=Hill
+ |first=
+ |init=G
+ |author-link=George Hill
+ |title=The case against circumcision
+ |journal=Journal of Men's Health and Gender
+ |date=2007
+ |volume=4
+ |issue=3
+ |pages=318-23
+ |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=04ace5046cc27f01b8fbe4aa359c059778983912
+ |quote=
+ |format=PDF
+ |accessdate=2023-10-01
+}}</ref> [[UNICEF]] says:
 <blockquote>
 Children and young people have the same general human rights as adults and also specific rights that recognize their special needs. Children are neither the property of their parents nor are they helpless objects of charity. They are human beings and are the subject of their own rights.<ref>{{REFweb
@@ Line 51: / Line 76: @@
 }}</ref>
-The General Assembly of the United Nations, acting to fulfill its obligations under the Charter, adopted the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' (UDHR) in 1948.<ref name="udhr1948">{{REFdocument
+The General Assembly of the United Nations, acting to fulfill its obligations under the Charter, adopted the ''[[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]'' (UDHR) in 1948.<ref name="udhr1948">{{REFdocument
   |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. res. 217A (III), U.N. Doc A/810 at 71 (1948).
   |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf
@@ Line 284: / Line 309: @@
 </blockquote>
 ==Superiority of international treaty law==
-The [[ICCPR]] and the [[UN-CRC]] are multilateral international treaties and are a part of international law. Treaties are superior law to ordinary domestic law, because they contain various commitments made by each state-party. When there is a conflict between domestic law and international treaty law, the treaty law is supreme while the domestic law which is in conflict is without force or effect, or in other words, is nullified.<ref>[https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties] (1969), Article 27.</ref> Most nations are a state-party to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.
+The [[ICCPR]] and the [[UN-CRC]] are multilateral international treaties and are a part of international law. Treaties are superior law to ordinary domestic law, because they contain various commitments made by each state-party. When there is a conflict between domestic law and international treaty law, the treaty law is supreme while the domestic law which is in conflict is without force or effect, or in other words, is nullified.<ref>[https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties] (1969), Article 27.</ref> Most nations are a state-party to the [https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties].
 {{SEEALSO}}
+* [[UN Convention on the Rights of the Child]]
 * [[Declaration of the First International Symposium on Circumcision (1989)]]
 * [[https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/1998-08-07-The_Oxford_Declaration.pdf The Oxford Declaration (1998)]]
 * [[Declaration of Helsinki (2012)]]
 * [[Ethics of non-therapeutic child circumcision]]
-* [http://semantic-pace.net/tools/pdf.aspx?doc=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL1hSZWYvWDJILURXLWV4dHIuYXNwP2ZpbGVpZD0yMDE3NCZsYW5nPUVO&xsl=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL3hzbC1mby9QZGYvWFJlZi1XRC1BVC1YTUwyUERGLnhzbA==&xsltparams=ZmlsZWlkPTIwMTc0 Children's Right to Physical Integrity (2013)], Resolution 1952 of the Council of Europe.
+* [http://semantic-pace.net/tools/pdf.aspxdoc=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL1hSZWYvWDJILURXLWV4dHIuYXNwP2ZpbGVpZD0yMDE3NCZsYW5nPUVO&xsl=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL3hzbC1mby9QZGYvWFJlZi1XRC1BVC1YTUwyUERGLnhzbA==&xsltparams=ZmlsZWlkPTIwMTc0 Children's Right to Physical Integrity (2013)], Resolution 1952 of the Council of Europe.
+* [[Informed consent]]
+* [[Surrogate consent]]
 ==Video==
@@ Line 403: / Line 430: @@
 [[Category:Parental information]]
+[[Category:Medical ethics]]
 [[Category:Law: UN]]
 [[Category:Human rights]]
 [[de:Menschenrechte]]