Difference between revisions of "Medical literature about foreskin restoration"

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(→‎Surgical foreskin restoration: Add article.)
(→‎Foreskin regeneration: Add external link.)
 
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{{Construction Site}}
 
 
This page collects and indexes '''medical literature about foreskin restoration'''. This page does not include material from ancient times.
 
This page collects and indexes '''medical literature about foreskin restoration'''. This page does not include material from ancient times.
 +
 +
{{Incomplete}}
 +
 
==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
 
Foreskin restoration may be done surgically or non-surgically by [[tissue expansion]]. Also, [[foreskin regeneration]] is under development.
 
Foreskin restoration may be done surgically or non-surgically by [[tissue expansion]]. Also, [[foreskin regeneration]] is under development.
  
−
Relatively little medical literature regarding [[foreskin restoration]] for [[circumcised]] men exists. The reasons for this are two-fold.
+
Relatively little medical literature regarding [[foreskin restoration]] for [[circumcised]] men exists. The reasons for this are two-fold:
−
* Foreskin restoration embarrasses and discredits the [[circumcision industry]] as it tries to make [[Financial incentive| as much money as it can]] from [[genital mutilation]] of boys.
+
* Foreskin restoration embarrasses and discredits the [[circumcision industry]] as it tries to make [[Financial incentive| as much money as it can]] from [[genital mutilation]] of boys.<ref name="bollinger2012">{{REFweb
−
* Most of the development of non-surgical [[foreskin restoration]] has been done by non-medical people.
+
|url=https://www.academia.edu/6442587/High_Cost_of_Circumcision_3.6_Billion_Annually
 +
|title=High Cost of Circumcision: $3.6 Billion Annually
 +
|last=Bollinger
 +
|first=Dan
 +
|author-link=Dan Bollinger
 +
|publisher=Academia
 +
|website=https://www.academia.edu
 +
|date=2012
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-21
 +
|format=
 +
|quote=As the saying goes, follow the money. Now you know why neither the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]], American Medical Association, [[American Academy of Family Physicians]], or the [[American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] haven’t condemned this unnecessary surgery, and why their physician members are quick to recommend the procedure to expectant parents.
 +
}}</ref>
 +
* Most of the development of non-surgical [[foreskin restoration]] has been done by non-medical organizations such as [[BUFF]].<ref>{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Özer
 +
|first=
 +
|init=M
 +
|author-link=
 +
|last2=Timmermans
 +
|first2=
 +
|init2=FW
 +
|author2-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=‘An insight into circumcised men seeking foreskin reconstruction: a prospective cohort study’
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|journal=Int J Impot Res
 +
|location=
 +
|date=2020-11
 +
|volume=32
 +
|issue=6
 +
|pages=611-6
 +
|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-019-0223-y
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=31896833
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=10.1038/s41443-019-0223-y
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-19
 +
}}</ref>
 +
 
 
==Surgical foreskin restoration==
 
==Surgical foreskin restoration==
−
Surgical foreskin restoration was developed earlier than non-surgical foreskin restoration.
+
[[Surgical foreskin restoration]] was developed earlier than non-surgical foreskin restoration.
 +
 
 
===Articles===
 
===Articles===
 
* {{REFjournal
 
* {{REFjournal
Line 50: Line 92:
 
  |quote=
 
  |quote=
 
  |pubmedID=14287361
 
  |pubmedID=14287361
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-13
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFjournal
 +
|last=Levin
 +
|first=
 +
|init=S
 +
|author-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=Letter: Circumcision and uncircumcision
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|journal=S Afr Med J
 +
|location=
 +
|date=1976-06-05
 +
|volume=50
 +
|issue=24
 +
|page=913
 +
|url=
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=945618
 
  |pubmedCID=
 
  |pubmedCID=
 
  |accessdate=2024-06-13
 
  |accessdate=2024-06-13
Line 78: Line 142:
 
  |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/greer1/
 
  |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/greer1/
 
  |archived=
 
  |archived=
−
  |quote=
+
  |quote=Every patient has reported the results of the operation to be pleasing and gratifying. Most have reported increased glanular sensitivity.
 
  |accessdate=2024-06-13
 
  |accessdate=2024-06-13
 
}}
 
}}
Line 102: Line 166:
 
  |pubmedCID=
 
  |pubmedCID=
 
  |DOI=10.1016/s0022-5347(17)39693-3  
 
  |DOI=10.1016/s0022-5347(17)39693-3  
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-13
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFjournal
 +
|last=Lynch
 +
|first=
 +
|init=MJ
 +
|author-link=
 +
|last2=Pryor
 +
|first2=
 +
|init2=JP
 +
|author2-link=
 +
|last3=
 +
|first3=
 +
|init3=
 +
|author3-link=
 +
|last4=
 +
|first4=
 +
|init4=
 +
|author4-link=
 +
|last5=
 +
|first5=
 +
|init5=
 +
|author5-link=
 +
|last6=
 +
|first6=
 +
|init6=
 +
|author6-link=
 +
|last7=
 +
|first7=
 +
|init7=
 +
|author7-link=
 +
|last8=
 +
|first8=
 +
|init8=
 +
|author8-link=
 +
|last9=
 +
|first9=
 +
|init9=
 +
|author9-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=Uncircumcision: a one-stage procedure
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|journal=Br J Urol
 +
|location=
 +
|date=1993-08
 +
|volume=72
 +
|issue=2
 +
|pages=257-8
 +
|url=
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=8402042
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=10.1111/j.1464-410x.1993.tb00707.x
 
  |accessdate=2024-06-13
 
  |accessdate=2024-06-13
 
}}
 
}}
Line 142: Line 261:
 
  |accessdate=2024-06-13
 
  |accessdate=2024-06-13
 
}}
 
}}
 +
* {{REFjournal
 +
|last=Brandes
 +
|first=
 +
|init=SB
 +
|author-link=
 +
|last2=Mcaninch
 +
|first2=
 +
|init2=
 +
|author2-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=Surgical methods of restoring the prepuce: a critical review
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|journal=BJU Int
 +
|location=
 +
|date=1999-01
 +
|volume=83 Suppl 1
 +
|pages=109-13
 +
|url=https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1109.x
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID= 10349422
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1109.x
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-13
 +
}}
 +
 +
==Non-surgical foreskin restoration==
 +
Non-surgical [[foreskin restoration]] is accomplished by stimulating [[mitosis]] in the residual tissue to cause [[tissue expansion]].
 +
===Articles===
 +
* {{REFjournal
 +
|last=Neumann
 +
|first=
 +
|init=CG
 +
|author-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=The expansion of an area of skin by progressive distention of a subcutaneous balloon; use of the method for securing skin for subtotal reconstruction of the ear
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|journal=Plastic Reconstructive Surgery
 +
|location=
 +
|date=1957-02
 +
|volume=19
 +
|issue=2
 +
|pages=124-30
 +
|url=
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID= 13419574
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=10.1097/00006534-195702000-00004
 +
|doi=
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-13
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFjournal
 +
|last=Radovan
 +
|first=
 +
|init=C
 +
|author-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=Tissue expansion in soft-tissue reconstruction
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|journal=Plast Reconstr Surg
 +
|location=
 +
|date=1984-10
 +
|volume=74
 +
|issue=4
 +
|pages=482-92
 +
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/radovan1/
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=6484035
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=10.1097/00006534-198410000-00005
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-13
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFjournal
 +
|last=Johnson
 +
|first=
 +
|init=TM
 +
|author-link=
 +
|last2=Lowe
 +
|first2=
 +
|init2=L
 +
|author2-link=
 +
|last3=Brown
 +
|first3=
 +
|init3=MD
 +
|author3-link=
 +
|last4=Sullivan
 +
|first4=
 +
|init4=MJ
 +
|author4-link=
 +
|last5=Nelson
 +
|first5=
 +
|init5=BR
 +
|author5-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=Histology and physiology of tissue expansion
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|journal=J Dermatol Surg Oncol
 +
|location=
 +
|date=1993-12
 +
|volume=19
 +
|issue=12
 +
|article=
 +
|page=
 +
|pages=1074-8
 +
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/johnson1/
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=8282904
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=10.1111/j.1524-4725.1993.tb01002.x
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-13
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFbook
 +
|last=Bigelow
 +
|first=
 +
|init=J
 +
|author-link=Jim Bigelow
 +
|year=1994, 1998
 +
|title=The Joy of Uncircumcising
 +
|url=https://www.amazon.com/The-Joy-Uncircumcising-Circumcision-Restoration/dp/093406122X
 +
|scope=
 +
|location=
 +
|publisher=Hourglass Book Publishing
 +
|ISBN=978-0934061223
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-25
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFjournal
 +
|last=Bigelow
 +
|first=Jim
 +
|init=J
 +
|author-link=Jim Bigelow
 +
|title=Uncircumcising: undoing the effects of an ancient practice in a modern world
 +
|journal=Mothering
 +
|volume=Summer
 +
|issue=
 +
|pages=121-124
 +
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/bigelow1/
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=
 +
|date=1994
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-13
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFjournal
 +
|last=Collier
 +
|first=
 +
|init=R
 +
|author-link=
 +
|etal=nno
 +
|title=Whole again: the practice of foreskin restoration
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|journal= CMAJ
 +
|location=
 +
|date=2011-12-13
 +
|volume=183
 +
|issue=18
 +
|pages=2019-23
 +
|url=https://www.cmaj.ca/content/183/18/2092.long
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=22083672
 +
|pubmedCID=3255154
 +
|DOI=10.1503/cmaj.109-4009
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-13
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFjournal
 +
|last=Zöllner
 +
|first=Alexander M.
 +
|init=AM
 +
|author-link=
 +
|last2=Tepole
 +
|init2=AB
 +
|last3=Kuhl
 +
|init3=E
 +
|title=On the biomechanics and mechanobiology of growing skin
 +
|journal=Theoretical Biology
 +
|date=2012
 +
|volume=297
 +
|pages=166-75
 +
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278515/
 +
|pubmedID=3278515
 +
|pubmedCID=22227432
 +
|DOI=10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.12.022
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-25
 +
}}</ref>
 +
* {{REFjournal
 +
|last=Özer
 +
|first=
 +
|init=M
 +
|author-link=
 +
|last2=Timmermans
 +
|first2=
 +
|init2=FW
 +
|author2-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=‘An insight into circumcised men seeking foreskin reconstruction: a prospective cohort study’
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|journal=Int J Impot Res
 +
|location=
 +
|date=2020-11
 +
|volume=32
 +
|issue=6
 +
|pages=611-6
 +
|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-019-0223-y
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=31896833
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=10.1038/s41443-019-0223-y
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-19
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFjournal
 +
|last=Timmermans
 +
|first=
 +
|init=FW
 +
|author-link=
 +
|last2=Mokken
 +
|first2=
 +
|init2=SE
 +
|author2-link=
 +
|last3=Poor Toulabi
 +
|first3=
 +
|init3=SCZ
 +
|author3-link=
 +
|etal=yes
 +
|title=A review on the history of and treatment options for foreskin reconstruction after circumcision
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|journal= Int J Impot Res
 +
|location=
 +
|date=2021-04-14
 +
|season=
 +
|volume=
 +
|issue=
 +
|article=
 +
|page=
 +
|pages=
 +
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Floyd-Timmermans/publication/350881409_A_review_on_the_history_of_and_treatment_options_for_foreskin_reconstruction_after_circumcision/links/607d5ae9881fa114b41189e1/A-review-on-the-history-of-and-treatment-options-for-foreskin-reconstruction-after-circumcision.pdf
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=Nonsurgical methods of reconstruction are rarely mentioned in literature. Nonetheless, nonsurgical methods, such as manual [[stretching]] and device-assisted tissue expansion, are commonplace among those who pursue foreskin reconstruction. Although the nonsurgical methods have yielded good results with minimal adverse effects, no proper medical research has been performed to quantify these outcomes.
 +
|pubmedID=33854205
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=10.1038/s41443-021-00438-3
 +
|format=PDF
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-13
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFjournal
 +
|last=Hammond
 +
|first=
 +
|init=T
 +
|author-link=Tim Hammond
 +
|last2=Sardi
 +
|first2=
 +
|init2=LM
 +
|author2-link=
 +
|last3=Jellison
 +
|first3=
 +
|init3=WA
 +
|author3-link=
 +
|last4=McAllister
 +
|first4=
 +
|init4=R
 +
|author4-link=
 +
|last5=Snyder
 +
|first5=
 +
|init5=B
 +
|author5-link=
 +
|last6=Fahmy
 +
|first6=
 +
|init6=MAB
 +
|author6-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=Foreskin restorers: insights into motivations, successes, challenges, and experiences with medical and mental health professionals - An abridged summary of key findings
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|journal=Int J Impot Res
 +
|location=
 +
|date=2023-05
 +
|volume=35
 +
|issue=3
 +
|pages=309-22
 +
|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-023-00686-5
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=An unknown proportion of circumcised males experience acute circumcision-related distress; some attempt to regain a sense of bodily integrity through non-surgical foreskin restoration.
 +
|pubmedID=36997741
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=10.1038/s41443-023-00686-5
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-20
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFjournal
 +
|last=Mokken
 +
|first=
 +
|init=SE
 +
|author-link=
 +
|last2=Özer
 +
|first2=
 +
|init2=M
 +
|author2-link=
 +
|last3=Timmermans
 +
|first3=
 +
|init3=FW
 +
|author3-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=Comment: Foreskin restorers: insights into motivations, successes, challenges and experiences with medical and mental health professionals
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|journal=Int J Impot Res
 +
|date=2023-05
 +
|volume=35
 +
|issue=3
 +
|article=
 +
|page=323
 +
|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-023-00693-6
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=37069438
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=10.1038/s41443-023-00693-6
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-20
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFjournal
 +
|last=Hammond
 +
|first=
 +
|init=T
 +
|author-link=Tim Hammond
 +
|last2=Sardi
 +
|first2=
 +
|init2=LM
 +
|author2-link=
 +
|last3=Jellison
 +
|first3=
 +
|init3=WA
 +
|author3-link=
 +
|last4=McAllister
 +
|first4=
 +
|init4=R
 +
|author4-link=
 +
|last5=Snyder
 +
|first5=
 +
|init5=B
 +
|author5-link=
 +
|last6=Fahmy
 +
|first6=
 +
|init6=MAB
 +
|author6-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=Correction: Foreskin restorers: insights into motivations, successes, challenges, and experiences with medical and mental health professionals - an abridged summary of key findings
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|journal=Int J Impot Res
 +
|location=
 +
|date=2024-02
 +
|season=
 +
|volume=36
 +
|issue=1
 +
|article=
 +
|page=103
 +
|pages=
 +
|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-023-00741-1
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=37500818
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=10.1038/s41443-023-00741-1
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-20
 +
}}
 +
 +
==Foreskin regeneration==
 +
[[Foreskin regeneration]] is a relatively new and experimental procedure with the application of the principles of tissue engineering to regeneration of missing foreskins, which [[Foregen]] is attempting to develop. The publications to date have been limited. The available articles report on the development of a procedure, not the actual performance of foreskin regeneration, which has not been reported as of June 2024.
 +
===Articles===
 +
* {{REFjournal
 +
|last=Purpura
 +
|first=Valeria
 +
|init=V
 +
|author-link=
 +
|last2=Bondioli
 +
|first2=Elena
 +
|init2=E
 +
|author2-link=
 +
|last3=Cunningham
 +
|first3=Eric J.
 +
|init3=EC
 +
|author3-link=
 +
|etal=yes
 +
|title=The development of a decellularized extracellular matrix–based biomaterial scaffold derived from human foreskin for the purpose of foreskin reconstruction in circumcised males
 +
|journal=J Tissue Eng
 +
|location=
 +
|date=2018-12-22
 +
|volume=
 +
|issue=
 +
|pages=
 +
|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2041731418812613
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=30622692
 +
|pubmedCID=6304708
 +
|DOI=10.1177/2041731418812613
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-13
 +
}}
 +
*{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Novotna
 +
|first=
 +
|init=O
 +
|author-link=
 +
|last2=Varchulova Novakova,
 +
|first2=
 +
|init2=Z
 +
|author2-link=
 +
|last3=Galfiova
 +
|first3=
 +
|init3=P
 +
|author3-link=
 +
|last4=Lorencova
 +
|first4=
 +
|init4=M
 +
|author4-link=
 +
|last5=Klein
 +
|first5=
 +
|init5=M
 +
|author5-link=
 +
|last6=Žiaran
 +
|first6=
 +
|init6=S
 +
|author6-link=
 +
|last7=Kuniakova
 +
|first7=
 +
|init7=M
 +
|author7-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=Decellularization techniques of human foreskin for tissue engineering application
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|journal=Physiol Res
 +
|location=
 +
|date=2023-10-27
 +
|volume=72
 +
|issue=S3
 +
|article=
 +
|page=
 +
|pages=S287-S297
 +
|url=http://www.biomed.cas.cz/physiolres/pdf/72/72_S287.pdf
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=37888972
 +
|pubmedCID=10669949
 +
|DOI=10.33549/physiolres.935185
 +
|format=PDF
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-14
 +
}}
 +
 +
{{SEEALSO}}
 +
* [[Basics of foreskin restoration]]
 +
* [[Restoration]]
 +
* [[Restored foreskin]]
 +
{{LINKS}}
 +
* {{REFjournal
 +
|last=Narvaez
 +
|init=DF
 +
|author-link=Darcia Narvaez
 +
|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/moral-landscapes/201506/practical-tips-men-distressed-their-circumcision
 +
|title=Practical Tips for Men Distressed by Their Circumcision
 +
|journal=Psychology Today
 +
|date=2015-06-21
 +
|volume=
 +
|issue=
 +
|pages=
 +
|quote=One of the (many) problems with circumcision is that circumcised men often suffer in silence, for fear of being thought weak or weird if they complain.
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-28
 +
}}
 +
 +
The [https://my.clevelandclinic.org/ Cleveland Clinic] (2023) has belatedly recognized the existence of both surgical and non-surgical foreskin restoration:
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|title=Foreskin Restoration
 +
|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/25139-foreskin-restoration
 +
|archived=
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|last=Anonymous
 +
|first=
 +
|init=
 +
|author-link=
 +
|publisher=Cleveland Clinic
 +
|website=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/
 +
|date=2023-07-23
 +
|accessdate=2024-06-21
 +
|format=
 +
|quote=Restoring your foreskin is a personal decision, and there are many reasons why you may want to do it. Most people who wish to restore their foreskin want the appearance of an uncircumcised penis. It can also make you feel good to reclaim decisions about your body.
 +
}}
 +
{{REF}}
 +
 +
 +
[[Category:Foreskin restoration]]
 +
[[Category:Foregen]]
 +
[[Category:Literature]]
 +
[[Category:Penile function]]
 +
[[Category:Physiology]]

Latest revision as of 23:53, 28 June 2024

This page collects and indexes medical literature about foreskin restoration. This page does not include material from ancient times.

Work in progress: The following information does not claim to be complete. More content will be added gradually.

Introduction

Foreskin restoration may be done surgically or non-surgically by tissue expansion. Also, foreskin regeneration is under development.

Relatively little medical literature regarding foreskin restoration for circumcised men exists. The reasons for this are two-fold:

Surgical foreskin restoration

Surgical foreskin restoration was developed earlier than non-surgical foreskin restoration.

Articles

Non-surgical foreskin restoration

Non-surgical foreskin restoration is accomplished by stimulating mitosis in the residual tissue to cause tissue expansion.

Articles

Foreskin regeneration

Foreskin regeneration is a relatively new and experimental procedure with the application of the principles of tissue engineering to regeneration of missing foreskins, which Foregen is attempting to develop. The publications to date have been limited. The available articles report on the development of a procedure, not the actual performance of foreskin regeneration, which has not been reported as of June 2024.

Articles

See also

External links

The Cleveland Clinic (2023) has belatedly recognized the existence of both surgical and non-surgical foreskin restoration:

  • REFweb Anonymous (23 July 2023). Foreskin Restoration, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/, Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
    Quote: Restoring your foreskin is a personal decision, and there are many reasons why you may want to do it. Most people who wish to restore their foreskin want the appearance of an uncircumcised penis. It can also make you feel good to reclaim decisions about your body.

References

  1. ↑ REFweb Bollinger, Dan (2012). High Cost of Circumcision: $3.6 Billion Annually, https://www.academia.edu, Academia. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
    Quote: As the saying goes, follow the money. Now you know why neither the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, American Academy of Family Physicians, or the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists haven’t condemned this unnecessary surgery, and why their physician members are quick to recommend the procedure to expectant parents.
  2. ↑ REFjournal Özer M, Timmermans FW. ‘An insight into circumcised men seeking foreskin reconstruction: a prospective cohort study’. Int J Impot Res. November 2020; 32(6): 611-6. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
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