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The term "'''Gliding action'''" is used to describe the way the foreskin moves during sexual intercourse. This mechanism was described by Lakshamanan & Prakash (1980), stating that "[t]he outer layer of the prepuce in common with the skin of the shaft of the penis glides freely in a to and fro fashion..."<ref>{{REFjournal
The term "'''Gliding action'''" is used to describe the way the [[foreskin]] moves without friction during [[sexual intercourse]].<ref name="hill2007">{{REFjournal
  | last=Lakshmanan S; Prakash S
|last=Hill
  | first=
|first=
  | coauthors=
|init=G
  | title=Human prepuce: some aspects of structure and function
|author-link=George Hill
  | journal=Indian Journal of Surgery
|title=The case against circumcision
  | volume=44
|journal=Journal of Men's Health and Gender
  | issue=
|date=2007-09
  | pages=134–137
|volume=4
  | url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/lakshmanan/
|issue=3
  | quote=The outer layer of the prepuce in common with the skin of the shaft of the penis glides freely in a to and fro fashion and has to be delicate and thin, as was observed in this study. [...] The inner lining of the projecting tubular part has the structure of the outer layer and adds to the thin gliding skin when retracted.
|pages=318-23
  | pubmedID=
|url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=04ace5046cc27f01b8fbe4aa359c059778983912
  | pubmedCID=
|quote=
  | DOI=
|format=PDF
  | date=1980
|accessdate=2023-10-02
  | accessdate=
}}</ref> The [[foreskin]] is internally lubricated with [[lymph]], so it glides frictionlessly over the shaft and [[Preputial mucosa|inner layer]] of foreskin. This mechanism was described by Lakshamanan & Prakash (1980), stating that "[t]he outer layer of the prepuce in common with the [[shaft skin|skin of the shaft]] of the [[penis]] glides freely in a to and fro fashion..."<ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref> Several people have argued that the gliding movement of the foreskin is important during sexual intercourse. Warren & Bigelow (1994) state that gliding action would help to reduce the effects of vaginal dryness and that restoration of the gliding action is an important advantage of [[foreskin restoration]].<ref name="warren-bigelow">{{REFjournal
  |last=Lakshmanan
  | last=Warren, J; Bigelow J
|init=S
  | first=
  |last2=Prakash
  | coauthors=
  |init2=S
  | title=The case against circumcision
  |title=Human prepuce: some aspects of structure and function
  | journal=<i>Br J Sex Med</i>
  |journal=Indian Journal of Surgery
  | volume=
  |volume=44
| issue=September/October
  |issue=
| pages=6–8
  |pages=134–137
  | url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/warren2/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/lakshmanan/
| quote=
  |quote=The outer layer of the prepuce in common with the [[shaft skin|skin of the shaft]] of the penis glides freely in a to and fro fashion and has to be delicate and thin, as was observed in this study. [...] The inner lining of the projecting tubular part has the structure of the outer layer and adds to the thin gliding [[skin]] when retracted.
  | pubmedID=
  |pubmedID=
  | pubmedCID=
  |pubmedCID=
  | DOI=
  |DOI=
  | date=September–October 1994
  |date=1980
  | accessdate=
  |accessdate=2022-06-19
}}</ref> [[Kristen O'Hara|O'Hara]] (2002) describes the gliding action, stating that it reduces friction during [[sexual intercourse]], and suggesting that it adds "immeasurably to the comfort and pleasure of both parties".<ref>{{REFbook
}}</ref> The gliding action allows for prolonged intercourse<ref>{{REFbook
| last=O'Hara
  |last=Bigelow, Ph.D
| first=K.
  |first=Jim
  | year=2002
  |init=
  | title=Sex as Nature Intended It: The Most Important Thing You Need to Know about Making Love, but No One Could Tell You Until Now
  |author-link=Jim Bigelow
| url=
  |year=1995
| work=
  |title=The Joy of Uncircumcising
| editor=
  |url=
| edition=
  |work=
| volume=
  |editor=
| chapter=
  |edition=Second Edition
  | pages=72
  |volume=
  | location=
  |chapter=The natural penis.
  | publisher=Turning Point Publications
  |scope=
  | isbn=
  |page=17
  | quote=During intercourse, the natural penis shaft actually glides within its own shaft skin covering. This minimizes friction to the vaginal walls and opening, and to the shaft skin itself, adding immeasurably to the comfort and pleasure of both parties.<br>Friction is not entirely eliminated during natural intercourse but it is largely eliminated. Friction can take place in the lower vagina, but only if the man uses a stroke that exceeds the (forward and backward) gliding range of the shaft's extra skin. And in such a case, there will be friction only to the extent that the shaft exceeded its extra skin, which is uncommon since the natural penis has a propensity for short strokes. Primarily, it is the penis head that makes frictional contact with the vaginal walls, usually in the upper vagina where there is ample lubrication. [...] The gliding principle of natural intercourse is a two-way street—the vagina glides on the shaft skin while the shaft skin massages the penis shaft as it glides over it.
  |pages=
  | accessdate=
  |location=Aptos
  | note=
  |publisher=Hourglass
}}</ref> Taylor (2000) suggests that the gliding action, where it occurs, may stimulate the nerves of the [[ridged band]],<ref>{{REFjournal
  |ISBN=0-934061-22-X
  | last=Taylor
  |quote=
  | first=J.
  |accessdate=2023-08-15
  | coauthors=
  |note=
  | title=Back and Forth
}}</ref> and stimulates the [[Meissner's corpuscles]] found in the [[ridged band]].<ref>{{REFjournal
  | journal=<i>Pediatrics News</i>
  |last=Hill
  | volume=34
  |first=
  | issue=10
  |init=G
  | pages=50
  |author-link=George Hill
  | url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/taylor2/
  |etal=no
  | quote=
  |title=Foreskin motion generates Meissner corpuscle stimulation
| pubmedID=
  |trans-title=
| pubmedCID=
  |language=
| DOI=
  |journal=BMJ
  | date=2000
  |location=
| accessdate=
  |date=2003-12-16
}}</ref> and speculates (2003) that the stretching of the frenulum by the rearward gliding action during penetration triggers ejaculation.<ref>{{REFjournal
  |volume=
  | last=Taylor
  |issue=
  | first=J.R.
  |article=
  | coauthors=
  |page=
  | title=Evidence sketchy on circumcision and cervical cancer link
  |pages=
| journal=<i>Can Fam Physician</i>
  |url=https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/30/foreskin-motion-generates-meissner-corpuscle-stimulation
| volume=49
  |archived=
| issue=
  |quote=The decrease in penile sensitivity after circumcision is well documented both by extensive anecdotal and empirical evidence.
  | pages=1592
  |pubmedID=
  | url=http://www.cfp.ca/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14708921
  |pubmedCID=
| quote=
  |DOI=
| pubmedID=14708921
  |doi=
| pubmedCID=2214164
  |accessdate=2024-09-12
| DOI=
| date=December 2003
| accessdate=
}}</ref> It is argued that removal of the foreskin results in a thickening of the glans because of chafing and abrasion from clothing, leading to loss of sensation.  Removal of the foreskin can lead to trauma of the penis (friction irritation) during masturbation due to the loss of the gliding action of the foreskin and greater friction, requiring the need of artificial lubrication.  During sex, the loss of gliding action is also thought to cause pain, dryness and trauma of the [[vagina]].<ref name="warren-bigelow"/>  The trauma and abrasions of the vagina can lead to easier entry of sexually transmitted diseases.<ref name="Bullough2014">{{REFbook
| last=Vern L. Bullough; Bonnie Bullough
| first=
| year=14 January 2014
| title=Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-cqlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120
| work=
| editor=
| edition=
| volume=
| chapter=
| pages=120–
| location=
| publisher=Routledge
| isbn=978-1-135-82502-7
  | quote=
  | accessdate=
| note=
}}</ref> One study showed that the loss of the foreskin resulted in decreased masturbatory pleasure and sexual enjoyment.<ref name='KimPang2007'>{{REFjournal
| last=Kim
| first=
| coauthors=Pang
| title=The effect of male circumcision on sexuality
| journal=BJU Int
| volume=99
| issue=3
| pages=619–622
| url=http://www.mgmbill.org/kimpangstudy.pdf
| quote=
  | pubmedID=17155977
  | pubmedCID=
  | DOI=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06646.x
  | date=March 2007
  | accessdate=2014-02-09
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


<!--<vimeo>131329846</vimeo>-->
== The normal, [[foreskinned]], intact penis ==
Several people have argued that the gliding movement of the [[intact]] [[foreskin]] is important during [[sexual intercourse]]. [[John Warren| Warren]] & [[Jim Bigelow|Bigelow]] (1994) state that gliding action would help to reduce the effects of vaginal dryness and that restoration of the gliding action is an important advantage of [[foreskin restoration]].<ref name="warren-bigelow">{{REFjournal
|last=Warren
|init=J
|last2=Bigelow
|init2=J
|author2-link=Jim Bigelow
|title=The case against circumcision
|journal=Br J Sex Med
|volume=
|issue=September/October
|pages=6–8
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/warren2/
|quote=
|date=1994-09
|accessdate=2022-06-10
}}</ref>
[[Kristen O'Hara|O'Hara]] (2002) describes the gliding action, stating that it reduces friction during [[sexual intercourse]], and suggesting that it adds "''immeasurably to the comfort and pleasure of both parties''".<ref>{{REFbook
|last=O'Hara
|first=K.
|init=K
|author-link=Kristen O'Hara
|year=2002
|title=Sex as Nature Intended It: The Most Important Thing You Need to Know about Making Love, but No One Could Tell You Until Now
|url=
|work=
|editor=
|edition=
|volume=
|chapter=
|page=72
|location=
|publisher=Turning Point Publications
|isbn=
|quote=During intercourse, the natural penis shaft actually glides within its own [[shaft skin]] covering. This minimizes friction to the vaginal walls and opening, and to the [[shaft skin]] itself, adding immeasurably to the comfort and pleasure of both parties.<br>Friction is not entirely eliminated during natural intercourse but it is largely eliminated. Friction can take place in the lower vagina, but only if the man uses a stroke that exceeds the (forward and backward) gliding range of the [[shaft skin|shaft's extra skin]]. And in such a case, there will be friction only to the extent that the shaft exceeded its extra [[skin]], which is uncommon since the natural penis has a propensity for short strokes. Primarily, it is the penis head that makes frictional contact with the vaginal walls, usually in the upper vagina where there is ample lubrication. [...] The gliding principle of natural intercourse is a two-way street—the vagina glides on the [[shaft skin]] while the [[shaft skin]] massages the penis shaft as it glides over it.
|accessdate=
|note=
}}</ref> Taylor (2000) suggested that the gliding action, where it occurs, may stimulate the nerves of the [[ridged band]],<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Taylor
|init=JR
|title=Back and Forth
|journal=Pediatrics News
|volume=34
|issue=10
|page=50
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/taylor2/
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|date=2000
|accessdate=2022-06-19
}}</ref> and speculated (2003) that the [[stretching]] of the [[frenulum]] by the rearward gliding action during penetration triggers [[ejaculation]].<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Taylor
|init=JR
|title=Evidence sketchy on circumcision and cervical cancer link
|journal=Can Fam Physician
|volume=49
|issue=
|page=1592
|url=http://www.cfp.ca/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14708921
|quote=
|pubmedID=14708921
|pubmedCID=2214164
|date=2003-12
|accessdate=
}}</ref> When the [[foreskin]] glides, all of the [[skin]] of the [[penis]] moves, so stimulation of the [[Meissner's corpuscles]] in the [[skin]] ''occurs over the whole length of the penis''.<ref name="garcía-mesa2021">{{REFjournal
|last=García-Mesa
|first=Yolanda
|init=Y
|author-link=
|last2=García-Piqueras
|first2=Jorge
|init2=
|author2-link=
|last3=Cobo
|first3=Ramón
|init3=R
|author3-link=
|last4=Martín-Cruces
|first4=José
|init4=J
|author4-link=
|last5=Suazo
|first5=Iván
|init5=I
|author5-link=
|last6=García-Suárez
|first6=Olivia
|init6=O
|author6-link=
|last7=Feito
|first7=Jorge
|init7=J
|author7-link=
|last8=Vega
|first8=José A.
|init8=JA
|author8-link=
|etal=no
|title=Sensory innervation of the human male prepuce: Meissner's corpuscles predominate
|journal=Journal of Anatomy
|date=2021-10
|volume=239
|issue=4
|pages=892-902
|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/joa.13481
|pubmedID=34120333
|pubmedCID=8450466
|DOI=10.1111/joa.13481
|accessdate=2021-11-15
}}</ref>
 
Taves (2002) reported that the presence and motion of the [[foreskin]] greatly reduces the force required for intromission of the [[penis]] into the [[vagina]].<ref name="taves2002">{{REFjournal
|last=Taves
|first=Donald R.
|init=DR
|title=The intromission function of the foreskin
|journal=Med Hypotheses
|date=2002-08
|volume=59
|issue=2
|pages=180-2
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/taves1/
|pubmedID=12208206
|DOI=10.1016/s0306-9877(02)00250-5
|accessdate=2021-04-02
}}</ref>
 
== The [[circumcised]] penis ==
 
Removal of the [[foreskin]] permanently exposes the [[glans penis]], tightens the residual [[shaft skin]] and reduces or eliminates gliding action. It also results in [[keratinization]] or callousing of the [[glans penis]] because of chafing and abrasion from clothing, leading to loss of sensation.  Removal of the [[foreskin]] can lead to [[trauma]] of the [[penis]] (friction irritation) during [[masturbation]] due to the loss of the gliding action of the foreskin and greater friction, requiring the need of [[Masturbation#Lubrication| artificial lubrication]].  During sex, the loss of gliding action is also thought to cause pain, dryness, and trauma in the [[vagina]] of the female partner.<ref name="warren-bigelow"/>  The [[trauma]] and abrasions of the vagina can lead to easier entry of [[Circumcision and STDs| sexually transmitted diseases]].<ref name="Bullough2014">{{REFbook
|last=Bullough
|first=Vern L.
|init=VL
|last2=Bullough
|first2=Bonnie
|init2=B
|date=2014-01-14
|year=2014
|title=Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-cqlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120
|work=
|editor=
|edition=
|volume=
|chapter=
|pages=120–???
|location=
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-1-135-82502-7
|quote=
|accessdate=
|note=
}}</ref>
 
One study showed that the loss of the [[foreskin]] resulted in decreased masturbatory pleasure and sexual enjoyment.<ref name='KimPang2007'>{{KimDS PangMG 2007}}</ref>
 
== The [[Restored foreskin| restored]] penis ==
 
Non-surgical [[foreskin restoration]] by [[tissue expansion]] increases [[skin]] mobility, restores the gliding action, and improves sensation and [[Foreskin#Sexual_functions| sexual function]].<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://foreskinrestore.com/foreskin-restoration-2023-big-update/
|title=Foreskin restore 2023 glans and glide action
|last=Torres
|first=Chuck
|publisher=Foreskin restore
|date=2023
|accessdate=2023-10-26
}}</ref>
==Video==
===The foreskin and pleasure===
<youtube>9pA5Cp-ZokE</youtube>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Dyspareunia]]
* [[Masturbation]]
* [[Penis]]
* [[Restored foreskin]]
* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]]
* [[Stretching]]
* [[Vagina]]
 
{{LINKS}}
{{LINKS}}
* [https://vimeo.com/131329846 Educational video] showing the frenulum and motion of the foreskin, by Jim Tidwell, posted with kind permission.
* {{NSFW}}: [http://www.circumstitions.com/Works.html How the foreskin works]
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/garcia/
|title=What exactly is circumcision and what is it not?
|last=Garcia
|first=Francisco
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Circumcision Information Pages
|date=1995-12-11
|accessdate=2025-06-29}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.cirp.org/pages/anatomy/
|title=Anatomy of the Penis and Mechanics of Intercourse
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Circumcision Information and Reference Pages.
|date=2013
|accessdate=2024-09-12}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.reddit.com/user/C4Charkey/comments/1jumd8x/the_accidental_intactivist_manifesto_ii_the_myth/
|title=Section II. The Myth of the Foreskin: Deconstructing the Label, Understanding the Whole
|last=C4Charkey
|first=
|init=
|author-link=C4Charkey
|publisher=REDDIT
|date=2025-04-08
|accessdate=2025-04-12}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/foreskininfo/comments/1ocwn1k/its_not_a_design_flaw_its_the_penises/
|title=It's not a design flaw. It's the penises factory-installed pleasure & protection suite.
|last=Anonymous
|author-link=
|publisher=REDDIT
|date=2025-10-21
|accessdate=2025-10-22
}}
{{REF}}


{{REF}}


[[Category:Educational]]
[[Category:Foreskinned life]]
[[Category:Penile function]]
[[Category:Physiology]]
[[Category:Physiology]]
[[Category:Films about circumcision and intactivism]]
[[Category:Male sexuality]]


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