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}}</ref> Circumcision is a surgical operation and [[amputation]] that creates an open surgical wound on the [[penis]]. [[Rosemary Romberg ]] (2021) described infection as a "fairly common complication."<ref name="romberg2021">{{REFbook

}}</ref> The open wound does not heal immediatelyand is exposed to the feces (poop) in the diaper (nappie). For a period of time during and after the surgery it is subject to invasion by a wide variety of bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens.<ref name="williams1993">{{REFjournal

Maternity hospitals gather together newborn infants into a hospital nursery where they are cared for, which increases the risk of passing infection from one to the others. If an infant is compromised by an open surgical wound, then that infant is at greater risk of becoming infected. Male infants in America, where non-therapeutic infant [[circumcision ]] remains popular, are more likely to become infected than female infants. ''Staphylococcus aureus'' is a common infection and is worse when a methicillin resistant strain ([https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/index.html MRSA]) is involved. Thompson et al. (1966) reported a higher risk of ''staphylococcus'' infection in newborn [[circumcised]] males.<ref name="thompson1966">{{REFjournal