Difference between revisions of "Judaism"
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
WikiModEn2 (talk | contribs) (Add text.) |
WikiModEn2 (talk | contribs) (Improve citation.) |
||
| (36 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| − | '''Judaism''' is the religion of the Jews. | + | [[File:Star of David.svg|thumb|200px|The Star of David (Hebrew ''magen david'') is one of the symbols of Judaism.]] |
| + | '''Judaism''' is the religion and culture of the Jews.<ref name="kohler1906">{{REFjournal | ||
| + | |last=Kehler | ||
| + | |init=K | ||
| + | |author-link= | ||
| + | |last2= | ||
| + | |init2= | ||
| + | |author2-link= | ||
| + | |url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9028-judaism#sts=JUDAISMIt%20is%20natural%20that%20divergent%20views%20upon%20so%20complex%20a%20subject%20should%20exist.%20The%20following%20article%20is%20frankly%20written%20from%20the%20standpoint%20of%20Reform%20Judaism.%20For%20a%20presentation%20of%20the%20more%20conservative%20aspect%20of%20the%20subject%20see%20Religion;%20Theology.%20(%E1%BC%B8%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%E1%BD%B8%CF%82): | ||
| + | |title=Judaism | ||
| + | |journal=Jewish Encyclopedia | ||
| + | |date=1906 | ||
| + | |volume= | ||
| + | |issue= | ||
| + | |pages= | ||
| + | |accessdate=2022-05-04 | ||
| + | }}</ref><ref>{{REFweb | ||
| + | |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Judaism | ||
| + | |archived= | ||
| + | |title=Judaism | ||
| + | |trans-title= | ||
| + | |language= | ||
| + | |last= | ||
| + | |first= | ||
| + | |author-link= | ||
| + | |publisher=Merriam-Webster | ||
| + | |website= | ||
| + | |date= | ||
| + | |accessdate=2022-05-02 | ||
| + | |format= | ||
| + | |quote= | ||
| + | }}</ref> Please note that not all Jews are religious but live the Jewish culture. | ||
| + | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
| − | Judaism was developed in the | + | Judaism was developed in the Middle East by the ancient Hebrews.<ref name="gaster">{{REFweb |
|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Judaism | |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Judaism | ||
|archived= | |archived= | ||
| Line 8: | Line 40: | ||
|language= | |language= | ||
|last=Gaster | |last=Gaster | ||
| − | |first=Theodore H | + | |first=Theodore H |
| + | |init=TH | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
| − | |publisher= | + | |publisher=Britannica |
|website= | |website= | ||
|date= | |date= | ||
| Line 17: | Line 50: | ||
|quote= | |quote= | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
==Beliefs== | ==Beliefs== | ||
| − | Judaism is characterized by belief in one transcendent God who has revealed himself to Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew prophets and by a religious life in accordance with Scriptures and rabbinic traditions.<ref name="gaster" /> | + | Judaism is characterized by belief in one transcendent God who has revealed himself to Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew prophets and by a religious life in accordance with Scriptures and rabbinic traditions.<ref name="gaster" /> Rabbi Emeritus Kaughmann Kohler described Judaism as "the religion of joy, hope, and love."<ref name="kohler1906" /> |
| − | == | + | ==Symbol== |
| − | Judaism | + | The symbol of Judaism is the Star of David, which is a six-pointed star design.<ref>{{REFweb |
| + | |url=https://symbolsarchive.com/star-of-david-symbol-history-meaning/ | ||
| + | |archived= | ||
| + | |title=Star Of David Symbol – History And Meaning | ||
| + | |trans-title= | ||
| + | |language= | ||
| + | |last=Rogador | ||
| + | |first=Christine | ||
| + | |author-link= | ||
| + | |publisher=Symbols Archive | ||
| + | |website= | ||
| + | |date=2021-05-30 | ||
| + | |accessdate=2022-05-01 | ||
| + | |quote= | ||
| + | }}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
==Religious officials== | ==Religious officials== | ||
| − | Rabbis ( | + | [[:Category:Rabbi|Rabbis (teachers, masters)]] carry out teaching and educational functions<ref>{{REFweb |
|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/rabbi | |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/rabbi | ||
|archived= | |archived= | ||
| Line 39: | Line 88: | ||
}}</ref> while [[Mohel| mohels]] carry out the ritual circumcision called [[Brit Milah]] in accordance with the Abrahamic covenant. | }}</ref> while [[Mohel| mohels]] carry out the ritual circumcision called [[Brit Milah]] in accordance with the Abrahamic covenant. | ||
| − | == | + | ==Controversial practice== |
| − | + | Judaism has historically held a belief in the so-called [[Abrahamic covenant]] which purports to require that every newborn boy be [[Jewish circumcision|circumcised on the eighth day of life]].<ref name="hirsch1906">{{REFjournal | |
| − | | | + | |last=Hirsch |
| − | | | + | |first=Emil G. |
| − | |title= | + | |init=EG |
| + | |author-link= | ||
| + | |last2=Kohler | ||
| + | |first2=Kaufmann | ||
| + | |init2= | ||
| + | |author2-link= | ||
| + | |last3=Jacobs | ||
| + | |first3=Joseph | ||
| + | |init3= | ||
| + | |author3-link= | ||
| + | |last4=Friedenwald | ||
| + | |first4=Aaron | ||
| + | |init4= | ||
| + | |author4-link= | ||
| + | |last5=Broydé | ||
| + | |first5=Isaac | ||
| + | |init5= | ||
| + | |author5-link= | ||
| + | |etal=no | ||
| + | |title=Circumcision | ||
|trans-title= | |trans-title= | ||
|language= | |language= | ||
| − | |last= | + | |journal=Jewish Encyclopedia |
| − | |first= | + | |location= |
| − | |author-link= | + | |date=1906 |
| − | |publisher= | + | |season= |
| + | |volume= | ||
| + | |issue= | ||
| + | |article= | ||
| + | |page= | ||
| + | |pages= | ||
| + | |url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3074-berit-milah | ||
| + | |archived= | ||
| + | |quote= | ||
| + | |accessdate=2022-05-04 | ||
| + | }}</ref> This has now become controversial, because of [[Circumcision risks| surgical risks]], because of the certain intense [[pain]] and [[trauma]] suffered by the boy, because of the certain lifetime loss of [[foreskin#Physiological_functions| foreskin function]], and because of the violation of the child's [[human rights]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Questioning circumcision== | ||
| + | The alleged Abrahamic covenant is found in the Pentateuch (Torah) book of Genesis, chapter 17. Reform Jews in Germany stated questioning circumcision in 1843.<ref name="hirsch1906" /> Circumcision today is being questioned for several reasons.<ref>{{REFbook | ||
| + | |last=Goldman | ||
| + | |first=Ronald | ||
| + | |init=R | ||
| + | |author-link=Ronald Goldman | ||
| + | |year=2012 | ||
| + | |title=[[Questioning Circumcision: A Jewish Perspective]] | ||
| + | |url= | ||
| + | |scope=144 | ||
| + | |publisher=Vanguard Publications | ||
| + | |ISBN=978-0964489561 | ||
| + | |accessdate=2022-05-01 | ||
| + | }}</ref> The practice of circumcision conflicts with many other Jewish values. Moreover, [https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/stewart_don/faq/words-bible/question2-what-is-textual-criticism.cfm textual criticism] indicates that this chapter appears to be a later insertion into the text of this Hebrew book.<ref name="glick2005">{{REFbook | ||
| + | |last=Glick | ||
| + | |first=Leonard B. | ||
| + | |init=LB | ||
| + | |author-link=Leonard B. Glick | ||
| + | |year=2005 | ||
| + | |title=Marked in Your Flesh: Circumcision from Ancient Judea to Modern America | ||
| + | |edition=1st | ||
| + | |chapter=Chapter One | ||
| + | |pages=15-18 | ||
| + | |publisher={{UNI|Oxford University|Oxon}} Press | ||
| + | |isbn=9780195176742 | ||
| + | |accessdate=2022-05-08 | ||
| + | |note= | ||
| + | }}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | A non-cutting alternative to [[Brit Milah]], usually called [[Brit Shalom]], is gaining in popularity.<ref name="ahituv2021">{{REFnews | ||
| + | |title=Even in Israel, More and More Parents Choose Not to Circumcise Their Sons | ||
| + | |url=https://www.haaretz.com/even-in-israel-more-and-more-parents-choose-not-to-circumcise-1.5178506 | ||
| + | |last=Ahituv | ||
| + | |first=Netta | ||
| + | |coauthors= | ||
| + | |publisher=Haaretz | ||
|website= | |website= | ||
| − | |date=2021- | + | |date=2021-06-14 |
| − | |accessdate=2022-05- | + | |accessdate=2022-05-02 |
| − | |quote= | + | |quote=The survey also found that nearly a third of the parents would prefer to forgo circumcision but nevertheless have it done for social reasons (16.6 percent), health reasons (10.4 percent) and because it is important for the grandparents (2.1 percent). |
| + | }}</ref> [[Mark D. Reiss]], {{MD}}, has sponsored the [https://www.bruchim.online/inclusion-directory/ Mark D. Reiss, M.D. Inclusion Directory], where more information on Brit Shalom may be found. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Hirsch et al. (1906) state, "An uncircumcised Jew is a full Jew by birth.<ref name="hirsch1906" /> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Wine (1988) argued that the medical aspects (surgical excision of functional penile tissue) should be separated from the naming ceremony.<ref>{{REFweb | ||
| + | |url=https://sherwinwine.com/bibliography/ | ||
| + | |title=Bibliography | ||
| + | |last=Wine | ||
| + | |first= | ||
| + | |init=ST | ||
| + | |author-link=Sherwin T. Wine | ||
| + | |publisher=Sherwin T. Wine | ||
| + | |date=2022 | ||
| + | |accessdate=2024-02-11 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | There appears to be increasing sentiment for reform of ritual circumcision practice with several organizations, such as [[Society for Humanistic Judaism]], [[Association of Humanistic Rabbis]], and [[Ritualwell]] proposing changes. [[Bruchim]] was founded in 2021 by [[Lisa Braver Moss]] and [[Rebecca Wald]] with a goal of making [[Foreskinned| non-circumcision]] acceptable in American synagogues. | |
{{SEEALSO}} | {{SEEALSO}} | ||
| + | * [[Beyond the Bris]] | ||
| + | * [[Circumcision and violence]] | ||
| + | * [[Jewish medical ethics]] | ||
| + | * [[Jews Against Circumcision (J.A.C.)]] | ||
* [[Metzitzah b'peh]] | * [[Metzitzah b'peh]] | ||
| − | + | {{LINKS}} | |
| + | * [[Moshe Rothenberg]]. [https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/Rothenberg.pdf Ending Circumcision In the Jewish Community?] Presented at The Second International Symposium on Circumcision, San Francisco, California, April 30-May 3, 1991. | ||
| + | * {{REFjournal | ||
| + | |last=Goodman | ||
| + | |first=Jenny | ||
| + | |init=J | ||
| + | |author-link=Jenny Goodman | ||
| + | |etal=no | ||
| + | |title=Jewish circumcision: an alternative perspective | ||
| + | |journal=BJU Int | ||
| + | |location= | ||
| + | |date=1999-01 | ||
| + | |volume=83 | ||
| + | |issue=1 | ||
| + | |pages=22-7 | ||
| + | |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/cultural/goodman1999/ | ||
| + | |pubmedID=10349411 | ||
| + | |pubmedCID= | ||
| + | |DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1022.x | ||
| + | |accessdate=2022-05-04 | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | * {{REFweb | ||
| + | |url=https://www.jewishcircumcision.org/ | ||
| + | |title=Jewish Circumcision Resource Center | ||
| + | |last=Goldman | ||
| + | |first=Ronald | ||
| + | |author-link=Ronald Goldman | ||
| + | |date= | ||
| + | |accessdate=2022-05-04 | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | * {{REFweb | ||
| + | |url=https://www.jewfaq.org/ | ||
| + | |title=Judaism 101 | ||
| + | |last=Rich | ||
| + | |first=Tracy | ||
| + | |init= | ||
| + | |publisher=Tracy R. Rich | ||
| + | |date=1995 | ||
| + | |accessdate=2024-02-12 | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | {{ABBR}} | ||
{{REF}} | {{REF}} | ||
| Line 67: | Line 240: | ||
[[Category:Circumcision term]] | [[Category:Circumcision term]] | ||
[[Category:History]] | [[Category:History]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Rabbi]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Antisemitism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[de:Judentum]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:47, 12 February 2024
Judaism is the religion and culture of the Jews.[1][2] Please note that not all Jews are religious but live the Jewish culture.
Contents
History
Judaism was developed in the Middle East by the ancient Hebrews.[3]
Beliefs
Judaism is characterized by belief in one transcendent God who has revealed himself to Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew prophets and by a religious life in accordance with Scriptures and rabbinic traditions.[3] Rabbi Emeritus Kaughmann Kohler described Judaism as "the religion of joy, hope, and love."[1]
Symbol
The symbol of Judaism is the Star of David, which is a six-pointed star design.[4]
Religious officials
Rabbis (teachers, masters) carry out teaching and educational functions[5] while mohels carry out the ritual circumcision called Brit Milah in accordance with the Abrahamic covenant.
Controversial practice
Judaism has historically held a belief in the so-called Abrahamic covenant which purports to require that every newborn boy be circumcised on the eighth day of life.[6] This has now become controversial, because of surgical risks, because of the certain intense pain and trauma suffered by the boy, because of the certain lifetime loss of foreskin function, and because of the violation of the child's human rights.
Questioning circumcision
The alleged Abrahamic covenant is found in the Pentateuch (Torah) book of Genesis, chapter 17. Reform Jews in Germany stated questioning circumcision in 1843.[6] Circumcision today is being questioned for several reasons.[7] The practice of circumcision conflicts with many other Jewish values. Moreover, textual criticism indicates that this chapter appears to be a later insertion into the text of this Hebrew book.[8]
A non-cutting alternative to Brit Milah, usually called Brit Shalom, is gaining in popularity.[9] Mark D. Reiss, M.D.[a 1], has sponsored the Mark D. Reiss, M.D. Inclusion Directory, where more information on Brit Shalom may be found.
Hirsch et al. (1906) state, "An uncircumcised Jew is a full Jew by birth.[6]
Wine (1988) argued that the medical aspects (surgical excision of functional penile tissue) should be separated from the naming ceremony.[10]
There appears to be increasing sentiment for reform of ritual circumcision practice with several organizations, such as Society for Humanistic Judaism, Association of Humanistic Rabbis, and Ritualwell proposing changes. Bruchim was founded in 2021 by Lisa Braver Moss and Rebecca Wald with a goal of making non-circumcision acceptable in American synagogues.
See also
- Beyond the Bris
- Circumcision and violence
- Jewish medical ethics
- Jews Against Circumcision (J.A.C.)
- Metzitzah b'peh
External links
- Moshe Rothenberg. Ending Circumcision In the Jewish Community? Presented at The Second International Symposium on Circumcision, San Francisco, California, April 30-May 3, 1991.
Goodman J. Jewish circumcision: an alternative perspective. BJU Int. January 1999; 83(1): 22-7. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
Goldman, Ronald. Jewish Circumcision Resource Center
. Retrieved 4 May 2022.- Rich, Tracy (1995).
Judaism 101
, Tracy R. Rich. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
Abbreviations
- ↑
Doctor of Medicine
, Wikipedia. Retrieved 14 June 2021. In the United Kingdom, Ireland and some Commonwealth countries, the abbreviation MD is common.
References
- ↑ a b Kehler K. Judaism. Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906; Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ↑
Judaism
, Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2 May 2022. - ↑ a b Gaster TH.
Judaism
, Britannica. Retrieved 1 May 2022. - ↑ Rogador, Christine (30 May 2021).
Star Of David Symbol – History And Meaning
, Symbols Archive. Retrieved 1 May 2022. - ↑ (15 May 2020).
rabbi
, Britannica. Retrieved 1 May 2022. - ↑ a b c Hirsch EG, Kohler, Kaufmann, Jacobs, Joseph, Friedenwald, Aaron, Broydé, Isaac. Circumcision. Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906; Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ↑
Goldman R (2012): Questioning Circumcision: A Jewish Perspective. 144 pages. Vanguard Publications. ISBN 978-0964489561. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- ↑ Glick LB (2005):
Chapter One
, in: Marked in Your Flesh: Circumcision from Ancient Judea to Modern America. Edition: 1st. Oxford University Press. Pp. 15-18. ISBN 9780195176742. Retrieved 8 May 2022. - ↑
Ahituv, Netta (14 June 2021)."Even in Israel, More and More Parents Choose Not to Circumcise Their Sons", Haaretz. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
Quote:The survey also found that nearly a third of the parents would prefer to forgo circumcision but nevertheless have it done for social reasons (16.6 percent), health reasons (10.4 percent) and because it is important for the grandparents (2.1 percent).
- ↑ Wine ST (2022).
Bibliography
, Sherwin T. Wine. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
