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Osteopathic medicine is practiced in parallel alongside of allopathic medicine in the [[United States]].
Osteopathic medicine is practiced in parallel with allopathic medicine in the [[United States]].
 
The [https://osteopathic.org/ American Osteopathic Association] (AOA) is the [[medical trade association]] for osteopathic doctors (DOs). The AOA has not enunciated a position regarding male circumcision, however the AOA has adopted four '''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' that may be applied to both [[child circumcision]] and [[adult circumcision]]. The <b>Tenets of Osteopathic Medicine</b> express the underlying philosophy of osteopathic medicine and were approved by the AOA House of Delegates as policy.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://osteopathic.org/about/leadership/aoa-governance-documents/tenets-of-osteopathic-medicine/
|title=Tenets of Osteopathic Medicine
|last=Anonymous
|publisher=American Osteopathic Association
|accessdate=2026-03-19
}}</ref> The tenets were last reaffirmed by resolution of the Ad Hoc Committee on 22 July 2023.<ref>{{REFdocument
|title=Sunset Res. No. H608 - A/2023
|url=https://osteopathic.org/index.php?aam-media=/wp-content/uploads/past-resolutions/H608-A2023-SR-Tenets-of-Osteopathic-Medicine.pdf
|publisher=American Osteopathic Association
|format=PDF
|date=2023-07-22
|accessdate=2026-03-19
}}</ref>
 
It is estimated, that by 2030, 20 percent of U.S. physicians will be Doctors of Osteopathy.


The [https://osteopathic.org/ American Osteopathic Association] (AOA) is the [[medical trade association]] for osteopathic doctors. The AOA has not enunciated a position regarding male circumcision, however the AOA has adopted four '''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' that may be applied to both [[child circumcision]] and [[adult circumcision]].
==Tenets of Osteopathic Medicine==
==Tenets of Osteopathic Medicine==
The four tenets of osteopathic medicine provide for treatment and well-being of the whole person. Allopathic medicine has nothing comparable.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.healthbenefitstimes.com/health-wiki/allopathic-medicine/
|title=What is Allopathic medicine?
|last=
|first=
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=https://www.healthbenefitstimes.com
|date=2024-06-03
|accessdate=2026-03-31
}}</ref>
===1. The body is a unit; the person is a unit of body, mind and spirit.===
===1. The body is a unit; the person is a unit of body, mind and spirit.===
The harmful, adverse effects of [[circumcision]] upon the human person had, until recently, been ignored for many decades. Now there is increasing evidence of the harm of the [[pain]], [[trauma]], and [[amputation]] of the multi-functional [[foreskin]] upon the [[Sexual injury of circumcision| sexual]] and [[Psychological injury of male circumcision| psychological]] well-being of the human person.
The harmful, adverse effects of [[circumcision]] upon the human person had, until recently, been ignored for many decades. Now there is increasing evidence of the [[pain]], [[trauma]], and disability caused by [[amputation]] of the multi-functional [[foreskin]] portion of the [[penis]] upon the [[Sexual injury of circumcision| sexual]] and [[Psychological injury of male circumcision| psychological]] well-being of the human person.<ref name="hill2007">{{REFjournal
|last=Hill
|first=
|init=G
|author-link=George Hill
|title=The case against circumcision
|journal=Journal of Men's Health and Gender
|date=2007
|volume=4
|issue=3
|pages=318-23
|url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=04ace5046cc27f01b8fbe4aa359c059778983912
|quote=Finally, we must remember that males are the more vulnerableand sensitive of the two genders and, therefore, deserve the greater degree of protection from traumatic, invasive, injurious, and unnecessary surgery.
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2026-03-18
}}</ref><ref name="andersen2025">{{REFjournal
|last=Andersen-Giberson
|init=D
|author-link=Dale Andersen
|url=https://cdd.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cdd/article/view/39786/36016
|title=Circumcision and forced disability: Routine male neonatal circumcision and the consequences of amputation within a critical disability studies framework
|journal=Critical Disability Discourses
|date=2025-12
|volume=10
|issue=2
|pages=1-37
|URL=https://cdd.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cdd/article/view/39786/36016
|DOI=https://doi.org/10.25071/1918-6215.39786
|accessdate=2026-03-12
|quote=In a critical disability studies framework, it is argued that the act of amputating healthy erogenous tissue and the consequences of that amputation cause disability, particularly from a counter-hegemonic lens.
|format=PDF
}}</ref> [[Amputation]] and lost of [https://circumcision.org/functions-of-the-foreskin/ function] may induce [[depression]] and even [[suicide]]. It is clear that unwanted [[circumcision]] makes many men very angry.<ref name="chapin2022">{{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/what-is-making-these-guys-so-angry/
|title=“What Is Making These Guys So Angry”
|last=Chapin
|first=Georganne
|init=
|author-link=Georganne Chapin
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2022
|quote=But we need to listen to the growing number of men speaking out about having been violated as babies when an essential (i.e., of its essence) part of their penis was forcibly severed. And we must ask ourselves whether the nearly ubiquitous violation of baby boys as a class of people and the assembly-line acts of violence carried out upon individual newborns might be responsible for at least some of the rage, pain and feelings of impotence that underlie the epidemic of mass killings we are witnessing today.
|accessdate=2026-03-28
}}</ref>


===2. The body is capable of self-regulation, self-healing and health maintenance.===
===2. The body is capable of self-regulation, self-healing and health maintenance.===
[[Charles Darwin]] (1859) observed that survival of the fittest caused evolution. The [[foreskin]] was created and improved by [[Evolution of the foreskin| evolution]] to provide protection of the [[penis]] from both [[trauma]] and [[infection]].
[[Charles Darwin]] (1859) observed that survival of the fittest caused evolution. The [[foreskin]] was created and improved by [[Evolution of the foreskin| evolution]] to provide protection of the [[penis]] from both [[trauma]] and [[infection]]. [[Paul M. Fleiss| Fleiss]], [[Frederick M. Hodges| Hodges]] & [[Robert S. Van Howe| Van Howe]] (1998) enumerated numerous ways in which the foreskin protects against [[infection]].<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Fleiss
|first=
|init=PM
|author-link=Paul M. Fleiss
|last2=Hodges
|first2=
|init2=FM
|author2-link=Frederick M. Hodges
|last3=Van Howe
|first3=
|init3=RS
|author3-link=Robert S. Van Howe
|etal=no
|title=Immunological Functions of the Human Prepuce
|journal= Sex Transm Infect
|date=1998-10
|volume=74
|issue=5
|pages=364-7
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/disease/STD/fleiss3/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=10195034
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1136/sti.74.5.364
|accessdate=2026-03-18
}}</ref>
 
The [[foreskin]] [[Development of retractable foreskin| develops throughout childhood]] invariably without medical intervention. It could hardly be otherwise, since human genitalia evolved over 100,000+ years without medical assistance of any kind<ref name="agarwal2005">{{REFjournal
|last=Agarwal
|first=
|init=A
|author-link=
|last2=Mohta
|first2=
|init2=A
|author2-link=
|last3=Anand
|first3=
|init3=RK
|author3-link=
|etal=no
|title=Preputial retraction in children
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg
|location=
|date=2005-04
|season=
|volume=10
|issue=2
|article=
|pages=89-91
|url=https://journals.lww.com/jiap/fulltext/2005/10020/preputial_retraction_in_children.5.aspx
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.4103/0971-9261.16468
|accessdate=2026-03-18
}}</ref>  [[Forced foreskin retraction]] is harmful, [[trauma| traumatic]], painful, injurious, inappropriate, and inconsistent with the tenets of osteopathic medicine. The practice frequently generates a parental complaint of gratuitous clinical injury filed with state and federal medical authorities. ([[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)| Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] offers a free service to help parents file complaints.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-parents/help-with-forcible-foreskin-retraction/pffr-data-collection-form/
|title=PFFR Data Collection Form
|publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision
|accessdate=2026-03-24
}}</ref>)


===3. Structure and function are reciprocally interrelated.===
===3. Structure and function are reciprocally interrelated.===
The human [[penis]] and its [[foreskin]] are excellent examples of the truth of this tenet. The penis and foreskin consist of specialized tissues ideally suited for their functions.<ref name="cold-taylor1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref>
===4. Rational treatment is based upon an understanding of the basic principles of body unity, self-regulation and the interrelationship of structure and function.===
===4. Rational treatment is based upon an understanding of the basic principles of body unity, self-regulation and the interrelationship of structure and function.===
When these basic principles are applied, it will quickly be seen that harmful, medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] of boys is contraindicated.<ref name="tye2022"> {{REFjournal
|last=Tye
|first=
|init=MC
|author-link=
|last2=Sardi
|first2=
|init2=LM
|author2-link=Lauren Sardi
|etal=no
|title=Psychological, psychosocial, and psychosexual aspects of penile circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Int J Impot Res
|date=2023-05
|volume=35
|issue=3
|pages=242-8
|url=https://www.galdef.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Tye-Sardi-Psycho-Aspects-of-Penile-Circumcision-IJIR-2022.pdf
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=35347302
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1038/s41443-022-00553-9
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2026-03-19
}}</ref> <ref name=fendereski2024">{{REFjournal
|last=Fendereski
|first=
|init=K
|author-link=
|last2=Horns
|first2=
|init2=JJ
|author2-link=
|last3=Driggs
|first3=
|init3=N
|author3-link=
|last4=Lau
|first4=
|init4=G
|author4-link=
|last5=Shaeffer
|first5=
|init5=AJ
|author5-link=
|etal=no
|title=Comparing Penile Problems in Circumcised vs. Uncircumcised Boys: Insights From a Large Commercial Claims Database With a Focus on Provider Type Performing Circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Pediatr Surg
|date=2024-11
|volume=59
|issue=11
|article=161614
|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S002234682400407X
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=39084960
|pubmedCID=11486584
|DOI=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2024.06.022
|accessdate=2026-03-19
}}</ref> <ref name="andersen2025" /> Boys are unable to grant consent due to their immaturity. Parental surrrogates must protect the interest and rights of the child patient. They are limited to granting [[surrogate consent]] for diagnosis and treatment of disease.  There is no person who is empowered to grant consent for non-therapeutic [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] of a minor.<ref name="hill2002">{{REFjournal
|last=Hill
|first=
|init=G
|author-link=George Hill
|etal=no
|title=Informed Consent for Circumcision
|trans-title=
|journal=South Med J
|date=2002-08
|volume=95
|issue=8
|page=946
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/George-Hill-3/publication/371599857_Can_Anyone_Authorize_the_Nontherapeutic_Permanent_Alteration_of_a_Child's_Body/links/648b8819c41fb852dd0949be/Can-Anyone-Authorize-the-Nontherapeutic-Permanent-Alteration-of-a-Childs-Body.pd
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=12190244
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2026-03-19
}}</ref> There are no valid indications for circumcision in the neonatal period.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Preston
|first=
|init=EN
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Whither the foreskin?
|trans-title=
|journal=JAMA
|date=1970-09-14
|volume=213
|issue=11
|article=
|page=
|pages=1853-58
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/general/preston/
|archived=
|quote=Routine circumcision of the newborn is an unnecessary procedure. It provides questionable benefits and is associated with a small but definite incidence of complications and hazards. These risks are preventable if the operation is not performed unless truly medically indicated. Circumcision of the newborn is a procedure that should no longer be considered routine.
|pubmedID=5468911
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1001/jama.213.11.1853
|accessdate=2026-03-19
}}</ref>
Myers & [[Brian D. Earp| Earp]] (2020) concluded that the best age to circumcise is after the patient reached the age at which he could grant consent for his own circumcision.<ref name="myers2020">{{REFjournal
|last=Myers
|first=
|init=A
|author-link=Alex Myers
|last2=Earp
|first2=
|init2=BD
|author2-link=Brian D. Earp
|etal=no
|title=What is the best age to circumcise? A medical and ethical analysis
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal= Bioethics
|location=
|date=2020
|volume=34
|issue=7
|pages=645-63
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brian-Earp-2/publication/337720859_What_Is_the_Best_Age_to_Circumcise_A_Medical_and_Ethical_Analysis/links/5f815f61a6fdccfd7b555395/What-Is-the-Best-Age-to-Circumcise-A-Medical-and-Ethical-Analysis.pdf
|quote=Based on a careful consideration of the relevant evidence, arguments and counterarguments, we conclude that medically unnecessary penile circumcision-like other medically unnecessary genital procedures, such as 'cosmetic' labiaplasty-should not be performed on individuals who are too young (or otherwise unable) to provide meaningful consent to the procedure.
|pubmedID=32068898
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=10.1111/bioe.12714
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2020-05-27
}}</ref>
[[Amputation]] of a healthy boy's [[foreskin]] without medical indication and without valid effective consent is equivalent to criminal battery.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.findlaw.com/criminal/criminal-charges/what-is-the-crime-of-battery.html
|title=What Is the Crime of Battery?
|last=Buckner
|first=Susan
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Findlaw
|date=2026-01-13
|accessdate=2026-03-19
}}</ref> While there are no reports of an American provider being criminally charged, in the [[United Kingdom]] Dr. [[Mohammad Siddiqui]] has been struck off the Medical Register and has been criminally charged by the Crown Prosecution Service.  The changing view of [[child circumcision]] has altered the atmosphere around [[child circumcision]], so a criminal charge may now be more likely than in the past.
It is more likely that a parent would bring a civil suit for injury caused by [[wrongful circumcision]].<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Adler
|first=Peter W.
|init=PW
|author-link=Peter W. Adler
|title=Is circumcision legal?
|journal=Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest
|date=2013
|volume=16
|issue=3
|pages=439-86
|url=https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1265&context=jolpi
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2026-03-19
}}</ref>
==PFFR in West Virginia==
Parents of a boy in [[West Virginia]] have alleged that an osteopathic physician prematurely forcibly retracted the healthy [[Foreskin#Foreskin_in_infancy_and_childhoo| foreskin of a boy]], causing great [[trauma]], [[pain]], and destructive injury to the [[synechia]] that secures the protective [[foreskin]] in place. [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)| Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] assisted the parents in the filing of a complaint against the osteopathic physician.
If true, then the osteopathic physician would appear to have violated the Second Tenet of Osteopathic Medicine.
==Videos==
===What is osteopathic medicine?===
<youtube>v=_q5U1_qudtM</youtube>
===What is Osteopathy?===
<youtube>v=OnYHanA5noU</youtube>


{{SEEALSO}}
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Forced foreskin retraction]]
* [[ICCPR]]
* [[Intactness]]
* [[Psychiatrist Discusses the Lasting Trauma of Circumcision]]
* [[Psychiatrist Discusses the Lasting Trauma of Circumcision]]
* [[United States of America]]
{{LINKS}}
{{LINKS}}
* {{URLwikipedia|Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States|Osteopathic medicine in the United States}}
* {{URLwikipedia|Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States|Osteopathic medicine in the United States}}
* {{URLwebsite|https://osteopathic.org/|2026-03-18}}
* {{URLwebsite|https://osteopathic.org/|2026-03-18}}
{{REF}}
{{REF}}


[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Circumcision]]
Line 25: Line 341:
[[Category:Genital surgery]]
[[Category:Genital surgery]]
[[Category:Medical ethics]]
[[Category:Medical ethics]]
[[Category:Physiology]]
[[Category:Osteopathy]]


[[Category:USA]]
[[Category:USA]]
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