Genital cutting/List of countries
In males, circumcision consists of removing the prepuce of the penis (the foreskin). Circumcision is practiced on young Muslim boys (known as khitan) and on newborn Jewish infants (known as Brit Milah), as well as on non-Jewish or Muslim infants in the United States as a hospital procedure.[1][2] Jacobsen et al. (2021) used data from 2003 through 2016 from the Kid's Inpatient Database of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to compare intact with circumcised boys in the first 28 days of life. The authors reported a gradual declining trend in the incidence of neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision throughout the study period. The overall incidence of circumcision decreased from 57.4 percent in 2003 to 52.1 percent in 2016 over the 13 year study period or 5.3 percentage points for an average decrease of 0.4 percentage point per year. The author noted "neonatal circumcision rates decreased significantly over time."[3]
It used to be, but is no longer, a common procedure in Australia[4] and Canada.[5][6] Circumcision for cosmetic reasons is banned in public hospitals in Australia.[7]
The procedures of female genital mutilation (FGM) are significantly more extensive.[8] FGM has no medical benefits and can cause serious harm to women's physical and mental health, depending on the procedure and whether it was performed by traditional cutters or medical personnel.[9] Known until the early 1990s as "female circumcision", the World Health Organization (WHO) and other agencies began referring to it as "female genital mutilation" to remove any analogy to male circumcision.[10][8] It is outlawed around the world, including in many of the countries in which it is most heavily concentrated.[11] Found mainly in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, the practice is divided by the WHO into four types:[9]
- Type 1 (clitoridectomy) is the partial or total removal of the clitoral glans; "in very rare cases", according to the WHO, it involves removal of the clitoral hood only (the prepuce, or skin around the clitoral glans).
- Type 2 (excision) is the partial or total removal of the clitoral glans, inner labia, and sometimes the outer labia.
- Type 3 (infibulation) is the removal of the inner and outer labia and the creation of a seal over the vagina by stitching the two sides or by otherwise allowing them to bond, leaving a small hole for the passage of urine and menstrual blood; this is performed with and without clitoridectomy.
- Type 4 is "all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, e.g. pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterizing the genital area".[9]
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Notes
- ↑ Mostly all international data, including that republished by the other two most cited sources here, Morris et al. (2016) and UNICEF, for circumcision and FGM respectively, is from USAID's Demographic and Health Surveys. Wherever possible, the primary, rather than the secondary, source is cited. The prevalence rates reflect the most recent surveys available, and are adjusted for sample biases against age distributions. Cells aggregating data across sexes and ages are without citation and are estimated from segmented data along with each country's age distributions and sex ratio. Data missing or unavailable for FGM is denoted by N/A. Data without citation for prevalence of circumcision among boys aged 0–14 is copied from sourced data for males aged 15 and older, as mostly all ritual circumcisions are done either in childhood, right before puberty (e.g. Islam) or days after birth (e.g. Islam and Judaism).
- ↑ Figures as reported by the children's mothers.
See also
References
- ↑ Wiswell TE, Bailis SA, Morris BJ. Circumcision Rates in the United States: Rising or Falling? What Effect Might the New Affirmative Pediatric Policy Statement Have?. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1 May 2014; 89(5): 677–686. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ (1 June 2019).
Products - Health E Stats - Trends in Circumcision Among Male Newborns Born in U.S. Hospitals: 1979–2010
, www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 31 August 2019. - ↑ Jacobson, Deborah L., Balmert, Lauren C., Holl, Jane L., Rosoklija, Ilina, Davis, Matthew M., Johnson. Nationwide Circumcision Trends: 2003 to 2016. J Urol. January 2021; 205(1): 257-63. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
- ↑
Australian circumcision statistics | Circinfo.org
, www.circinfo.org. Retrieved 31 August 2019. - ↑ (23 March 2006)."Rates of circumcision slashed in past 30 years", The Gazette, Montreal. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- ↑ MacDonald, Andrea (25 March 2006)."N.S. circumcisions continue to drop: Province has second-lowest rate in the country". Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- ↑ Press, Australian Associated (9 February 2017)."Protection offered by circumcision does not warrant lifting ban, say doctors". Retrieved 1 June 2019.
- ↑ a b Nussbaum M: Sex and Social Justice. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. P. 119. ISBN 9780195355017.
- ↑ a b c
Female genital mutilation
, World Health Organization. Retrieved 1 June 2019. - ↑ Cappa C: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Overview and Exploration of the Dynamics of Change. New York: United Nations Children's Fund. Pp. 6–7.
- ↑ UNICEF 2013, pp. 8-9
- ↑ ICF, Health/Afghanistan, Ministry of Public, Organization/Afghanistan, Central Statistics. Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey 2015 1 January 2017;
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd
The DHS Program - Data
, www.dhsprogram.com. - ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AAR, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA. Erratum to: Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision. Population Health Metrics. 4 April 2016; 14: 11. PMID. PMC. DOI.
- ↑ a b
Female genital mutilation: Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan
, Archive.ipu.org. Retrieved 28 August 2019. - ↑
Medicare Australia - Statistics - Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) Item Statistics
, medicarestatistics.humanservices.gov.au. Retrieved 30 May 2019. - ↑ (31 May 2019).
Population
, www.abs.gov.au, Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 31 May 2019. - ↑
The 1 November 2016 MBS (XML, PDF, DOC, ZIP) files are now available to download
, Australian Government Department of Health. Retrieved 30 January 2021. - ↑ Ferris JA, Richters J, Pitts MK, Shelley JM, Simpson JM, Ryall R, Smith AMA. Circumcision in Australia: further evidence on its effects on sexual health and wellbeing. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. April 2010; 34(2): 160–164. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ Sabin KM, Rahman M, Hawkes S, Ahsan K, Begum L, Black RE, Baqui AH. Sexually transmitted infections prevalence rates in slum communities of Dhaka, Bangladesh. International Journal of STD & AIDS. September 2003; 14(9): 614–621. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ Bronselaer, Guy A., Schober, Justine M., Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino F. L., T'Sjoen, Guy, Vlietinck, Robert, Hoebeke, Piet B.. Male circumcision decreases penile sensitivity as measured in a large cohort. BJU Int. May 2013; 111(5): 820–7. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc
Female genital mutilation
, UNICEF DATA. Retrieved 22 May 2019. - ↑ Ayiga N, Letamo G. Impact of male circumcision on HIV risk compensation through the impediment of condom use in Botswana. African Health Sciences. December 2011; 11(4): 550–559. PMID. PMC.
- ↑ Andersson N, Cockcroft A. Male circumcision, attitudes to HIV prevention and HIV status: a cross-sectional study in Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland. AIDS Care. 2012; 24(3): 301–309. PMID. PMC. DOI.
- ↑ Korkes F, Silva JL, Pompeo ACL. Circumcisions for medical reasons in the Brazilian public health system: epidemiology and trends. Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil). July 2012; 10(3): 342–346. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ Public Health Agency of Canada. What Mothers Say. Data Tables to The Maternity Experiences Survey (MES) 2006–2007. Table 38. 2011. p.267.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Williams BG, Lloyd-Smith JO, Gouws E, Hankins C, Getz WM, Hargrove J, de Zoysa I, Dye C, Auvert B. The potential impact of male circumcision on HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Medicine. July 2006; 3(7): e262. PMID. PMC. DOI.
- ↑ Sullivan SG, Ma W, Duan S, Li F, Wu Z, Detels R. Attitudes towards circumcision among Chinese men. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 1 February 2009; 50(2): 238–240. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ Castellsagué X, Bosch FX, Muñoz N, Meijer CJLM, Shah KV, de Sanjose S, Eluf-Neto J, Ngelangel CA, Chichareon S. Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer in female partners. The New England Journal of Medicine. 11 April 2002; 346(15): 1105–1112. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ a b (6 February 2015)."Colombia's Embera tribe hopes to eradicate FGM by 2030", Reuters. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
- ↑ a b UK Border Agency, p. 20
- ↑ Svare EI, Kjaer SK, Worm AM, Osterlind A, Meijer CJLM, van den Brule AJC. Risk factors for genital HPV DNA in men resemble those found in women: a study of male attendees at a Danish STD clinic. Sexually Transmitted Infections. June 2002; 78(3): 215–218. PMID. PMC. DOI.
- ↑ Frisch M, Lindholm M, Grønbæk M. Male circumcision and sexual function in men and women: a survey-based, cross-sectional study in Denmark. Int J Epidemiol. 14 June 2011; 40(5): 1367-81. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
- ↑ a b Timberg C, Halperin DT: Tinderbox: how the West sparked the AIDS epidemic and how the world can finally overcome it. (English). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780143123002.
- ↑ Kolehmainen M, Taskinen S, Ossi L. [Foreskin surgery]. Duodecim; Laaketieteellinen Aikakauskirja. 2010; 126(1): 75–83. PMID.
- ↑ a b Hoschke B, Fenske S, Brookman-May S, Spivak I, Gilfrich C, Fritsche HM, Wolff I, May M. [Male circumcision is not associated with an increased prevalence of erectile dysfunction: results of the Cottbus 10,000-men survey]. Der Urologe. Ausg. A. April 2013; 52(4): 562–569. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ Kamtsiuris P, Bergmann E, Rattay P, Schlaud M. [Use of medical services. Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS)]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz. May 2007; 50(5–6): 836–850. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ Wang Z, Lau JTF, Gu J. Acceptability of circumcision among clients of female sex worker in Hong Kong. AIDS and Behavior. October 2012; 16(7): 1836–1845. PMID. DOI.
- ↑
Female Circumcision in Indonesia
, usaid.gov, United States Agency for International Development. Retrieved 26 April 2015. - ↑ Walcott MM, Jolly PE, Ehiri JE, Funkhouser E, Kempf MC, Hickman D, Aung M, Zhang K. Factors associated with the acceptability of male circumcision among men in Jamaica. PLOS ONE. 2013; 8(9): e75074. PMID. PMC. DOI.
- ↑ Yamagishi T, Imai H, Nakao H, Yahata Y, Iizuka N, Onoye Y, Koichi U, Misaki H, Takaaki O. Inter-rater reliability of self-reported response on foreskin status in questionnaire among Japanese adult men. Sexually Transmitted Infections. November 2012; 88(7): 534–538. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ a b Kim DS, Koo SA, Pang MG. Decline in male circumcision in South Korea. BMC Public Health. 11 December 2012; 12: 1067. PMID. PMC. DOI.
- ↑ Albero G, Castellsagué X, Lin HY, Fulp W, Villa LL, Lazcano-Ponce E, Papenfuss M, Abrahamsen M, Salmerón J. Male circumcision and the incidence and clearance of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in men: the HPV Infection in men (HIM) cohort study. BMC Infectious Diseases. 10 February 2014; 14: 75. PMID. PMC. DOI.
- ↑ A guide for parents. Sydney, Australia: The Royal Australasian College of Physicians.
Quote:There are fewer boys being circumcised in Australia and New Zealand in recent years than in the past. Currently, only 10-20% of boys in Australia and less than 10 % of boys in New Zealand are circumcised.
- ↑ Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ. Circumcision status and risk of sexually transmitted infection in young adult males: an analysis of a longitudinal birth cohort. Pediatrics. November 2006; 118(5): 1971–1977. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ Klavs I, Hamers FF. Male circumcision in Slovenia: results from a national probability sample survey. Sexually Transmitted Infections. February 2008; 84(1): 49–50. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ a b Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
Behavioural Surveillance Surveys Among Refugees and Surrounding Host Population, Kakuma, Kenya
, UNHCR. Retrieved 29 May 2019. - ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
HIV Behavioural Surveillance Survey in Dadaab Refugee Camps, Kenya
, UNHCR. Retrieved 29 May 2019. - ↑
HIV Behavioural Surveillance Survey Juba Municipality, South Sudan
, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. - ↑
HIV Behavioural Surveillance Survey in Kajo Keji County, Central Equatoria State, Southern Sudan
, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. - ↑ Ko MC, Liu CK, Lee WK, Jeng HS, Chiang HS, Li CY. Age-specific prevalence rates of phimosis and circumcision in Taiwanese boys. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan Yi Zhi. April 2007; 106(4): 302–307. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ Tieu HV, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Vatanparast R, Jadwattanakul T, Pharachetsakul N, Mingkwanrungrueng P, Buajoom R, Teeratakulpisarn S. Acceptability of male circumcision for the prevention of HIV among high-risk heterosexual men in Thailand. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. June 2010; 37(6): 352–355. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ Cathcart P, Nuttall M, van der Meulen J, Emberton M, Kenny SE. Trends in paediatric circumcision and its complications in England between 1997 and 2003. BJS. 2006; 93(7): 885–890. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ (4 August 2019).
Circumcision in boys
, NCT (National Childbirth Trust). Retrieved 14 October 2019. - ↑ Homfray V, Tanton C, Mitchell KR, Miller RF, Field N, Macdowall W, Wellings K, Sonnenberg P, Johnson AM. Examining the association between male circumcision and sexual function: evidence from a British probability survey. AIDS (London, England). 17 July 2015; 29(11): 1411–1416. PMID. PMC. DOI.
- ↑ (4 August 2019).
Circumcision in boys
, NCT (National Childbirth Trust). Retrieved 14 October 2019. - ↑ Hart-Cooper GD, Tao G, Stock JA, Hoover KW. Circumcision of privately insured males aged 0 to 18 years in the United States. Pediatrics. November 2014; 134(5): 950–956. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ Introcaso CE, Xu F, Kilmarx PH, Zaidi A, Markowitz LE. Prevalence of circumcision among men and boys aged 14 to 59 years in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005-2010. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. July 2013; 40(7): 521–525. PMC. DOI.