Genital cutting/List of countries: Difference between revisions

In males, '''[[circumcision]]''' consists of removing the [[prepuce]] of the [[penis]] (the [[foreskin]]). Circumcision is practiced on young Muslim boys (known as [[Khitan (circumcision)|''khitan'']]) and on newborn Jewish infants (known as ''[[Brit Milah]]''), as well as on non-Jewish or Muslim infants in the [[United States]] as a hospital procedure.<ref>{{REFjournal

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It used to be, but is no longer, a common procedure in [[Australia]]<ref>{{REFweb

  |last=Cappa

  |first=Claudia

  |last=Nussbaum

  |first=Martha

  |publisher={{UNI|Oxford University|Oxon}} Press

}}</ref> It is outlawed around the world, including in many of the countries in which it is most heavily concentrated.<ref>[[UNICEF]] 2013, pp. 8-9</ref> Found mainly in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, the practice is divided by the WHO into [[Female genital mutilation#Types|four types]]:<ref name=WHO2019>{{REFweb

* '''Type 1''' ([[clitoridectomy]]) is the partial or total removal of the [[clitoral glans]];  "in very rare cases", according to the WHO, it involves removal of the [[clitoral hood]] only (the prepuce, or [[skin]] around the [[clitoral glans]]).

* '''Type 2''' ([[excision]]) is the partial or total removal of the [[clitoral glans]], [[labia minora|inner labia]], and sometimes the [[labia majora|outer labia]].

* '''Type 3''' ([[infibulation]]) is the removal of the inner and outer labia and the creation of a seal over the [[vagina]] by stitching the two sides or by otherwise allowing them to bond, leaving a small hole for the passage of [[urine]] and menstrual blood; this is performed with and without [[clitoridectomy]].

{{Rank |rows={{TRC|tableno=2|ignore=2}} |header-lines=2 |caption='''Prevalence of genital cutting by sex, age and country'''<ref group="Notes">Mostly all international data, including that republished by the other two most cited sources here, Morris et al. (2016) and [[UNICEF]], for circumcision and FGM respectively, is from [[USAID]]'s [[Demographic and Health Surveys]]. Wherever possible, the primary, rather than the secondary, source is cited. The prevalence rates reflect the most recent surveys available, and are adjusted for sample biases against age distributions. Cells aggregating data across sexes and ages are without citation and are estimated from segmented data along with each country's age distributions and [[List of countries by sex ratio|sex ratio]]. Data missing or unavailable for FGM is denoted by '''N/A'''. Data without citation for prevalence of circumcision among boys aged 0–14 is copied from sourced data for males aged 15 and older, as mostly all ritual circumcisions are done either in childhood, right before [[puberty]] (e.g. Islam) or days after birth (e.g. Islam and Judaism).</ref>}}

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|init7=AMA

|date=2010-04

|title=Circumcision in Australia: further evidence on its effects on sexual health and wellbeing

|journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

|issue=2

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|title=Sexually transmitted infections prevalence rates in slum communities of Dhaka, Bangladesh

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|last=Andersson

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|title=Male circumcision, attitudes to HIV prevention and HIV status: a cross-sectional study in Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland

|journal=AIDS Care

|volume=24

|issue=3

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|init3=ACL

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|title=Circumcisions for medical reasons in the Brazilian public health system: epidemiology and trends

|journal=Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil)

|ISSN=2317-6385

|pubmedID=23386015

|DOI=10.1590/S1679-45082012000300015

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|title=The potential impact of male circumcision on HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa

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|journal=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

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