Preputial sac: Difference between revisions
WikiModEn2 (talk | contribs) →Description: Revise text. |
WikiModEn2 (talk | contribs) →Description: Create section. |
||
| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
|DOI=https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090570409 | |DOI=https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090570409 | ||
|accessdate=2023-05-23 | |accessdate=2023-05-23 | ||
}}</ref> so it cannot be [[Infection| infected]]. The preputial sac will remain closed for a variable number of years. | }}</ref> so it cannot be [[Infection| infected]]. The preputial sac will remain closed for a variable number of years. Thorvaldsen & Meyhoff (2005) conducted a survey of 4000 young men in [[Denmark]]. They reported that the mean age of first foreskin retraction is 10.4 years in [[Denmark]].<ref name="Thorvaldsen">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Thorvaldsen | |||
|init=MA | |||
|last2=Meyhoff | |||
|init2=H | |||
|title=Patologisk eller fysiologisk fimose? | |||
|trans-title=Pathological or physiological phimosis? | |||
|language=Danish | |||
|journal=Ugeskr Læger | |||
|volume=167 | |||
|issue=17 | |||
|pages=1858-1862 | |||
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/normal/thorvaldsen1/ | |||
|quote= | |||
|pubmedID= | |||
|pubmedCID= | |||
|DOI= | |||
|date=2005 | |||
|accessdate=2025-03-06 | |||
}}</ref> Non-retractile foreskin is the more common condition until about 10-11 years of age. | |||
The preputial sac is lined with [[mucosa]] as is appropriate for an internal organ where moisture is present.<ref name="cold-taylor1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref> [[Urine]] and other sources of moisture are not harmful to it. | The preputial sac is lined with [[mucosa]] as is appropriate for an internal organ where moisture is present.<ref name="cold-taylor1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref> [[Urine]] and other sources of moisture are not harmful to it. | ||
| Line 67: | Line 86: | ||
}}</ref>, a natural, normal, benign, healthy, and beneficial product of the body, which will collect harmlessly in the preputial sac. | }}</ref>, a natural, normal, benign, healthy, and beneficial product of the body, which will collect harmlessly in the preputial sac. | ||
A longer [[prepuce]] helps to keep out contaminants and pathogens.<ref name="fleiss1998" /> Lakshmanan & Parkash (1980) described the muscle fibers in the [[prepuce]] (known as the [[dartos]]), which contract to keep the prepuce snugly close to the [[glans penis]].<ref>{{REFjournal | |||
|last=Lakshmanan | |||
|first= | |||
|init=S | |||
|author-link= | |||
|last2=Parkash | |||
|first2= | |||
|init2=S | |||
|author2-link= | |||
|etal=no | |||
|title=Human prepuce: some aspects of structure and function | |||
|trans-title= | |||
|language= | |||
|journal=Indian J Surg | |||
|location= | |||
|date=1980 | |||
|volume=44 | |||
|issue= | |||
|article= | |||
|page= | |||
|pages=134-7 | |||
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/lakshmanan/ | |||
|archived= | |||
|quote= | |||
|pubmedID= | |||
|pubmedCID= | |||
|DOI= | |||
|accessdate= | |||
}}</ref> The muscle fibers form a whorl at the tip to keep the tip of the [[foreskin]] and keep the preputial sac closed against the outside world and contamination with pathogens.<ref name="fleiss1998" /> | |||
Cold & Taylor (1999) described a healthy [[microbiome]] that lives within the preputial sac.<ref name="cold-taylor1999" /> They also reported that Langerhans cells are found in the mucosa of the preputial sac. [[Langerhans cells]] are part of the immunological defenses of the [[penis]]. | |||
De Witte et al. (2007) reported that Langerhans cells produce a substance named ''langerin''. The langerin offers protection against HIV infection: | |||
{{Citation | |||
|Title=Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells | |||
|Text=Langerin prevents HIV-1 transmission by LCs. HIV-1 captured by Langerin was internalized into Birbeck granules and degraded. Langerin inhibited LC infection and this mechanism kept LCs refractory to HIV-1 transmission; inhibition of Langerin allowed LC infection and subsequent HIV-1 transmission. Notably, LCs also inhibited T-cell infection by viral clearance through Langerin. Thus Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 infection, and strategies to combat infection must enhance, preserve or, at the very least, not interfere with Langerin expression and function. | |||
|Author= | |||
|Source= | |||
|ref=<ref>{{DeWitte etal 2007}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
=== Sub-preputial moisture === | |||
A longer [[foreskin]] improves wetness in the preputial sac.<ref name="ofarrell2008">{{REFjournal | A longer [[foreskin]] improves wetness in the preputial sac.<ref name="ofarrell2008">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=O'Farrell | |last=O'Farrell | ||
| Line 125: | Line 185: | ||
|volume=16 | |volume=16 | ||
|issue=3 | |issue=3 | ||
|pages=109-12 | |pages=109-12 | ||
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/prakash/ | |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/prakash/ | ||
| Line 142: | Line 200: | ||
|accessdate=2022-10-07 | |accessdate=2022-10-07 | ||
}}</ref> Moistness also may be maintained by [[transudation]].<ref name="cold-taylor1999" /> The preputial sac may also receive slippery [[pre-ejaculate]]. The sac may vary from very slightly moist to wet when one is aroused. | }}</ref> Moistness also may be maintained by [[transudation]].<ref name="cold-taylor1999" /> The preputial sac may also receive slippery [[pre-ejaculate]]. The sac may vary from very slightly moist to wet when one is aroused. | ||
=== Foreskin fragrance === | === Foreskin fragrance === | ||
The [[foreskin]] produces [[pheromone| pheromones]] that are likely to be present in the preputial sac.<ref name="fleiss1998" /> Many [[foreskinned]] men report a pleasant musky fragrance<ref name="vocabulary2024">{{REFweb | The [[foreskin]] produces [[pheromone| pheromones]] that are likely to be present in the preputial sac.<ref name="fleiss1998" /> Many [[foreskinned]] men report a pleasant musky fragrance<ref name="vocabulary2024">{{REFweb | ||