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# That more rigours rigorous and consistent methodology be used.# Empirically rigorous studies of the physiological effects of neonatal [[circumcision ]] are needed.

[[Medical trade association| Medical trade associations ]] exist to protect and advance the professional, financial , business, and business legal interests of their fellows (members). A few medical trade associations, whose members perform non-therapeutic circumcision, have issued statements regarding non-therapeutic circumcision of children. Circumcision policy statements frequently exclude discussions of [[Sexual effects of circumcision| sexual]], [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| psychological]], [[human rights]], ethical, and [[Circumcision legal commentary| legal ]] issues, and the [[Foreskin| anatomy and functions of the foreskin]].<ref name="goldman2004">{{REFjournal

{{Box|Boxtext=<big><b>All AAP policy statements expire after five years unless reaffirmed. This policy received overwhelming critical comment, so it was not reaffirmed. It Policy expired on 31 August 2017, however the AAP did not officially announce the expiration until November 2022. Currently, the AAP does ''not'' have a circumcision policy and has not had one since 2017.</b></big>}}

The [[United States ]] are unique because the American medical industry has been promoting the practice of non-therapeutic [[circumcision ]] since the late 19th Century.<ref>{{GollaherDL 1994}}</ref> As a result of the centuries-old promotion almost all American males were [[circumcised ]] soon after birth from the 1930s through the 1980s.<ref name="laumann1996">{{REFjournal

With such an environment the medical industry has been able to develop its [[circumcision ]] business into a colossus that exceeds an estimated $3 billion per year.<ref name="bollinger2012">{{REFweb

The AAP has a long-standing policy that its published policies and statements expire after five years unless re-affirmed. The AAP has ''not'' re-affirmed the statements below so they expired on 31 August 2017. The AAP now has ''no'' official position on non-therapeutic [[circumcision ]] of boys.