Difference between revisions of "Alleged reasons for circumcision"
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| − | In the long history of genital mutilation aka [[foreskin]] amputation aka [[circumcision]], there have been many alleged reasons why this should be a ''medical procedure''. | + | In the long history of genital mutilation aka [[foreskin]] [[amputation]] aka [[circumcision]], there have been many false alleged reasons why this should be a ''medical procedure''. Please note that some of the alleged medical reasons are rather pseudo-hygienical reasons which should never be solved by cutting off [[intact]] body parts. |
{{Incomplete}} | {{Incomplete}} | ||
== Foreskin causes == | == Foreskin causes == | ||
| − | * | + | * Clubfoot - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875">{{REFjournal |
|last=Sayre | |last=Sayre | ||
|first=Lewis A. | |first=Lewis A. | ||
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|pages=255-274 | |pages=255-274 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | * | + | * Crossed eyes - 1886: [[William G. Eggleston]]<ref name="Eggleston1886">{{Eggleston1886}}</ref> |
| − | + | * Curvature of the spine - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875"/> | |
| − | + | * Dirt under the [[foreskin]] in newborns - 1941: [[Alan F. Guttmacher]]<ref name="Guttmacher1941">{{REFjournal | |
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|last=Guttmacher | |last=Guttmacher | ||
| − | |first= | + | |first=Alan F. |
|init=AF | |init=AF | ||
| + | |author-link=Alan F. Guttmacher | ||
|title=Should the baby be circumcised? | |title=Should the baby be circumcised? | ||
| + | |url=https://www.circumstitions.com/1941.html | ||
|journal=Parents Magazine | |journal=Parents Magazine | ||
|date=1941-09 | |date=1941-09 | ||
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|issue=9 | |issue=9 | ||
|pages=26,76-78 | |pages=26,76-78 | ||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | * | + | * Epilepsy - 1902: [[Roswell Park]]<ref name="Park1902">{{Park1902}}</ref> |
| − | + | * [[Masturbation]] (females) - 1918 [[Belle C. Eskridge]]<ref name="Eskridge1918">{{Eskridge1918}}</ref> | |
| − | + | * [[Masturbation]] (males) - 1891: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1891">{{REFjournal | |
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| − | }}</ref> | ||
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| − | }}</ref> | ||
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|last=Hutchinson | |last=Hutchinson | ||
|first=Jonathan | |first=Jonathan | ||
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|issue=7 | |issue=7 | ||
|pages=267-269 | |pages=267-269 | ||
| − | }}</ref>, 1901: Ernest G. Mark<ref name="Mark1901">{{ | + | }}</ref>, 1901: [[Ernest G. Mark]]<ref name="Mark1901">{{Mark1901}}</ref> |
| − | + | * [[Masturbation]] (newborns) - 1953: [[Richard L. Miller]] and [[Donald C. Snyder]]<ref name="MillerSnyder1953">{{MillerSnyder1953}}</ref> | |
| − | + | * Neuroses (females) - 1915: [[Benjamin E. Dawson]]<ref name="Dawson1915">{{Dawson1915}}</ref> | |
| − | + | * Paralysis of the bladder - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875"/> | |
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| − | }}</ref> | ||
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| − | In 1958, | + | In 1958, [[Christine F. McDonald]] said "the same reasons that apply for the [[circumcision]] of males are generally valid when considered for the female."<ref name="McDonald1958">{{McDonald1958}}</ref> |
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| − | }}</ref> | ||
| − | In 1966, Masters and Johnson erroneous claim that there is no difference in sensitivity between penises with and without foreskin. | + | In 1966, Masters and Johnson erroneous claim that there is no difference in sensitivity between penises with and without [[foreskin]]. |
| − | + | : ({{NOTE}} Their work helps propagate the medical dogma that circumcision has no effect on sexuality go practically unquestioned for nearly the next four decades.)<ref name="MastersJohnson1966">{{REFbook | |
| − | ({{NOTE}} Their work helps propagate the medical dogma that circumcision has no effect on sexuality go practically unquestioned for nearly the next four decades.)<ref name="MastersJohnson1966">{{REFbook | + | |last=Masters & Johnson |
| − | |last=Masters | ||
|year=1966 | |year=1966 | ||
|title=Human Sexual Response | |title=Human Sexual Response | ||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | == Cure through FGM == | + | == Cure through [[FGM]] == |
| − | * | + | * Adiposity by relieving psychosomatic factors - 1959: [[W. G. Rathmann]]<ref name="Rathmann1959">{{Rathmann1959}}</ref> |
| − | + | * [[Clitoris]] easier findable by husband - 1959: [[W. G. Rathmann]]<ref name="Rathmann1959"/> | |
| − | + | * [[HIV]] (in women after FGM) - 2005: [[R. Y. Stallings]]<ref name="Stallings2005">{{Stallings2005}}</ref> | |
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| − | }}</ref> | ||
| − | * HIV (in women after FGM) - 2005: R.Y. Stallings<ref name="Stallings2005">{{ | ||
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| − | }}</ref> | ||
| − | == Cure through MGM == | + | == Cure through [[MGM]] == |
| − | * | + | * Abdominal neuralgia - 1879: [[H. H. Kane]]<ref name="Kane1879">{{Kane1879}}</ref> |
| − | + | * Bed wetting - 1873: [[Joseph Bell]]<ref name="Bell1873">{{Bell1873}}</ref>, 1930: [[Norton Henry Bare]]<ref name="Bare1930">{{Bare1930}}</ref> | |
| − | + | * Blindness - 1890: [[William D. Gentry]]<ref name="Gentry1890">{{Gentry1890}}</ref> | |
| − | + | * Deafness - 1890: [[William D. Gentry]]<ref name="Gentry1890"/> | |
| − | + | * Dumbness - 1890: [[William D. Gentry]]<ref name="Gentry1890"/> | |
| − | + | * Epilepsy - 1865: [[Nathaniel Heckford]]<ref name="Heckford1865">{{Heckford1865}}</ref>, 1870: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre 1870 epilepsy">{{REFjournal | |
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| − | }}</ref>, 1870: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre 1870 epilepsy">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Sayre | |last=Sayre | ||
|first=Lewis A. | |first=Lewis A. | ||
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|issue=10 | |issue=10 | ||
|pages=231-234 | |pages=231-234 | ||
| − | + | }}</ref>, 1902: [[Roswell Park]]<ref name="Park1902"/>, 1930: [[Norton Henry Bare]]<ref name="Bare1930"/> | |
| − | + | * Eye problems believed to be caused by [[masturbation]] - 1881: [[Maximillian Landesberg]]<ref name="Landesberg1881">{{Landesberg1881}}</ref> | |
| − | + | * Immunity to nearly all physical and mental illness - 1953: [[Richard L. Miller]] and [[Donald C. Snyder]]<ref name="MillerSnyder1953"/> | |
| − | + | * [[Masturbation]] (newborns) - 1953: [[Richard L. Miller]] and [[Donald C. Snyder]]<ref name="MillerSnyder1953"/> | |
| − | + | * Neuroses (females) - 1915: [[Benjamin E. Dawson]]<ref name="Dawson1915"/> | |
| − | + | * Nocturnal seminal emissions (i.e. wet dreams) - 1836: [[Claude François Lallemand]]<ref name="Lallemand">{{Lallemand1836}}</ref>, 1879: [[H. H. Kane]]<ref name="Kane1879"/> | |
| − | }}</ref>, 1902: Roswell Park<ref name="Park1902"/>, 1930: Norton Henry Bare<ref name="Bare1930" | + | * Rectal incontinence - 1894: [[H. L. Rosenberry]]<ref name="Rosenberry1894">{{Rosenberry1894}}</ref> |
| − | + | * Sensitiveness of the organ - 1901: [[Ernest G. Mark]]<ref name="Mark1901"/> | |
| − | + | * Urinary incontinence - 1894: [[H. L. Rosenberry]]<ref name="Rosenberry1894"/> | |
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| − | }}</ref>, 1879: H.H. Kane<ref name="Kane1879"/> | ||
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== Prevention == | == Prevention == | ||
| − | * AIDS - 1986: Aaron J. Fink<ref name="Fink1986">{{REFjournal | + | * [[AIDS]] - 1986: [[Aaron J. Fink]]<ref name="Fink1986">{{REFjournal |
|last=Fink | |last=Fink | ||
|first=Aaron J. | |first=Aaron J. | ||
|init=AJ | |init=AJ | ||
|author-link=Aaron J. Fink | |author-link=Aaron J. Fink | ||
| − | |title=A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS | + | |title=A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with [[AIDS]] |
|journal=New England Journal of Medicine | |journal=New England Journal of Medicine | ||
|date=1986-10-30 | |date=1986-10-30 | ||
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|issue=18 | |issue=18 | ||
|page=1167 | |page=1167 | ||
| − | }}</ref>, 2003: Edgar J. Schoen<ref name="Schoen2003">{{REFjournal | + | }}</ref>, 2003: [[Edgar J. Schoen]]<ref name="Schoen2003">{{REFjournal |
|last=Schoen | |last=Schoen | ||
|first=Edgar J. | |first=Edgar J. | ||
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|pages=1490-1491 | |pages=1490-1491 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | * | + | * Cancer of the bladder - 1971: [[Abraham Ravich]]<ref name="Ravich1971">{{Ravich1971}}</ref> |
| − | + | * Cancer of the rectum - 1971: [[Abraham Ravich]]<ref name="Ravich1971"/> | |
| − | + | * Cancer of the tongue - 1949: [[Eugene H. Hand]]<ref name="Hand1949">{{REFjournal | |
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|last=Hand | |last=Hand | ||
|first=Eugene H. | |first=Eugene H. | ||
|init=EH | |init=EH | ||
| − | | | + | |author-link=Eugene H. Hand |
| + | |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18135844/ | ||
|title=Circumcision and venereal disease | |title=Circumcision and venereal disease | ||
|journal=Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology | |journal=Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology | ||
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|volume=60 | |volume=60 | ||
|issue=3 | |issue=3 | ||
| − | | | + | |pages341-6 |
| − | + | |pubmedID=18135844 | |
| − | + | |DOI=10.1001/archderm.1949.01530030037004 | |
| − | + | |accessdate=2021-10-08 | |
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | * | + | * [[Cervical cancer]] (women) - 1951: [[Abraham Ravich]]<ref name="Ravich1951">{{Ravich1951}}</ref>, 1954: [[Ernest L. Wynder]]<ref name="Wynder1954">{{Wynder1954}}</ref> |
| + | * [[HIV]] (in women after FGM) - 2005: [[R. Y. Stallings]]<ref name="Stallings2005"/> | ||
| + | * [[HIV]] 'vaccine' - 2007: [[Robert C. Bailey]]<ref name="Bailey2007">{{RCT Bailey et al 2007}}</ref> | ||
| + | * Inchastity - 1935: [[R. W. Cockshut]]<ref name="Cockshut1935">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Cockshut | |last=Cockshut | ||
|init=RW | |init=RW | ||
| Line 383: | Line 148: | ||
|page=764 | |page=764 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Masturbation]] (females) - 1918: [[Belle C. Eskridge]]<ref name="Eskridge1918"/> |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Masturbation]] (males) - 1845: [[Edward H. Dixon]]<ref name="Dixon">{{Dixon1845}}</ref>, 1871: [[M. J. Moses]] (for Jews)<ref name="Moses1871">{{Moses1871}}</ref>, 1888: [[John Harvey Kellogg]] (as punishment)<ref name="Kellogg1888">{{Kellogg1888}}</ref>, 1969: [[Morris Fishbein]]<ref name="Fishbein1969">{{Fishbein1969}}</ref> |
| − | + | * Neonatal group B streptococcal disease - 1988: [[Aaron J. Fink]]<ref name="Fink1988">{{REFjournal | |
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| − | }}</ref>, 1871: M.J. Moses (for Jews)<ref name="Moses1871">{{ | ||
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| − | }}</ref>, 1888: John Harvey Kellogg (as punishment)<ref name="Kellogg1888">{{ | ||
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| − | }}</ref>, 1969: Morris Fishbein<ref name="Fishbein1969">{{ | ||
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| − | }}</ref> | ||
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|last=Fink | |last=Fink | ||
|first=Aaron J. | |first=Aaron J. | ||
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|pages=534-535 | |pages=534-535 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | * | + | * Nervousness - 1969: [[Morris Fishbein]]<ref name="Fishbein1969"/> |
| − | * penile cancer - 1926: Abraham L. Wolbarst<ref name="Wolbarst1926">{{REFjournal | + | * [[penile cancer]] - 1926: [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]]<ref name="Wolbarst1926">{{REFjournal |
|last=Wolbarst | |last=Wolbarst | ||
|first=Abraham L. | |first=Abraham L. | ||
|init=AL | |init=AL | ||
| + | |author-link=Abraham L. Wolbarst | ||
|title=Is circumcision a prophylactic against penis cancer? | |title=Is circumcision a prophylactic against penis cancer? | ||
|journal=Cancer | |journal=Cancer | ||
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|pages=301-310 | |pages=301-310 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | * | + | * Pleasure of sex - 1900: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1900">{{REFjournal |
|last=Hutchinson | |last=Hutchinson | ||
|first=Jonathan | |first=Jonathan | ||
| Line 461: | Line 187: | ||
|pages=129-131 | |pages=129-131 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | * | + | * [[Prostate cancer]] - 1942: [[Abraham Ravich]]<ref name="Ravich1942">{{Ravich1942}}</ref> |
| − | + | * Raping whites - 1894: [[Peter Charles Remondino]] (for Blacks)<ref name="Remondino1894">{{REFjournal | |
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|last=Remondino | |last=Remondino | ||
|init=PC | |init=PC | ||
| + | |author-link=Peter Charles Remondino | ||
|title=Negro rapes and their social problems | |title=Negro rapes and their social problems | ||
|journal=National Popular Review | |journal=National Popular Review | ||
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|pages=3-6 | |pages=3-6 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | * | + | * Sand from getting into the soldiers' [[foreskin]]s - 1991: [[Aaron J. Fink]]<ref name="Fink1991">{{REFjournal |
|last=Fink | |last=Fink | ||
|first=Aaron J. | |first=Aaron J. | ||
| Line 495: | Line 211: | ||
|page=696 | |page=696 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | * | + | * Sensitivity - 1935: [[R. W. Cockshut]]<ref name="Cockshut1935"/>, 1941: [[Alan F. Guttmacher]]<ref name="Guttmacher1941"/> |
| − | * | + | * Sexual immorality - 1900: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1900"/> |
| − | * | + | * Spinal paralysis - 1870: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre 1870 spinal paralysis">{{REFjournal |
|last=Sayre | |last=Sayre | ||
|first=Lewis A. | |first=Lewis A. | ||
| Line 508: | Line 224: | ||
|pages=205-11 | |pages=205-11 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | * | + | * Syphilis - 1855: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="hutchinson1855">{{REFjournal |
|last=Hutchinson | |last=Hutchinson | ||
|first=Johnathon | |first=Johnathon | ||
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|accessdate=2021-09-04 | |accessdate=2021-09-04 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | * UTI (urinary tract | + | * Tuberculosis - 1914: [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]]<ref name="Wolbarst1914">{{REFjournal |
| + | |last=Wolbarst | ||
| + | |first=Abraham L. | ||
| + | |init=AL | ||
| + | |author-link=Abraham L. Wolbarst | ||
| + | |title=Universal circumcision as a sanitary measure | ||
| + | |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association | ||
| + | |date=1914-01-10 | ||
| + | |volume=62 | ||
| + | |issue=2 | ||
| + | |pages=92-97 | ||
| + | }}</ref> | ||
| + | * [[UTI]] ([[urinary tract infection]]s) - 1985: [[Thomas E. Wiswell]]<ref name="Wiswell1985">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Wiswell | |last=Wiswell | ||
|first=Thomas E. | |first=Thomas E. | ||
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|pages=901-3 | |pages=901-3 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | * | + | * Venereal disease - 1949: [[Eugene H. Hand]]<ref name="Hand1949"/> |
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{{SEEALSO}} | {{SEEALSO}} | ||
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{{REF}} | {{REF}} | ||
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Medical condition]] |
| + | [[Category:Penile disorder]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Penile function]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Penile illness]] | ||
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| + | [[de:Angebliche Beschneidungsgründe]] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:25, 21 November 2022
In the long history of genital mutilation aka foreskin amputation aka circumcision, there have been many false alleged reasons why this should be a medical procedure. Please note that some of the alleged medical reasons are rather pseudo-hygienical reasons which should never be solved by cutting off intact body parts.
Work in progress: The following information does not claim to be complete. More content will be added gradually.
Contents
Foreskin causes
- Clubfoot - 1875: Lewis A. Sayre[1]
- Crossed eyes - 1886: William G. Eggleston[2]
- Curvature of the spine - 1875: Lewis A. Sayre[1]
- Dirt under the foreskin in newborns - 1941: Alan F. Guttmacher[3]
- Epilepsy - 1902: Roswell Park[4]
- Masturbation (females) - 1918 Belle C. Eskridge[5]
- Masturbation (males) - 1891: Jonathan Hutchinson[6], 1901: Ernest G. Mark[7]
- Masturbation (newborns) - 1953: Richard L. Miller and Donald C. Snyder[8]
- Neuroses (females) - 1915: Benjamin E. Dawson[9]
- Paralysis of the bladder - 1875: Lewis A. Sayre[1]
In 1958, Christine F. McDonald said "the same reasons that apply for the circumcision of males are generally valid when considered for the female."[10]
In 1966, Masters and Johnson erroneous claim that there is no difference in sensitivity between penises with and without foreskin.
- (Note: Their work helps propagate the medical dogma that circumcision has no effect on sexuality go practically unquestioned for nearly the next four decades.)[11]
Cure through FGM
- Adiposity by relieving psychosomatic factors - 1959: W. G. Rathmann[12]
- Clitoris easier findable by husband - 1959: W. G. Rathmann[12]
- HIV (in women after FGM) - 2005: R. Y. Stallings[13]
Cure through MGM
- Abdominal neuralgia - 1879: H. H. Kane[14]
- Bed wetting - 1873: Joseph Bell[15], 1930: Norton Henry Bare[16]
- Blindness - 1890: William D. Gentry[17]
- Deafness - 1890: William D. Gentry[17]
- Dumbness - 1890: William D. Gentry[17]
- Epilepsy - 1865: Nathaniel Heckford[18], 1870: Lewis A. Sayre[19], 1902: Roswell Park[4], 1930: Norton Henry Bare[16]
- Eye problems believed to be caused by masturbation - 1881: Maximillian Landesberg[20]
- Immunity to nearly all physical and mental illness - 1953: Richard L. Miller and Donald C. Snyder[8]
- Masturbation (newborns) - 1953: Richard L. Miller and Donald C. Snyder[8]
- Neuroses (females) - 1915: Benjamin E. Dawson[9]
- Nocturnal seminal emissions (i.e. wet dreams) - 1836: Claude François Lallemand[21], 1879: H. H. Kane[14]
- Rectal incontinence - 1894: H. L. Rosenberry[22]
- Sensitiveness of the organ - 1901: Ernest G. Mark[7]
- Urinary incontinence - 1894: H. L. Rosenberry[22]
Prevention
- AIDS - 1986: Aaron J. Fink[23], 2003: Edgar J. Schoen[24]
- Cancer of the bladder - 1971: Abraham Ravich[25]
- Cancer of the rectum - 1971: Abraham Ravich[25]
- Cancer of the tongue - 1949: Eugene H. Hand[26]
- Cervical cancer (women) - 1951: Abraham Ravich[27], 1954: Ernest L. Wynder[28]
- HIV (in women after FGM) - 2005: R. Y. Stallings[13]
- HIV 'vaccine' - 2007: Robert C. Bailey[29]
- Inchastity - 1935: R. W. Cockshut[30]
- Masturbation (females) - 1918: Belle C. Eskridge[5]
- Masturbation (males) - 1845: Edward H. Dixon[31], 1871: M. J. Moses (for Jews)[32], 1888: John Harvey Kellogg (as punishment)[33], 1969: Morris Fishbein[34]
- Neonatal group B streptococcal disease - 1988: Aaron J. Fink[35]
- Nervousness - 1969: Morris Fishbein[34]
- penile cancer - 1926: Abraham L. Wolbarst[36]
- Pleasure of sex - 1900: Jonathan Hutchinson[37]
- Prostate cancer - 1942: Abraham Ravich[38]
- Raping whites - 1894: Peter Charles Remondino (for Blacks)[39]
- Sand from getting into the soldiers' foreskins - 1991: Aaron J. Fink[40]
- Sensitivity - 1935: R. W. Cockshut[30], 1941: Alan F. Guttmacher[3]
- Sexual immorality - 1900: Jonathan Hutchinson[37]
- Spinal paralysis - 1870: Lewis A. Sayre[41]
- Syphilis - 1855: Jonathan Hutchinson[42]
- Tuberculosis - 1914: Abraham L. Wolbarst[43]
- UTI (urinary tract infections) - 1985: Thomas E. Wiswell[44]
- Venereal disease - 1949: Eugene H. Hand[26]
See also
References
- ↑ a b c
Sayre LA. Spinal anaemia with partial paralysis and want of coordination, from irritation of the genital organs. Transactions of the American Medical Association. 1875; 26: 255-274.
- ↑ Eggleston WG. Two cases of reflex paraplegia (one with aphasia) from tape-worm and phimosis. JAMA. 1886; 6(19): 511-5. DOI.
- ↑ a b Guttmacher AF. Should the baby be circumcised?. Parents Magazine. September 1941; 16(9): 26,76-78.
- ↑ a b Park R. The surgical treatment of epilepsy. American Medicine. 22 November 1902; 4(22): 807-9.
- ↑ a b Eskridge BC. Why not circumcise the girl as well as the boy?. Texas State Journal of Medicine. May 1918; 14: 17-9.
- ↑ Hutchinson J. On circumcision as preventive of masturbation. Archives of Surgery. January 1891; 2(7): 267-269.
- ↑ a b Mark EG. Circumcision. The American Practitioner and News. 15 February 1901; 31(4): 122-6.
- ↑ a b c Miller RL, Snyder DC. Immediate circumcision of the newborn male. AJOG. January 1953; 6(1): 1-11. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
- ↑ a b Dawson BE. Circumcision in the Female: Its Necessity and How to Perform It. American Journal of Clinical Medicine. June 1915; 22(66): 520-3. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
- ↑ McDonald CF. Circumcision of the female. GP. September 1958; 18(3): 98-9. PMID. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
- ↑
Masters & Johnson (1966): Human Sexual Response. Boston, MA: Little Brown & Co.
- ↑ a b Rathmann WG. Female Circumcision: Indications and a New Technique. General Practitioner. September 1959; 20(9): 115-20. PMID. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ↑ a b
Stallings, Rebecca Y., with: Emilian Karugendo: Female circumcision and HIV infection in Tanzania: For better or for worse?, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. (24 July 2005–27 July 2005) 3rd International AIDS Society Conference. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
- ↑ a b Kane HH. Seminal emissions, abdominal neuralgia: circumcision: cure. The Southern Clinic (Richmond). October 1879; 2(1): 8-11.
- ↑ Bell J. Nocturnal incontinence of urine cured by circumcision. Edinburgh Medical Journal. May 1873; 1(9): 1034.
- ↑ a b Bare NH. Surgical treatment of epilepsy with report of case. Chinese Medical Journal (then: The China Medical Journal). November 1930; 44(11): 1109-13. DOI. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- ↑ a b c Gentry WD. Nervous Derangements Produced by Sexual Irregularities in Boys. Medical Current. July 1890; 6(7): 268-74.
- ↑ Heckford N. Circumcision as a remedial measure in certain cases of epilepsy and chorea. Clinical Lectures and Reports by the Medical and Surgical Staff of the London Hospital. 1865; 2: 58-64.
- ↑ Sayre LA. Circumcision versus epilepsy, etc; Transcription of the New York Pathological Society meeting of June 8, 1870. Medical Record. 15 July 1870; 5(10): 231-234.
- ↑ Landesberg M. On Affections of the Eye Caused by Masturbation. Medical Bulletin. April 1881; 3(4): 79-81.
- ↑ Lallemand CF ((1):1836; (2):1839; (3):1842): [Des Pertes Seminales Involontaires]. [Involuntary Seminal Losses] (French). Vol. 1-3. London: H. Dumont. Pp. (1):463-7; (2):70-162; (3):266-7, 280-9. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- ↑ a b Rosenberry HL. Incontinence of the urine and faeces, cured by circumcision. Medical Record (New York). 11 August 1894; 46(6): 173.
- ↑ Fink AJ. A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS. New England Journal of Medicine. 30 October 1986; 31(18): 1167.
- ↑ Schoen EJ. It's wise to circumcise: time to change policy. Pediatrics. June 2003; 111(6 Pt 1): 1490-1491.
- ↑ a b Ravich A. Viral carcinogenesis in venereally susceptible organs. Cancer. June 1971; 27(6): 1493-6. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
- ↑ a b Hand EH. Circumcision and venereal disease. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology. September 1949; 60(3) PMID. DOI. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
- ↑ Ravich A. Prophylaxis of cancer of the prostate, penis, and cervix by circumcision. New York State Journal of Medicine. June 1951; 51(12): 1519-20. PMID. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
- ↑ Wynder EL, Cornfield J, Schroff PD, Doraiswami KR. A study of environmental factors of carcinoma of the cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol. October 1954; 68(4): 1016-47; discussion: 1048-52. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ↑ Bailey RC, Moses S, Parker CB, et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 24 February 2007; 369(9562): 643–56. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- ↑ a b Cockshut RW. Circumcision. British Medical Journal. 19 October 1935; 2(3902): 764.
- ↑ Dixon EH (1845):
Ch. IX: Phimosis and Circumcision
, in: A Treatise on Diseases of the Sexual Organs. New York: William Taylor. Pp. 158-65. Retrieved 30 October 2021. - ↑ Moses MJ. The Value of Circumcision as a Hygienic and Therapeutic Measure. NY Med J. November 1871; 14(4): 368-74.
- ↑ Kellogg JH (1888):
Treatment for Self-Abuse and Its Effects
, in: Plain Facts for Old and Young (archive URL). Project Gutenberg (ed.). Burlington, Iowa: F. Segner & Co. Retrieved 31 October 2021. - ↑ a b Fishbein M (1969):
Sex hygiene
, in: Modern Home Medical Adviser. Garden City (ed.). New York: Doubleday & Co. Pp. 90+119. Retrieved 30 October 2021. - ↑ Fink AJ. Is hygiene enough? Circumcision as a possible strategy to prevent group B streptococcal disease. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. August 1988; 159(2): 534-535.
- ↑ Wolbarst AL. Is circumcision a prophylactic against penis cancer?. Cancer. July 1926; 3(4): 301-310.
- ↑ a b Hutchinson J. The advantages of circumcision. The Polyclinic. September 1900; 3(9): 129-131.
- ↑ Ravich A. The relationship of circumcision to cancer of the prostate. Journal of Urology. September 1942; 48(3): 298-299.
- ↑ Remondino PC. Negro rapes and their social problems. National Popular Review. January 1894; 4(1): 3-6.
- ↑ Fink AJ. Circumcision and sand. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. November 1991; 84(11): 696.
- ↑ Sayre LA. Partial paralysis from reflex irritation, caused by congenital phimosis and adherent prepuce. Transactions of the American Medical Association. 1870; 21: 205-11.
- ↑ Hutchinson J. On the Influence of Circumcision in Preventing Syphilis. Medical Times and Gazette. 1855; 32(844): 542-543. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
- ↑ Wolbarst AL. Universal circumcision as a sanitary measure. Journal of the American Medical Association. 10 January 1914; 62(2): 92-97.
- ↑ Wiswell TE. Decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in circumcised male infants. Pediatrics. May 1985; 75(5): 901-3.
