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In the long history of genital mutilation aka [[foreskin]] amputation aka [[circumcision]], there have been many alleged reasons why this should be a ''medical procedure''. Please note that some of the alleged medical reasons are rather pseudo-hygienical reasons which should never be solved by cutting off intact body parts.
In the long history of genital mutilation aka [[foreskin]] [[amputation]] aka [[circumcision]], there have been many false alleged reasons why this should be a ''medical procedure''. Please note that some of the alleged medical reasons are rather pseudo-hygienical reasons which should never be solved by cutting off [[intact]] body parts.


{{Incomplete}}
{{Incomplete}}
Line 16: Line 16:
  |pages=255-274
  |pages=255-274
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* Crossed eyes - 1886: William G. Eggleston<ref name="Eggleston1886">{{REFjournal
* Crossed eyes - 1886: [[William G. Eggleston]]<ref name="Eggleston1886">{{Eggleston1886}}</ref>
|last=Eggleston
|first=William G.
|init=WG
|title=Two cases of reflex paraplegia(one with aphasia) from tape-worm and phimosis
|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association
|date=1886-05-08
|volume=6
|issue=19
|pages=511-515
}}</ref>
* Curvature of the spine - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875"/>
* Curvature of the spine - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875"/>
* Dirt under the [[foreskin]] in newborns - 1941: Allan F. Guttmacher<ref name="Guttmacher1941">{{REFjournal
* Dirt under the [[foreskin]] in newborns - 1941: [[Alan F. Guttmacher]]<ref name="Guttmacher1941">{{REFjournal
  |last=Guttmacher
  |last=Guttmacher
  |first=Allan F.
  |first=Alan F.
  |init=AF
  |init=AF
|author-link=Alan F. Guttmacher
  |title=Should the baby be circumcised?
  |title=Should the baby be circumcised?
|url=https://www.circumstitions.com/1941.html
  |journal=Parents Magazine
  |journal=Parents Magazine
  |date=1941-09
  |date=1941-09
Line 39: Line 31:
  |pages=26,76-78
  |pages=26,76-78
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* Epilepsy - 1902: Roswell Park<ref name="Park1902">{{REFjournal
* Epilepsy - 1902: [[Roswell Park]]<ref name="Park1902">{{Park1902}}</ref>
|last=Park
* [[Masturbation]] (females) - 1918 [[Belle C. Eskridge]]<ref name="Eskridge1918">{{Eskridge1918}}</ref>
|first=Roswell
|init=R
|title=The surgical treatment of epilepsy
|journal=American Medicine
|date=1902-11-22
|volume=4
|issue=21
|pages=807-809
}}</ref>
* [[Masturbation]] (females) - 1918 Belle Eskridge<ref name="Eskridge1918">{{REFjournal
|last=Eskridge
|first=Belle C.
|init=BC
|title=Why not circumcise the girl as well as the boy?
|journal=Texas State Journal of Medicine
|date=1918-05
|volume=14
|pages=17-19
}}</ref>
* [[Masturbation]] (males) - 1891: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1891">{{REFjournal
* [[Masturbation]] (males) - 1891: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1891">{{REFjournal
  |last=Hutchinson
  |last=Hutchinson
Line 71: Line 44:
  |issue=7
  |issue=7
  |pages=267-269
  |pages=267-269
}}</ref>, 1901: Ernest G. Mark<ref name="Mark1901">{{REFjournal
}}</ref>, 1901: [[Ernest G. Mark]]<ref name="Mark1901">{{Mark1901}}</ref>
|last=Mark
* [[Masturbation]] (newborns) - 1953: [[Richard L. Miller]] and [[Donald C. Snyder]]<ref name="MillerSnyder1953">{{MillerSnyder1953}}</ref>
|first=Ernest G.
* Neuroses (females) - 1915: [[Benjamin E. Dawson]]<ref name="Dawson1915">{{Dawson1915}}</ref>
|init=EG
|title=Circumcision
|journal=American Practitioner and News
|date=1901-02-15
|volume=31
|issue=4
|pages=122-126
|url=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
* [[Masturbation]] (newborns) - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953">{{REFjournal
|last=Miller
|init=RL
|last2=Snyder
|init2=DC
|title=Immediate circumcision of the newborn male
|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|date=1953-01
|volume=6
|issue=1
|pages=1-11
}}</ref>
* Neuroses (females) - 1915: Benjamin E. Dawson
* Paralysis of the bladder - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875"/>
* Paralysis of the bladder - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875"/>


In 1958, C.F. McDonald said "the same reasons that apply for the circumcision of males are generally valid when considered for the female."<ref name="McDonald1958">{{REFjournal
In 1958, [[Christine F. McDonald]] said "the same reasons that apply for the [[circumcision]] of males are generally valid when considered for the female."<ref name="McDonald1958">{{McDonald1958}}</ref>
|last=McDonald
|init=CF
|title=Circumcision of the female
|journal=General Practitioner
|date=1958-09
|volume=18
|issue=3
|pages=98-99
}}</ref>


In 1966, Masters and Johnson erroneous claim that there is no difference in sensitivity between penises with and without foreskin.
In 1966, Masters and Johnson erroneous claim that there is no difference in sensitivity between penises with and without [[foreskin]].
: ({{NOTE}} Their work helps propagate the medical dogma that circumcision has no effect on sexuality go practically unquestioned for nearly the next four decades.)<ref name="MastersJohnson1966">{{REFbook
: ({{NOTE}} Their work helps propagate the medical dogma that circumcision has no effect on sexuality go practically unquestioned for nearly the next four decades.)<ref name="MastersJohnson1966">{{REFbook
  |last=Masters and Johnson
  |last=Masters & Johnson
  |year=1966
  |year=1966
  |title=Human Sexual Response
  |title=Human Sexual Response
Line 124: Line 61:


== Cure through [[FGM]] ==
== Cure through [[FGM]] ==
* Clitoris easier findable by husband - 1959: W.G. Rathmann<ref name="Rathmann1959">{{REFjournal
* Adiposity by relieving psychosomatic factors - 1959: [[W. G. Rathmann]]<ref name="Rathmann1959">{{Rathmann1959}}</ref>
|last=Rathmann
* [[Clitoris]] easier findable by husband - 1959: [[W. G. Rathmann]]<ref name="Rathmann1959"/>
|init=WG
* [[HIV]] (in women after FGM) - 2005: [[R. Y. Stallings]]<ref name="Stallings2005">{{Stallings2005}}</ref>
|title=Female Circumcision: Indications and a New Technique
|journal=General Practitioner
|date=1959-09
|volume=20
|issue=9
|pages=115-120
}}</ref>
* HIV (in women after FGM) - 2005: R.Y. Stallings<ref name="Stallings2005">{{REFconference
|place=Rio de Janeiro
|title=Female circumcision and HIV infection in Tanzania: for better or for worse?
|last=Stallings
|first=R.Y.
|source=Third International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment
|date=2005-07-25
|note=25-27 July 2005
}}</ref>


== Cure through [[MGM]] ==
== Cure through [[MGM]] ==
* Abdominal neuralgia - 1879: H.H. Kane<ref name="Kane1879">{{REFjournal
* Abdominal neuralgia - 1879: [[H. H. Kane]]<ref name="Kane1879">{{Kane1879}}</ref>
|last=Kane
* Bed wetting - 1873: [[Joseph Bell]]<ref name="Bell1873">{{Bell1873}}</ref>, 1930: [[Norton Henry Bare]]<ref name="Bare1930">{{Bare1930}}</ref>
|init=HH
* Blindness - 1890: [[William D. Gentry]]<ref name="Gentry1890">{{Gentry1890}}</ref>
|title=Seminal emissions, abdominal neuralgia: circumcision: cure
|journal=Southern Clinic
|date=1879-10
|volume=2
|issue=1
|pages=8-11
}}</ref>
* Bed wetting - 1873: Joseph Bell<ref name="Bell1873">{{REFjournal
|last=Bell
|first=Joseph
|init=J
|title=Nocturnal incontinence of urine cured by circumcision
|journal=Edinburgh Medical Journal
|date=1873-05
|volume=1
|issue=9
|page=1034
}}</ref>
* Blindness - 1890: [[William D. Gentry]]<ref name="Gentry1890">{{REFjournal
|last=Gentry
|first=William D.
|init=WD
|author-link=William D. Gentry
|title=Nervous derangements produced by sexual irregularities in boys
|journal=Medical Current
|date=1890-07
|volume=6
|issue=7
|pages=268-274
}}</ref>
* Deafness - 1890: [[William D. Gentry]]<ref name="Gentry1890"/>
* Deafness - 1890: [[William D. Gentry]]<ref name="Gentry1890"/>
* Dumbness - 1890: [[William D. Gentry]]<ref name="Gentry1890"/>
* Dumbness - 1890: [[William D. Gentry]]<ref name="Gentry1890"/>
* Epilepsy - 1865: Nathaniel Heckford<ref name="Heckford1865">{{REFjournal
* Epilepsy - 1865: [[Nathaniel Heckford]]<ref name="Heckford1865">{{Heckford1865}}</ref>, 1870: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre 1870 epilepsy">{{REFjournal
|last=Heckford
|first=Nathaniel
|init=N
|title=Circumcision as a remedial measure in certain cases of epilepsy and chorea
|journal=Clinical Lectures and Reports by the Medical and Surgical Staff of the London Hospital
|date=1865
|volume=2
|pages=58-64
}}</ref>, 1870: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre 1870 epilepsy">{{REFjournal
  |last=Sayre
  |last=Sayre
  |first=Lewis A.
  |first=Lewis A.
Line 200: Line 82:
  |issue=10
  |issue=10
  |pages=231-234
  |pages=231-234
}}</ref>, 1902: Roswell Park<ref name="Park1902"/>, 1930: Norton Henry Bare<ref name="Bare1930">{{REFjournal
}}</ref>, 1902: [[Roswell Park]]<ref name="Park1902"/>, 1930: [[Norton Henry Bare]]<ref name="Bare1930"/>
|last=Bare
* Eye problems believed to be caused by [[masturbation]] - 1881: [[Maximillian Landesberg]]<ref name="Landesberg1881">{{Landesberg1881}}</ref>
|first=Norton Henry
* Immunity to nearly all physical and mental illness - 1953: [[Richard L. Miller]] and [[Donald C. Snyder]]<ref name="MillerSnyder1953"/>
|init=NH
* [[Masturbation]] (newborns) - 1953: [[Richard L. Miller]] and [[Donald C. Snyder]]<ref name="MillerSnyder1953"/>
|title=Surgical treatment of epilepsy with report of case
* Neuroses (females) - 1915: [[Benjamin E. Dawson]]<ref name="Dawson1915"/>
|journal=The China Medical Journal
* Nocturnal seminal emissions (i.e. wet dreams) - 1836: [[Claude François Lallemand]]<ref name="Lallemand">{{Lallemand1836}}</ref>, 1879: [[H. H. Kane]]<ref name="Kane1879"/>
|date=1930-11
* Rectal incontinence - 1894: [[H. L. Rosenberry]]<ref name="Rosenberry1894">{{Rosenberry1894}}</ref>
|volume=4
* Sensitiveness of the organ - 1901: [[Ernest G. Mark]]<ref name="Mark1901"/>
|issue=11
* Urinary incontinence - 1894: [[H. L. Rosenberry]]<ref name="Rosenberry1894"/>
|pages=1109-1113
}}</ref>
* Eye problems believed to be caused by [[masturbation]] - 1881: Maximillian Landesburg<ref name="Landesburg1881">{{REFjournal
|last=Landesburg
|first=Maximillian
|init=M
|title=On affections of the eye caused by masturbation
|journal=Medical Bulletin
|date=1881-04
|volume=3
|issue=4
|pages=79-81
}}</ref>
* Immunity to nearly all physical and mental illness - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953">{{REFjournal
|last=Miller
|init=RL
|last2=Snyder
|init2=DC
|title=Immediate circumcision of the newborn male
|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|date=1953-01
|volume=6
|issue=1
|pages=1-11
}}</ref>
* [[Masturbation]] (newborns) - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953"/>
* Neuroses (females) - 1915: Benjamin E. Dawson<ref name="Dawson1915">{{REFjournal
|last=Dawson
|first=Benjamin E.
|init=BE
|title=Circumcision in the Female: Its Necessity and How to Perform It
|journal=American Journal of Clinical Medicine
|date=1915-06
|volume=22
|issue=66
|pages=520-523
}}</ref>
* Nocturnal seminal emissions (i.e. wet dreams) - 1832: Claude-Francois Lallemand<ref name="Lallemand">{{REFbook
|last=Lallemand
|first=Claude-Francois
|year=(1):1836; (2):1839; (3):1842
|title=Des Pertes Seminales Involontaires
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HV4B3UaMUAYC&dq=Des+Pertes+Seminales+Involontaires+1836&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s
|volume=1-3
|pages=(1):463-467; (2):70-162; (3):266-267, 280-289
|accessdate=2011-06-09
}}</ref>, 1879: H.H. Kane<ref name="Kane1879"/>
* Rectal incontinence - 1894: H.L. Rosenberry<ref name="Rosenberry1894">{{REFjournal
|last=Rosenberry
|init=HL
|title=Incontinence of the urine and faeces, cured by circumcision
|journal=Medical Record
|date=1894-08-11
|volume=4
|issue=6
|page=173
}}</ref>
* Sensitiveness of the organ - 1901: Ernest G. Mark<ref name="Mark1901"/>
* Urinary incontinence - 1894: H.L. Rosenberry<ref name="Rosenberry1894"/>


== Prevention ==
== Prevention ==
* AIDS - 1986: [[Aaron J. Fink]]<ref name="Fink1986">{{REFjournal
* [[AIDS]] - 1986: [[Aaron J. Fink]]<ref name="Fink1986">{{REFjournal
  |last=Fink
  |last=Fink
  |first=Aaron J.
  |first=Aaron J.
  |init=AJ
  |init=AJ
  |author-link=Aaron J. Fink
  |author-link=Aaron J. Fink
  |title=A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS
  |title=A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with [[AIDS]]
  |journal=New England Journal of Medicine
  |journal=New England Journal of Medicine
  |date=1986-10-30
  |date=1986-10-30
Line 295: Line 118:
* Cancer of the bladder - 1971: [[Abraham Ravich]]<ref name="Ravich1971">{{Ravich1971}}</ref>
* Cancer of the bladder - 1971: [[Abraham Ravich]]<ref name="Ravich1971">{{Ravich1971}}</ref>
* Cancer of the rectum - 1971: [[Abraham Ravich]]<ref name="Ravich1971"/>
* Cancer of the rectum - 1971: [[Abraham Ravich]]<ref name="Ravich1971"/>
* Cancer of the tongue - 1949: Eugene H. Hand<ref name="Hand1949">{{REFjournal
* Cancer of the tongue - 1949: [[Eugene H. Hand]]<ref name="Hand1949">{{REFjournal
  |last=Hand
  |last=Hand
  |first=Eugene H.
  |first=Eugene H.
  |init=EH
  |init=EH
  |#author-link=Eugene H. Hand
  |author-link=Eugene H. Hand
|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18135844/
  |title=Circumcision and venereal disease
  |title=Circumcision and venereal disease
  |journal=Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology
  |journal=Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology
Line 305: Line 129:
  |volume=60
  |volume=60
  |issue=3
  |issue=3
  |pages=341-346
  |pages341-6
}}</ref>
  |pubmedID=18135844
* [[Cervical cancer]] (women) - 1951: [[Abraham Ravich]]<ref name="Ravich1951">{{Ravich1951}}</ref>, 1954: Ernest L. Wynder<ref name="Wynder1954">{{REFjournal
  |DOI=10.1001/archderm.1949.01530030037004
|last=Wynder
  |accessdate=2021-10-08
|first=Ernest L.
|init=EL
  |#author-link=Ernest L. Wynder
  |title=A study of environmental factors of carcinoma of the cervix
|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|date=1954-10
|volume=68
|issue=4
|pages=10166-52 (??)
}}</ref>
* HIV (in women after FGM) - 2005: R.Y. Stallings<ref name="Stallings2005"/>
* HIV 'vaccine' - 2007: [[Robert C. Bailey]]<ref name="Bailey2007">{{REFjournal
|last=Bailey
|first=Robert C.
  |init=RC
|author-link=Robert C. Bailey
|title=Male circumcision for HIV prevention for young men in Kisumu, Kenya
|journal=Lancet
|date=2007
|volume=369
|issue=9562
|pages=643-656
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* [[Cervical cancer]] (women) - 1951: [[Abraham Ravich]]<ref name="Ravich1951">{{Ravich1951}}</ref>, 1954: [[Ernest L. Wynder]]<ref name="Wynder1954">{{Wynder1954}}</ref>
* [[HIV]] (in women after FGM) - 2005: [[R. Y. Stallings]]<ref name="Stallings2005"/>
* [[HIV]] 'vaccine' - 2007: [[Robert C. Bailey]]<ref name="Bailey2007">{{RCT Bailey et al 2007}}</ref>
* Inchastity - 1935: [[R. W. Cockshut]]<ref name="Cockshut1935">{{REFjournal
* Inchastity - 1935: [[R. W. Cockshut]]<ref name="Cockshut1935">{{REFjournal
  |last=Cockshut
  |last=Cockshut
Line 343: Line 148:
  |page=764
  |page=764
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* [[Masturbation]] (females) - 1918: Belle Eskridge<ref name="Eskridge1918"/>
* [[Masturbation]] (females) - 1918: [[Belle C. Eskridge]]<ref name="Eskridge1918"/>
* [[Masturbation]] (males) - 1845: Edward H. Dixon<ref name="Dixon">{{REFbook
* [[Masturbation]] (males) - 1845: [[Edward H. Dixon]]<ref name="Dixon">{{Dixon1845}}</ref>, 1871: [[M. J. Moses]] (for Jews)<ref name="Moses1871">{{Moses1871}}</ref>, 1888: [[John Harvey Kellogg]] (as punishment)<ref name="Kellogg1888">{{Kellogg1888}}</ref>, 1969: [[Morris Fishbein]]<ref name="Fishbein1969">{{Fishbein1969}}</ref>
|last=Dixon
|first=Edward H.
|year=1845
|title=A Treatise on Diseases of the Sexual Organs
|pages=158-165
|location=New York
|publisher=Stringer & Co
|accessdate=2011-06-09
}}</ref>, 1871: M.J. Moses (for Jews)<ref name="Moses1871">{{REFjournal
|last=Moses
|init=MJ
|title=The value of circumcision as a hygienic and therapeutic measure
|journal=New York Medical Journal
|date=1871-11
|volume=14
|issue=4
|pages=368-374
}}</ref>, 1888: [[John Harvey Kellogg]] (as punishment)<ref name="Kellogg1888">{{REFbook
|last=Kellogg
|first=John Harvey
|author-link=John Harvey Kellogg
|year=1888
|title=Plain Facts for Old and Young
|url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/KelPlai.html
|editor=Project Gutenberg
|edition=1881 edition
|chapter=Treatment for Self-Abuse and Its Effects
|location=Burlington, Iowa
|publisher=F. Segner & Co
|accessdate=2011-03-21
}}</ref>, 1969: Morris Fishbein<ref name="Fishbein1969">{{REFbook
|last=Fishbein
|first=Morris
|year=1969
|title=Modern Home Medical Adviser
|editor=Garden City
|chapter=Sex hygiene
|pages=90+119
|location=New York
|publisher=Doubleday & Co
}}</ref>
* Neonatal group B streptococcal disease - 1988: [[Aaron J. Fink]]<ref name="Fink1988">{{REFjournal
* Neonatal group B streptococcal disease - 1988: [[Aaron J. Fink]]<ref name="Fink1988">{{REFjournal
  |last=Fink
  |last=Fink
Line 398: Line 162:
  |pages=534-535
  |pages=534-535
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* Nervousness - 1969: Morris Fishbein<ref name="Fishbein1969"/>
* Nervousness - 1969: [[Morris Fishbein]]<ref name="Fishbein1969"/>
* [[penile cancer]] - 1926: [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]]<ref name="Wolbarst1926">{{REFjournal
* [[penile cancer]] - 1926: [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]]<ref name="Wolbarst1926">{{REFjournal
  |last=Wolbarst
  |last=Wolbarst
Line 424: Line 188:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* [[Prostate cancer]] - 1942: [[Abraham Ravich]]<ref name="Ravich1942">{{Ravich1942}}</ref>
* [[Prostate cancer]] - 1942: [[Abraham Ravich]]<ref name="Ravich1942">{{Ravich1942}}</ref>
* Raping whites - 1894: [[Peter Charles Remondino|P.C. Remondino]] (for Blacks)<ref name="Remondino1894">{{REFjournal
* Raping whites - 1894: [[Peter Charles Remondino]] (for Blacks)<ref name="Remondino1894">{{REFjournal
  |last=Remondino
  |last=Remondino
  |init=PC
  |init=PC
Line 447: Line 211:
  |page=696
  |page=696
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* Sensitivity - 1935: [[R. W. Cockshut]]<ref name="Cockshut1935"/>, 1941: Allan F. Guttmacher<ref name="Guttmacher1941"/>
* Sensitivity - 1935: [[R. W. Cockshut]]<ref name="Cockshut1935"/>, 1941: [[Alan F. Guttmacher]]<ref name="Guttmacher1941"/>
* Sexual immorality - 1900: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1900"/>
* Sexual immorality - 1900: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1900"/>
* Spinal paralysis - 1870: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre 1870 spinal paralysis">{{REFjournal
* Spinal paralysis - 1870: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre 1870 spinal paralysis">{{REFjournal
Line 496: Line 260:
  |pages=901-3
  |pages=901-3
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* Venereal disease - 1949: Eugene H. Hand<ref name="Hand1949"/>
* Venereal disease - 1949: [[Eugene H. Hand]]<ref name="Hand1949"/>


{{SEEALSO}}
{{SEEALSO}}
Line 503: Line 267:
{{REF}}
{{REF}}


[[Category:Medical conditions]]
[[Category:Medical condition]]
[[Category:Penile disorders]]
[[Category:Penile disorder]]
[[Category:Penile function]]
[[Category:Penile function]]
[[Category:Penile illness]]
[[Category:Penile illness]]
[[de:Angebliche Beschneidungsgründe]]
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