Difference between revisions of "Sexual sensation of the foreskin"

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(Created page with "{{Construction Site}} Anatomical investigations have identified the prepuce as a primary erogenous zone in humans.<ref> Winkelmann, R.K. "The Erogenous Zones: Their nerve sup...")
 
(→‎The circumcised penis: Add link in SEEALSO section.)
 
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{{Construction Site}}
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Anatomical investigations have identified the prepuce as a primary erogenous zone in humans.<ref name="ErogenousZones">{{WinkelmannRK 1959}}</ref>
  
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Anatomical investigations have identified the prepuce as a primary erogenous zone in humans.<ref> Winkelmann, R.K. "The Erogenous Zones: Their nerve supply and significance." Proceedings of the staff meetings of the Mayo Clinic. 34.2 (1959): 39-47. Print. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13645790?dopt=Abstract PMID 13645790]</ref>
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Morgan (1967) addressed the issue in the ''Medical Journal of Australia'':
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<blockquote>
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The subcutaneous tissue of the [[glans]] is provided with special sensory receptors that are concerned with appreciating the pleasurable sensations that occur during coitus. They are stimulated normally only when the glans is exposed. In the [[circumcised]] subject these receptors are constantly stimulated and lose their sensitivity. During the act of coitus, the [[uncircumcised]] phallus penetrates smoothly and without friction, the prepuce gradually retracting as the organ advances. In contrast, when the [[circumcised]] organ is introduced during coitus, friction develops between the glans and the vaginal [[mucosa]].<ref name="morgan1967">{{REFjournal
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|last=Morgan
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|first=William Keith C.
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|init=WKC
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|author-link=William Keith Campbell Morgan
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|etal=No
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|title=Penile Plunder
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|trans-title=
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|language=
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|journal=Med J Aust
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|location=
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|date=1967-05-27
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|volume=1
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|issue=21
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|pages=1102-3
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|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/morgan2/
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|quote=
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|pubmedID=4226264
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|pubmedCID=
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|DOI=
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|accessdate=2024-08-18
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}}</ref>
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</blockquote>
  
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For over a hundred years, anatomical research has confirmed that both the penile and clitoral prepuce (foreskin) are richly innervated, specific erogenous tissue with specialised encapsulated (corpuscular) sensory receptors, such as Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, genital corpuscles, Krause end bulbs, Ruffini corpuscles, and mucocutaneous corpuscles. These receptors transmit sensations of fine touch, pressure, proprioception, and temperature.<ref>Dogiel, A.S. "Die Nervenendigungen in der Schloemhaut der ausseren Genitalorgane des Menschen." Aroh. f. mikr. Anat. 41. (1893): 585-612. Print.
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Falliers (1970) commented on the "sensory pleasure induced by tactile stimulation of the foreskin."<ref name="falliers1970">{{REFjournal
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</ref><ref>Dogiel AS. Über die Nervenendapparate in der Haut des Menschen. Ztschr Wiss Zool 1903;75:46-111.
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|last=Falliers
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</ref><ref>Ohmori, D. "Enwickling der Innervation der Genital Apparatus als peripheren Aufnahme-Apparat der genitalen Reflex." Ztscr. f. d. ges. 70. (1924): 347-410. Print.
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|first=
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</ref><ref>Yamada K. Studies in the innervation in tenth month human embryo. Tohoku J Exper Med 1951:54:151. Yamada K. On the sensory nerve terminations in clitoris in human adult. Tohoku J Exper Med 1951;54:163- 74.
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|init=CJ
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</ref><ref>
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|author-link=
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  Winkelmann, R.K. "The cutaneous innervation of human newborn prepuce." Journal of investigative dermatology 26.1 (1956): 53–67. Web.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13295637?dopt=Abstract PMID 13295637]
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|etal=no
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</ref><ref>Winkelmann RK. The mucocutaneous end-organ. Arch Dermatol 1957;76:225-35.
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|title=Circumcision
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</ref><ref>Krantz KE. Innervation of the human vulva and vagina: a microscopic study. Obstet Gynecol 1958;12:382-96.
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|trans-title=
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</ref><ref>
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|language=
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Winkelmann, R.K. "The Erogenous Zones: Their nerve supply and significance." Proceedings of the staff meetings of the Mayo Clinic. 34.2 (1959): 39-47. Print. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13645790?dopt=Abstract PMID 13645790]
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|journal=JAMA
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</ref><ref>Butler AB, Hodos W. Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation. Wiley-Liss, 1996:26 Print. ISBN 0471210056
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|location=
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</ref>
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|date=1970-12
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|volume=214
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|issue=12
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|article=
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|page=2194
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|pages=
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|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/falliers1/
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|archived=
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|quote=
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|pubmedID=5536586
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|pubmedCID=
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|DOI=
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|accessdate=2021-11-17
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}}</ref>
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For over a hundred years, anatomical research has confirmed that both the penile and clitoral prepuce ([[foreskin]]) are richly innervated, specific erogenous tissue with specialised encapsulated (corpuscular) sensory receptors, such as [[Meissner's corpuscles]],<ref name="garcía-mesa2021">{{REFjournal
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|last=García-Mesa
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|first=Yolanda
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|init=
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|author-link=
 +
|last2=García-Piqueras
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|first2=Jorge
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|init2=
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|author2-link=
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|last3=Cobo
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|first3=Ramón
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|init3=
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|author3-link=
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|last4=Martín-Cruces
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|first4=José
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|init4=
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|author4-link=
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|last5=Suazo
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|first5=Iván
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|init5=
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|author5-link=
 +
|last6=García-Suárez
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|first6=Olivia
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|init6=
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|author6-link=
 +
|last7=Feito
 +
|first7=Jorge
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|init7=
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|author7-link=
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|last8=
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|first8=Vega
 +
|init8=José A.
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|author8-link=
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|etal=no
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|title=Sensory innervation of the human male prepuce: Meissner's corpuscles predominate
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|trans-title=
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|language=
 +
|journal=Journal of Anatomy
 +
|location=
 +
|date=2021-10
 +
|volume=239
 +
|issue=4
 +
|article=
 +
|page=
 +
|pages=892-902
 +
|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/joa.13481
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
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|pubmedID=34120333
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|pubmedCID=8450466
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|DOI=10.1111/joa.13481
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|accessdate=2021-11-15
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}}</ref> Pacinian corpuscles, genital corpuscles, Krause end bulbs, Ruffini corpuscles, and mucocutaneous corpuscles. These receptors transmit sensations of fine touch, pressure, proprioception, and temperature.<ref name="Nervenendigungen">{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Dogiel
 +
|init=AS
 +
|title=Die Nervenendigungen in der Schleimhaut der äusseren Genitalorgane des Menschen
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|trans-title=Nerve endings in a mucous membrane of external genital organs of the human
 +
|language=German
 +
|journal=Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie
 +
|volume=41
 +
|issue=
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|pages=585-612
 +
|url=
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=
 +
|date=1893
 +
|accessdate=2021-06-21
 +
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Dogiel
 +
|init=AS
 +
|title=Über die Nervenendapparate in der Haut des Menschen
 +
|trans-title=About the nerve end apparatuses in the human [[skin]]
 +
|language=German
 +
|journal=Ztschr Wiss Zool
 +
|volume=75
 +
|issue=
 +
|pages=46-111
 +
|url=h
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=
 +
|date=1903
 +
|accessdate=2021-06-21
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}}</ref><ref name="Ohmori">{{REFjournal
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|last=Ohmori
 +
|init=D
 +
|title=Über die Entwicklung der Innervation der Genitalapparate als peripheren Aufnahmeapperat der genitalen Reflexe
 +
|trans-title=About development of the innervation of the genital apparatuses as a peripheral recording device of the genital reflexes
 +
|language=German
 +
|journal=Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte
 +
|volume=70
 +
|issue=1
 +
|pages=347-410
 +
|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02117201
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=
 +
|date=1924
 +
|accessdate=2021-06-21
 +
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Yamada
 +
|init=K
 +
|title=Studies in the innervation in tenth month human embryo
 +
|journal=Tohoku J Exper Med
 +
|date=1951
 +
|volume=54
 +
|page=151
 +
|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tjem1920/54/2/54_2_151/_pdf
 +
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Yamada
 +
|init=K
 +
|title=On the sensory nerve terminations in clitoris in human adult
 +
|journal=Tohoku J Exper Med
 +
|year=1951
 +
|volume=54
 +
|pages=163-174
 +
|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tjem1920/54/2/54_2_163/_article/-char/ja/
 +
}}</ref><ref name="CutaneousInnervation">{{REFjournal
 +
  |last=Winkelmann
 +
|init=RK
 +
|title=The cutaneous innervation of human newborn prepuce
 +
|journal=Journal of investigative dermatology
 +
|volume=26
 +
|issue=1
 +
|pages=53–67
 +
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/winkelmann2/
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13295637?dopt=Abstract
 +
|pubmedCID=
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|DOI=
 +
|date=1956
 +
|accessdate=2020-04-30
 +
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Winkelmann
 +
|init=RK
 +
|title=The mucocutaneous end-organ
 +
|journal=Arch Dermatol
 +
|volume=76
 +
|issue=
 +
|pages=225-235
 +
|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/525127
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|quote=
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|pubmedID=
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=
 +
|date=1957
 +
|accessdate=2021-06-21
 +
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Krantz
 +
|init=KE
 +
|title=Innervation of the human vulva and vagina: a microscopic study
 +
|journal=Obstet Gynecol
 +
|volume=12
 +
|issue=
 +
|pages=382-96
 +
|url=https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Citation/1958/10000/Innervation_of_the_Human_Vulva_and_Vagina__A.4.aspx
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=
 +
|pubmedCID=
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|DOI=
 +
|date=1958
 +
|accessdate=2021-06-21
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}}</ref><ref name="ErogenousZones"/><ref>{{REFbook
 +
|last=Butler
 +
|init=AB
 +
|last2=Hodos
 +
|init2=W
 +
|year=1996
 +
|title=Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation
 +
|url=
 +
|work=
 +
|editor=
 +
|edition=26
 +
|volume=
 +
|chapter=
 +
|pages=
 +
|location=
 +
|publisher=Wiley-Liss
 +
|isbn=0471210056
 +
|quote=
 +
|accessdate=
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|note=
 +
}}</ref>
  
 
== Nerve types ==
 
== Nerve types ==
  
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The two primary sensory receptors in primate skin are free nerve endings and encapsulated or corpuscular receptors. While free nerve endings (pain, itch, and temperature receptors) are found in most skin, the encapsulated receptors are concentrated in regions that require specialised touch sensitivity, such as at the fingertips, lips, external genitalia, perianal skin, and transition areas between skin and mucous membranes.<ref>Stenn KS, Bhawan J. The normal histology of the skin. in: Farmer ER. Hood AF. eds. Pathology of the Skin. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange. 1990.
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The two primary sensory receptors in primate [[skin]] are free nerve endings and encapsulated or corpuscular receptors. While free nerve endings (pain, itch, and temperature receptors) are found in most [[skin]], the encapsulated receptors are concentrated in regions that require specialised touch sensitivity, such as at the fingertips, lips, external genitalia, perianal [[skin]], and transition areas between [[skin]] and [[Mucosa| mucous membranes]].<ref>{{REFbook
−
</ref>
+
|last=Stenn
 +
|first=K.S.
 +
|init=KS
 +
|last2=Bhawan
 +
|first2=J.
 +
|init2=J
 +
|chapter=The normal histology of the skin
 +
|editors=Farmer E.R. / Hood A.F.
 +
|title=Pathology of the Skin
 +
|location=Norwalk, CT
 +
|publisher=Appleton and Lange
 +
|year=1990
 +
}}</ref>
  
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The Innervation of the foreskin is impressive  
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The innervation of the [[foreskin]] is impressive <ref>{{REFjournal
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<ref>Moldwin RM, Valderrama E. Immunohistochemical analysis of nerve distribution patterns within preputial tissues. J Urol 1989 Apr;141(4):499A. (abstract)</ref>
+
|last=Moldwin
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The foreskin is what's known as a specific erogenous zone.
+
|init=RM
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<ref>Winkelmann RK. The erogenous zones: their nerve supply and its significance. Proceedings of the staff meetings of the Mayo Clinic 1959 Jan21(2):39-47</ref>
+
|last2=Valderrama
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This means that it is richly equipped with a high density and concentration of specialized and sophisticated nerve receptors that convey pleasure.The presence of specialized nerves, nerves that do no not exist elsewhere, make this part of the penis especially important. Consequently, this has been studied in detail by respected anatomists for over a century, who have transformed their knowledge by detailed empirical observation of the nerves that are present in the foreskin.
+
|init2=E
 +
|title=Immunohistochemical analysis of nerve distribution patterns within preputial tissues
 +
|journal=J Urol
 +
|date=1989-04
 +
|volume=141
 +
|issue=4
 +
|page=499A
 +
}}</ref> The [[foreskin]] is what's known as a ''specific erogenous zone''.<ref name="ErogenousZones"/> This means that it is richly equipped with a high density and concentration of specialized and sophisticated nerve receptors that convey pleasure.<ref name="garcía-mesa2021" /> The presence of specialized nerves, nerves that do no not exist elsewhere, make this part of the [[penis]] especially important. Consequently, this has been studied in detail by respected anatomists for over a century, who have transformed their knowledge by detailed empirical observation of the nerves that are present in the [[foreskin]].
  
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As the most richly innervated part of the penis, the foreskin has the largest number of nerve receptors, as well as the greatest variety of nerve receptors. These specialized nerve endings include:
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As the most richly innervated part of the [[penis]], the [[foreskin]] has the largest number of nerve receptors, as well as the greatest variety of nerve receptors.<ref name="garcía-mesa2021"/> These specialized nerve endings include:
  
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* Meissner's corpuscles, <ref>Taylor JR, Lockwood AP, Taylor AJ. The prepuce: specialized musocsa of the penis and its loss to circumcision. Br J Urol 1996 Feb;77(2): 291-5</ref>
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* [[Meissner's corpuscles]],<ref name="garcía-mesa2021"/><ref name="Mucosa">{{TaylorJR LockwoodAP TaylorAJ 1996}}</ref>
  
−
* free nerve endings, end bulbs of Krause, <ref>Dogiel AS. Die Nervenendigungen in der Haut der ausseren Genitalorgane des Menschen. Archiv fur Mikroskopische Anatomie 1893:41:585-612</ref><ref>Bazett HC, McGlone B, Williams RG, Lufkin HM. Depth, distribution and probable identification in the prepuce of sensory end-organs concerned in sensations of temperature and touch; thermometric conductivity. Archives of Neurology and psychiatry 1932 Mar; 27(3):489-517</ref>
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* free nerve endings, end bulbs of Krause,<ref name="Nervenendigungen"/><ref name="Depth">{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Bazett
 +
|init=HC
 +
|last2=McGlone
 +
|init2=B
 +
|last3=Williams
 +
|init3=RG
 +
|last4=Lufkin
 +
|init4=HM
 +
|title=Depth, distribution and probable identification in the prepuce of sensory end-organs concerned in sensations of temperature and touch; thermometric conductivity
 +
|journal=Archives of Neurology and psychiatry
 +
|volume=27
 +
|issue=3
 +
|pages=489-517
 +
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/bazett/
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=
 +
|date=March 1932
 +
|accessdate=2020-04-27
 +
}}</ref>
  
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* Corpuscles of Ruffini, <ref>Bazett HC, McGlone B, Williams RG, Lufkin HM. Depth, distribution and probable identification in the prepuce of sensory end-organs concerned in sensations of temperature and touch; thermometric conductivity. Archives of Neurology and psychiatry 1932 Mar; 27(3):489-517</ref>
+
* Corpuscles of Ruffini,<ref name="Depth"/>
  
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* Pacinian corpuscles, <ref>Ohmori D. Uber die Entwicklung der Innervation der Genitalapparate als peripheren Aufnahmeapperat der Genitalen Reflexe. Zeitschrift fur Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte 1924;70(1):347-410.</ref>
+
* Pacinian corpuscles,<ref name="Ohmori"/>
  
−
* genital and bulbs <ref>Halata Z, Munger BL. The neuroanatomical basis for the protopathic sensibility og the human glans penis. Brain Res 1986 Apr23;371(2):205-30.</ref>
+
* genital end bulbs <ref>{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Halata
 +
|init=Z
 +
|last2=Munger
 +
|init2=BL
 +
|title=The neuroanatomical basis for the protopathic sensibility of the human glans penis
 +
|journal=Brain Res
 +
|date=1986-04-23
 +
|volume=371
 +
|issue=2
 +
|pages=205-230
 +
}}</ref>
  
−
* Genital bodies, <ref>Ohmori D. Uber die Entwicklung der Innervation der Genitalapparate als peripheren Aufnahmeapperat der Genitalen Reflexe. Zeitschrift fur Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte 1924;70(1):347-410.</ref>
+
* Genital bodies,<ref name="Ohmori"/>
  
−
* Merkels disks, Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles, <ref>Ohmori D. Uber die Entwicklung der Innervation der Genitalapparate als peripheren Aufnahmeapperat der Genitalen Reflexe. Zeitschrift fur Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte 1924;70(1):347-410.</ref>
+
* Merkels disks, Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles,<ref name="Ohmori"/>
  
−
* and Vater-Pacinian corpuscles. <ref>Winkelmann RK. The Cutaneous Innervation of the human newborn prepuce. Invest Dermatol 1956 Jan;26(1):53-67</ref>
+
* and Vater-Pacinian corpuscles.<ref name="CutaneousInnervation"/>
  
−
These remarkable organs provide the foreskin with its amazing ability to detect the slightest sensations of touch, motion, temperature, and pressure. We are still unaware of all the facts about these fascinating structures. Future research may discover even more nerve receptors in the foreskin and help clarify what purposes they serve.The primary zones of erogenous sensitivity are the frenulum, ridged mucosa, and the preputial orifice and the external fold of the foreskin. All of these zones are orgasmic triggers. Continuous gentle stimulation of any one of these areas can elicit pleasure, orgasm, and ejaculation.
+
These remarkable organs provide the [[foreskin]] with its amazing ability to detect the slightest sensations of touch, motion, temperature, and pressure. We are still unaware of all the facts about these fascinating structures. Future research may discover even more nerve receptors in the foreskin and help clarify what purposes they serve. The primary zones of erogenous sensitivity are the [[frenulum]], [[ridged band]] of [[Preputial mucosa|mucosa]], and the preputial orifice and the external fold of the [[foreskin]]. All of these zones are orgasmic triggers. Continuous gentle stimulation of any one of these areas can elicit pleasure, [[erection]], orgasm, and ejaculation. Some men report that simple retraction of their foreskin causes [[erection]].
  
−
== Meissner's corpuscle ==
+
== Meissner's corpuscles ==
  
 
[[Image:Meissner's corpuscle.jpg|right|thumb|Meissner's corpuscle.]]
 
[[Image:Meissner's corpuscle.jpg|right|thumb|Meissner's corpuscle.]]
  
−
Distributed on various areas of the skin, but concentrated in areas especially sensitive to light touch, such as the fingers, lips, nipples and foreskin.<ref>Cauna, Nikolajs, and Leonard L. Ross. "The fine structure of meissner's touch corpuscles of human fingers." Journal of Cell Biology. 8.2 (1960): 467-82. Print. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.8.2.467
+
Distributed on various areas of the [[skin]], but concentrated in areas especially sensitive to light touch, such as the fingers, lips, nipples and foreskin.<ref>{{REFjournal
−
</ref><ref>
+
|last=Cauna
−
Hoffmann et al. "Meissner corpuscles and somatosensory acuity." Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol (2004): 1138-47. Web.
+
|first=Nikolajs
−
</ref><ref>
+
|init=N
−
Bongiorno et al. "Neurofibromatosis of the nipple-areolar area: a case series." Journal of Medical Case Reports 4.22 (2010): n. pag. Web. 27 Dec 2010. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-4-22
+
|last2=Ross
−
</ref><ref>
+
|first2=Leonard L.
−
  Martini and Bartholomew. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology. 3. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2010. Print.
+
|init2=LL
−
</ref><ref>
+
|title=The fine structure of [[Meissner's corpuscles|Meissner's touch corpuscles]] of human fingers
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Afifi and Bergman. Functional neuroanatomy: text and atlas. McGraw-Hill Professional, 1998. 16. Print. ISBN 0070015899
+
|journal=Journal of Cell Biology
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</ref> They are concentrated in areas of the body denoted as erogenous zones, which include the foreskin, clitoris, lip and nipple.<ref>
+
|volume=8
−
Winkelmann, R.K. "The Erogenous Zones: Their nerve supply and significance." Proceedings of the staff meetings of the Mayo Clinic. 34.2 (1959): 39-47. Print. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13645790?dopt=Abstract PMID 13645790]
+
|issue=2
−
</ref> J.R. Taylor (1996) noted their presence in the foreskin,<ref name=>
+
|date=1960
−
Taylor, J.R. "The prepuce: Specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision." British Journal of Urology International. 77. (1996): 291-95. Print. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8800902?dopt=Abstract PMID 8800902]
+
|pages=467-482
−
</ref> and C.J. Cold & Taylor (1999) reported "Most of the encapsulated receptors of the foreskin are Meissner corpuscles, as they contact the epithelial basement membrane."<ref>
+
|DOI=10.1083/jcb.8.2.467
−
  C.J. Cold and J.R. Taylor. "The prepuce." British Journal of Urology International. 83. (1999): 34-44. Print [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10349413?dopt=Abstract PMID 10349413]
+
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
−
</ref> Early observations were noted by A. S. Dogiel (1893),<ref>
+
|last=Hoffmann
−
Dogiel, A.S. "Die Nervenendigungen in der Schloemhaut der ausseren Genitalorgane des Menschen." Aroh. f. mikr. Anat. 41. (1893): 585-612. Print.
+
|etal=yes
−
</ref> D. Ohmori (1924),<ref>
+
|title=Meissner corpuscles and somatosensory acuity
−
Ohmori, D. "Enwickling der Innervation der Genital Apparatus als peripheren Aufnahme-Apparat der genitalen Reflex." Ztscr. f. d. ges. 70. (1924): 347-410. Print.
+
|journal=Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol
−
</ref> and H. C. Bazett (1935),<ref>
+
|date=2004
−
  Bazett, H.C. "Methods of investigation of sensation in man and the theoretical value of the results obtained." Proc. A. Research Nerv. & Ment. Dis. 15. (1935): 83-97. Print.
+
|pages=1138.1147
−
</ref> reported the presence of Meissner's corpuscles in the foreskin. Haiyang ''et al.'' (2005) found and measured the density of Meissner's corpuscles on the foreskin.<ref>
+
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
−
Haiyang et al. "Observation of Meissner's corpuscle in abundant prepuce and phimosis." Journal of Modern Urology (2005): n. pag. Web.
+
|last=Bongiorno
−
</ref> Dong ''et al.'' (2007) reported that the quantity of Meissner's corpuscles on the fused smooth mucosa of the foreskin decline with age, but not on the ridged band.<ref>
+
|etal=yes
−
Dong et al. "Observation of Meissner's corpuscle on fused phimosis." Journal of Guangdong Medical College 2007: n. pag. Web. ISSN:1005-4057.0.2007-01-004
+
|title=Neurofibromatosis of the nipple-areolar area: a case series
−
</ref>
+
|journal=Journal of Medical Case Reports
 +
|volume=4
 +
|issue=22
 +
|date=2010-12-27
 +
|DOI=10.1186/1752-1947-4-22
 +
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
 +
  |last=Martini
 +
|last2=Bartholomew
 +
|title=Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology
 +
|edition=3
 +
|publisher=Pearson Benjamin Cummings
 +
|year=2010
 +
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
 +
|last=Afifi
 +
|last2=Bergman
 +
|title=Functional neuroanatomy: text and atlas
 +
|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional
 +
|year=1998
 +
|edition=16
 +
|isbn=0070015899
 +
}}</ref> They are concentrated in areas of the body denoted as erogenous zones, which include the foreskin, [[clitoris]], lip and nipple.<ref name="ErogenousZones"/> J. R. Taylor (1996) noted their presence in the foreskin,<ref name="Mucosa"/> and C.J. Cold & Taylor (1999) reported "Most of the encapsulated receptors of the foreskin are [[Meissner's corpuscles|Meissner corpuscles]], as they contact the epithelial basement membrane."<ref>{{
 +
REFjournal
 +
  |last=Cold
 +
|init=CJ
 +
|author-link=Christopher J. Cold
 +
|last2=Taylor
 +
|init2=JR
 +
|title=The prepuce
 +
|journal=British Journal of Urology International
 +
|volume=83
 +
|date=1999
 +
|pages=34-44
 +
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/cold-taylor/
 +
|pubmedID=10349413
 +
}}</ref> Early observations were noted by A.S. Dogiel (1893),<ref name="Nervenendigungen"/> D. Ohmori (1924),<ref name="Ohmori"/> and H. C. Bazett (1935),<ref>{{REFjournal
 +
  |last=Bazett
 +
|init=HC
 +
|title=Methods of investigation of sensation in man and the theoretical value of the results obtained
 +
|journal=Proc A Research Nerv Ment Dis
 +
|volume=15
 +
|date=1935
 +
|pages=83-97
 +
}}</ref> reported the presence of [[Meissner's corpuscles]] in the foreskin. Haiyang et al. (2005) found and measured the density of [[Meissner's corpuscles]] on the foreskin.<ref>{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Haiyang
 +
|etal=yes
 +
|title=Observation of Meissner's corpuscle in abundant prepuce and phimosis
 +
|journal=Journal of Modern Urology
 +
|url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-MNWK200504018.htm
 +
|date=2005
 +
}}</ref> Dong et al. (2007) reported that the quantity of [[Meissner's corpuscles]] on the fused smooth [[mucosa]] of the foreskin decline with age, but not on the ridged band.<ref>{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Dong
 +
|etal=yes
 +
|title=Observation of Meissner's corpuscle on fused phimosis
 +
|journal=Journal of Guangdong Medical College
 +
|url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GDYY200701004.htm
 +
|date=2007
 +
|ISSN=1005-4057.0.2007-01-004
 +
}}</ref>
  
 
== Ridged Band ==
 
== Ridged Band ==
  
−
In 1991 the ridged bands of the male prepuce were identified as a concentrated area of corpuscular receptors.<ref>
+
In 1991 the [[ridged band]] of the male prepuce was identified as a concentrated area of corpuscular receptors.<ref name="Mucosa"/>
−
Taylor JR. The prepuce: What, exactly, is removed by circumcision: a preliminary report. In: Milos M,Richter L, Hodges F; eds. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Circumcision. 1991. SanAnselmo: NOCIRC. 1994.</p>
 
−
</ref><ref>
 
−
Taylor, J.R. "The prepuce: Specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision." British Journal of Urology International. 77. (1996): 291-95. Print. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8800902?dopt=Abstract PMID 8800902]
 
−
</ref>
 
  
 
== Fine-touch sensitivity ==
 
== Fine-touch sensitivity ==
Line 90: Line 419:
 
[[Image:Fine-Touch-Pressure-Thresholds-in-the-Adult-Penis_IntactWiki.gif|right|thumb|Fine Touch Pressure Thresholds in the Adult Penis.]]
 
[[Image:Fine-Touch-Pressure-Thresholds-in-the-Adult-Penis_IntactWiki.gif|right|thumb|Fine Touch Pressure Thresholds in the Adult Penis.]]
  
−
The foreskin has important sexual nerve receptors that are removed during circumcision.<ref>
+
The [[foreskin]] has important sexual nerve receptors that are removed during [[circumcision]].<ref name="CutaneousInnervation"/><ref name="ErogenousZones"/><ref name="Mucosa"/><ref name="cold1999">{{REFjournal
−
Winkelmann, R.K. "The cutaneous innervation of human newborn prepuce." Journal of investigative dermatology 26.1 (1956): 53–67. Web.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13295637?dopt=Abstract PMID 13295637]
+
|last=Cold
−
</ref><ref>
+
|init=CJ
−
Winkelmann, R.K. "The Erogenous Zones: Their nerve supply and significance." Proceedings of the staff meetings of the Mayo Clinic. 34.2 (1959): 39-47. Print. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13645790?dopt=Abstract PMID 13645790]
+
|author-link=Christopher J. Cold
−
</ref><ref>
+
|last2=Taylor
−
Taylor, J.R. "The prepuce: Specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision." British Journal of Urology International. 77. (1996): 291-95. Print. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8800902?dopt=Abstract PMID 8800902]
+
|init2=JR
−
</ref><ref>
+
|title=The prepuce
−
C.J. Cold and J.R. Taylor. "The prepuce." British Journal of Urology International. 83. (1999): 34-44. Print [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10349413?dopt=Abstract PMID 10349413]
+
|journal=British Journal of Urology International
−
</ref> Circumcision removes the most sensitive part of a man's penis. The five most sensitive areas of the penis are on the foreskin. The transitional region from the external to the internal foreskin is the most sensitive region of the fully intact penis, and more sensitive than the most sensitive region of the circumcised penis.<ref>
+
|volume=83
−
  Sorrells, et al. "Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis." BJU International 99.4 (2007): 864–9. Web. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17378847?dopt=Abstract PMID 17378847]
+
|date=1999
−
</ref>
+
|pages=34-44
 +
|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10349413?dopt=Abstract
 +
|pubmedID=10349413
 +
}}</ref> [[Circumcision]] removes the most sensitive part of a man's [[penis]]. The five most sensitive areas of the [[penis]] are on the [[foreskin]]. The transitional region from the external to the internal foreskin is the most sensitive region of the fully [[intact]] penis, and more sensitive than the most sensitive region of the [[circumcised]] [[penis]].<ref name="FineTouchPressure">{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Sorrells
 +
|first=Morris L.
 +
|init=ML
 +
  |author-link=Morris L. Sorrells
 +
|last2=Snyder
 +
|first2=James L.
 +
|init2=JD
 +
|author2-link=James L. Snyder
 +
|title=Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis
 +
|journal=BJU International
 +
|volume=99
 +
|issue=4
 +
|pages=864–869
 +
|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17378847?dopt=Abstract
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=17378847
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=
 +
|date=2007-10-22
 +
|accessdate=2019-09-10
 +
}}</ref>
  
−
In a 2007 study, which was published in the British Medical Journal. They physically measured the sensitivity of all the parts of the penis. They used a very accurate pressure sensing probe while the test subject, who’s view was blocked with a screen, reported a sensation of touch. To demonstrate precision they took each  measurement multiple times. To no surprise, their results corroborated with the nero-anatomy that has been discussed previously.
+
In a 2007 study, which was published in ''BJU International''. They physically measured the sensitivity of all the parts of the [[penis]]. They used a very accurate pressure sensing probe while the test subject, who’s view was blocked with a screen, reported a sensation of touch. To demonstrate precision they took each  measurement multiple times. To no surprise, their results corroborated with the neuro-anatomy that has been discussed previously.
  
−
"Five locations on the uncircumcised penis that are routinely removed at circumcision were more sensitive than the most sensitive location on the circumcised penis[...] The glans in the circumcised male is less sensitive to fine-touch pressure than the glans of the uncircumcised male[...]The most sensitive location on the circumcised penis is the circumcision scar on the ventral surface [...]  When compared to the most sensitive area of the circumcised penis, several locations on the uncircumcised penis that are missing from the circumcised penis were significantly more sensitive. "
+
"Five locations on the [[foreskinned]] [[penis]] that are routinely removed at [[circumcision]] were more sensitive than the most sensitive location on the circumcised penis[...] The [[glans]] in the [[circumcised]] male is less sensitive to fine-touch pressure than the glans of the [[uncircumcised]] male[...]The most sensitive location on the circumcised penis is the [[circumcision scar]] on the ventral surface [...]  When compared to the most sensitive area of the [[circumcised]] [[penis]], several locations on the [[uncircumcised]] penis that are missing from the [[circumcised]] [[penis]] were significantly more sensitive."<ref name="FineTouchPressure"/>
−
<ref>Morris L. Sorrells, James L. Snyder. Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis . BJU 2007 Oct:22, pp. 864-869</ref>
 
  
 
[[Image:Sorrells_AAP.jpg|right|thumb|AAP skepticism that loss of foreskin could actually affect sex.]]
 
[[Image:Sorrells_AAP.jpg|right|thumb|AAP skepticism that loss of foreskin could actually affect sex.]]
  
−
== AAP brushes off findings as inconclusive ==
+
== AAP discards its former Circumcision Policy Statement ==
  
−
In the [[AAP]]'s 2012 Circumcision Taskforce report, the issues of sensitivity reduction were given obligatory mention but largely glossed over, and little space was devotes to the topic.  
+
In the [[AAP]]'s 2012 Circumcision Task force report, the issues of sensitivity reduction were given obligatory mention but largely glossed over, and little space was devoted to the topic. The 2012 Task Force Report received [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Criticism| overwhelmingly heavy critical comment]]. The purpose of the disastrous, now expired AAP 2012 report was to encourage neonatal non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] and [[third-party payment]] so little or nothing was said about the multiple functions of the [[foreskin]].<ref name="hill2013">{{REFdocument
 +
|title=Commentary on American Academy of Pediatrics 2012 Circumcision Policy Statement
 +
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/commentary-on-american-academy-of-pediatrics-2012-circumcision-policy-statement.pdf
 +
|contribution=
 +
|last=Hill
 +
|first=George
 +
|publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]]
 +
|format=PDF
 +
|date=2013-04-01
 +
|accessdate=2022-04-02
 +
}}</ref> The failed 2012 AAP Circumcision Policy expired in 2017 and has not been re-affirmed or re-validated in any way.  The AAP currently has ''no'' circumcision policy and does ''not'' recommend [[circumcision]] of boys.
  
−
At right is an easy-to-understand illustration of the Sorrells study showing the loss of tissues. Tissues show in color their relative sensitivity thresholds to light touch. sensitive tissue. On the infographic's opposite side: The AAP's expressed skepticism (quotes from their 2012 Circumcision Taskforce report) on whether loss of all that erogenous tissue could really affect sexual enjoyment.
+
==Sorrells study of penis fine-touch sensation.==
 +
 
 +
At right is an easy-to-understand illustration of the Sorrells study<ref name="FineTouchPressure" /> showing the loss of tissues. Tissues show in color their relative sensitivity thresholds to light touch. sensitive tissue. On the infographic's opposite side: The AAP's expressed skepticism (quotes from their now expired 2012 Circumcision task force report) on whether loss of all that erogenous tissue could really affect sexual enjoyment.
  
 
Arguably, claiming there's no evidence that circumcision diminishes sexual enjoyment is essentially implying the obverse: that it's perfectly safe and reasonable to assume that the human foreskin, despite evolving over millions of years, has no anatomical significance in sexual mechanics, and has zero relevance to sexual pleasure and satisfaction. That statement sounds immediately absurd, however.
 
Arguably, claiming there's no evidence that circumcision diminishes sexual enjoyment is essentially implying the obverse: that it's perfectly safe and reasonable to assume that the human foreskin, despite evolving over millions of years, has no anatomical significance in sexual mechanics, and has zero relevance to sexual pleasure and satisfaction. That statement sounds immediately absurd, however.
  
 +
García-Mesa et al. (2021) reported: "[s]timulation of genital
 +
Meissner's corpuscles gives rise to sexual sensations."<ref name="garcía-mesa2021" />
 +
==The circumcised penis==
 +
The nerves and other structures mentioned in this article are largely missing on the [[circumcised]] [[penis]].
 +
 +
[[Intact]] men who elect to be [[circumcised]] frequently report very substantial loss of sensation after [[Adolescent and adult circumcision| circumcision]].
 +
 +
{{SEEALSO}}
 +
* [[Acroposthion]]
 +
* [[Circumcision - Penis SensitivityTest]]
 +
* [[Gliding action]]
 +
* [[Israel#Loss_of_sexual_sensation| Loss of sexual sensation]]
 +
* [[Masturbation]]
 +
* [[Pre-ejaculate]]
 +
* [[Regret men]]
 +
* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]]
 +
* [[Sex with phimosis]]
 +
* [[The Penis - Sex Education 101]]
 +
 +
{{LINKS}}
 +
* {{REFbook
 +
|last=Ball
 +
|first=Peter
 +
|init=
 +
|author-link=Peter Ball
 +
|year=2006
 +
|title=A Survey of Subjective Foreskin Sensation in 600 Intact Men
 +
|url=http://eknygos.lsmuni.lt/springer/59/177-188.pdf
 +
|work=Bodily Integrity and the Politics of Circumcision
 +
|editors=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Pia Grassivaro Gallo]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]], and [[Franco Viviani]]
 +
|edition=First
 +
|volume=
 +
|chapter=Chapter 16
 +
|pages=177-188
 +
|location=
 +
|publisher=Springer
 +
|ISBN=9789048172252
 +
|quote=I believe that many women and most circumcised men are totally unaware of the role that the foreskin plays in the enjoyment of sex.
 +
|format=PDF
 +
|accessdate=2022-02-23
 +
|note=
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=http://www.circumstitions.com/tantra.html
 +
|archived=
 +
|title=The Tantric Intact Penis
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|last=Anonnymous
 +
|first=
 +
|author-link=
 +
|publisher=Circumstitions
 +
|website=
 +
|date=
 +
|accessdate=2022-01-08
 +
|format=
 +
|quote=
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=http://www.intactaus.org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/
 +
|archived=
 +
|title=Functions of the Foreskin
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=English
 +
|last=Helard
 +
|first=Lou
 +
|author-link=
 +
|publisher=Intact Australia
 +
|website=
 +
|date=2014-08-01
 +
|accessdate=2020-05-29
 +
|format=
 +
|quote=
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=https://intactamerica.org/what-do-the-eyelids-lips-fingertips-the-intact-penis-have-in-common/
 +
|title=What Do The Eyelids, Lips, Fingertips & The Intact Penis Have in Common?
 +
|last=Garrett
 +
|first=Connor
 +
|init=
 +
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
 +
|publisher=Intact America
 +
|date=2024-02-17
 +
|accessdate=2024-02-18
 +
}}
 
{{REF}}
 
{{REF}}
  
 
[[Category:Physiology]]
 
[[Category:Physiology]]
 +
[[Category:Penile function]]
 +
[[Category:Foreskin anatomy]]
 +
[[Category:Sexuality]]
 +
[[Category:Male sexuality]]
  
 +
[[Category:From Intactipedia]]
 
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
 
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
 +
 +
[[de:Vorhaut-Empfindlichkeit]]

Latest revision as of 19:00, 12 October 2024

Anatomical investigations have identified the prepuce as a primary erogenous zone in humans.[1]

Morgan (1967) addressed the issue in the Medical Journal of Australia:

The subcutaneous tissue of the glans is provided with special sensory receptors that are concerned with appreciating the pleasurable sensations that occur during coitus. They are stimulated normally only when the glans is exposed. In the circumcised subject these receptors are constantly stimulated and lose their sensitivity. During the act of coitus, the uncircumcised phallus penetrates smoothly and without friction, the prepuce gradually retracting as the organ advances. In contrast, when the circumcised organ is introduced during coitus, friction develops between the glans and the vaginal mucosa.[2]

Falliers (1970) commented on the "sensory pleasure induced by tactile stimulation of the foreskin."[3]

For over a hundred years, anatomical research has confirmed that both the penile and clitoral prepuce (foreskin) are richly innervated, specific erogenous tissue with specialised encapsulated (corpuscular) sensory receptors, such as Meissner's corpuscles,[4] Pacinian corpuscles, genital corpuscles, Krause end bulbs, Ruffini corpuscles, and mucocutaneous corpuscles. These receptors transmit sensations of fine touch, pressure, proprioception, and temperature.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][1][13]

Nerve types

The two primary sensory receptors in primate skin are free nerve endings and encapsulated or corpuscular receptors. While free nerve endings (pain, itch, and temperature receptors) are found in most skin, the encapsulated receptors are concentrated in regions that require specialised touch sensitivity, such as at the fingertips, lips, external genitalia, perianal skin, and transition areas between skin and mucous membranes.[14]

The innervation of the foreskin is impressive [15] The foreskin is what's known as a specific erogenous zone.[1] This means that it is richly equipped with a high density and concentration of specialized and sophisticated nerve receptors that convey pleasure.[4] The presence of specialized nerves, nerves that do no not exist elsewhere, make this part of the penis especially important. Consequently, this has been studied in detail by respected anatomists for over a century, who have transformed their knowledge by detailed empirical observation of the nerves that are present in the foreskin.

As the most richly innervated part of the penis, the foreskin has the largest number of nerve receptors, as well as the greatest variety of nerve receptors.[4] These specialized nerve endings include:

  • free nerve endings, end bulbs of Krause,[5][17]
  • Corpuscles of Ruffini,[17]
  • Pacinian corpuscles,[7]
  • genital end bulbs [18]
  • Genital bodies,[7]
  • Merkels disks, Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles,[7]
  • and Vater-Pacinian corpuscles.[10]

These remarkable organs provide the foreskin with its amazing ability to detect the slightest sensations of touch, motion, temperature, and pressure. We are still unaware of all the facts about these fascinating structures. Future research may discover even more nerve receptors in the foreskin and help clarify what purposes they serve. The primary zones of erogenous sensitivity are the frenulum, ridged band of mucosa, and the preputial orifice and the external fold of the foreskin. All of these zones are orgasmic triggers. Continuous gentle stimulation of any one of these areas can elicit pleasure, erection, orgasm, and ejaculation. Some men report that simple retraction of their foreskin causes erection.

Meissner's corpuscles

Meissner's corpuscle.

Distributed on various areas of the skin, but concentrated in areas especially sensitive to light touch, such as the fingers, lips, nipples and foreskin.[19][20][21][22][23] They are concentrated in areas of the body denoted as erogenous zones, which include the foreskin, clitoris, lip and nipple.[1] J. R. Taylor (1996) noted their presence in the foreskin,[16] and C.J. Cold & Taylor (1999) reported "Most of the encapsulated receptors of the foreskin are Meissner corpuscles, as they contact the epithelial basement membrane."[24] Early observations were noted by A.S. Dogiel (1893),[5] D. Ohmori (1924),[7] and H. C. Bazett (1935),[25] reported the presence of Meissner's corpuscles in the foreskin. Haiyang et al. (2005) found and measured the density of Meissner's corpuscles on the foreskin.[26] Dong et al. (2007) reported that the quantity of Meissner's corpuscles on the fused smooth mucosa of the foreskin decline with age, but not on the ridged band.[27]

Ridged Band

In 1991 the ridged band of the male prepuce was identified as a concentrated area of corpuscular receptors.[16]

Fine-touch sensitivity

Fine Touch Pressure Thresholds in the Adult Penis.

The foreskin has important sexual nerve receptors that are removed during circumcision.[10][1][16][28] Circumcision removes the most sensitive part of a man's penis. The five most sensitive areas of the penis are on the foreskin. The transitional region from the external to the internal foreskin is the most sensitive region of the fully intact penis, and more sensitive than the most sensitive region of the circumcised penis.[29]

In a 2007 study, which was published in BJU International. They physically measured the sensitivity of all the parts of the penis. They used a very accurate pressure sensing probe while the test subject, who’s view was blocked with a screen, reported a sensation of touch. To demonstrate precision they took each measurement multiple times. To no surprise, their results corroborated with the neuro-anatomy that has been discussed previously.

"Five locations on the foreskinned penis that are routinely removed at circumcision were more sensitive than the most sensitive location on the circumcised penis[...] The glans in the circumcised male is less sensitive to fine-touch pressure than the glans of the uncircumcised male[...]The most sensitive location on the circumcised penis is the circumcision scar on the ventral surface [...] When compared to the most sensitive area of the circumcised penis, several locations on the uncircumcised penis that are missing from the circumcised penis were significantly more sensitive."[29]

AAP skepticism that loss of foreskin could actually affect sex.

AAP discards its former Circumcision Policy Statement

In the AAP's 2012 Circumcision Task force report, the issues of sensitivity reduction were given obligatory mention but largely glossed over, and little space was devoted to the topic. The 2012 Task Force Report received overwhelmingly heavy critical comment. The purpose of the disastrous, now expired AAP 2012 report was to encourage neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision and third-party payment so little or nothing was said about the multiple functions of the foreskin.[30] The failed 2012 AAP Circumcision Policy expired in 2017 and has not been re-affirmed or re-validated in any way. The AAP currently has no circumcision policy and does not recommend circumcision of boys.

Sorrells study of penis fine-touch sensation.

At right is an easy-to-understand illustration of the Sorrells study[29] showing the loss of tissues. Tissues show in color their relative sensitivity thresholds to light touch. sensitive tissue. On the infographic's opposite side: The AAP's expressed skepticism (quotes from their now expired 2012 Circumcision task force report) on whether loss of all that erogenous tissue could really affect sexual enjoyment.

Arguably, claiming there's no evidence that circumcision diminishes sexual enjoyment is essentially implying the obverse: that it's perfectly safe and reasonable to assume that the human foreskin, despite evolving over millions of years, has no anatomical significance in sexual mechanics, and has zero relevance to sexual pleasure and satisfaction. That statement sounds immediately absurd, however.

García-Mesa et al. (2021) reported: "[s]timulation of genital Meissner's corpuscles gives rise to sexual sensations."[4]

The circumcised penis

The nerves and other structures mentioned in this article are largely missing on the circumcised penis.

Intact men who elect to be circumcised frequently report very substantial loss of sensation after circumcision.

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ a b c d e REFjournal Winkelmann RK. The erogenous zones: their nerve supply and significance. Mayo Clin Proc. 21 January 1959; 34(3): 39-47. PMID. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  2. ↑ REFjournal Morgan WKC. Penile Plunder. Med J Aust. 27 May 1967; 1(21): 1102-3. PMID. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  3. ↑ REFjournal Falliers CJ. Circumcision. JAMA. December 1970; 214(12): 2194. PMID. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  4. ↑ a b c d e REFjournal García-Mesa, Yolanda, García-Piqueras, Jorge, Cobo, Ramón, Martín-Cruces, José, Suazo, Iván, García-Suárez, Olivia, Feito, Jorge. Sensory innervation of the human male prepuce: Meissner's corpuscles predominate. Journal of Anatomy. October 2021; 239(4): 892-902. PMID. PMC. DOI. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  5. ↑ a b c REFjournal Dogiel AS. Die Nervenendigungen in der Schleimhaut der äusseren Genitalorgane des Menschen [Nerve endings in a mucous membrane of external genital organs of the human] (German). Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie. 1893; 41: 585-612. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  6. ↑ REFjournal Dogiel AS. [h Über die Nervenendapparate in der Haut des Menschen] [About the nerve end apparatuses in the human skin] (German). Ztschr Wiss Zool. 1903; 75: 46-111. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  7. ↑ a b c d e REFjournal Ohmori D. Über die Entwicklung der Innervation der Genitalapparate als peripheren Aufnahmeapperat der genitalen Reflexe [About development of the innervation of the genital apparatuses as a peripheral recording device of the genital reflexes] (German). Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte. 1924; 70(1): 347-410. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  8. ↑ REFjournal Yamada K. Studies in the innervation in tenth month human embryo. Tohoku J Exper Med. 1951; 54: 151.
  9. ↑ REFjournal Yamada K. On the sensory nerve terminations in clitoris in human adult. Tohoku J Exper Med. 54: 163-174.
  10. ↑ a b c REFjournal Winkelmann RK. The cutaneous innervation of human newborn prepuce. Journal of investigative dermatology. 1956; 26(1): 53–67. PMID. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  11. ↑ REFjournal Winkelmann RK. The mucocutaneous end-organ. Arch Dermatol. 1957; 76: 225-235. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  12. ↑ REFjournal Krantz KE. Innervation of the human vulva and vagina: a microscopic study. Obstet Gynecol. 1958; 12: 382-96. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  13. ↑ REFbook Butler AB, Hodos W (1996): Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation. Edition: 26. Wiley-Liss. ISBN 0471210056.
  14. ↑ REFbook Stenn KS, Bhawan J (1990): The normal histology of the skin, in: Pathology of the Skin. Farmer E.R. / Hood A.F. (eds.). Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange.
  15. ↑ REFjournal Moldwin RM, Valderrama E. Immunohistochemical analysis of nerve distribution patterns within preputial tissues. J Urol. April 1989; 141(4): 499A.
  16. ↑ a b c d REFjournal Taylor JR, Lockwood AP, Taylor AJ. The prepuce: specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision. Br J Urol. 1996; 77: 291-5. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  17. ↑ a b REFjournal Bazett HC, McGlone B, Williams RG, Lufkin HM. Depth, distribution and probable identification in the prepuce of sensory end-organs concerned in sensations of temperature and touch; thermometric conductivity. Archives of Neurology and psychiatry. 1 March 1932; 27(3): 489-517. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  18. ↑ REFjournal Halata Z, Munger BL. The neuroanatomical basis for the protopathic sensibility of the human glans penis. Brain Res. 23 April 1986; 371(2): 205-230.
  19. ↑ REFjournal Cauna N, Ross LL. The fine structure of Meissner's touch corpuscles of human fingers. Journal of Cell Biology. 1960; 8(2): 467-482. DOI.
  20. ↑ REFjournal Hoffmann, et al. Meissner corpuscles and somatosensory acuity. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol. 2004; : 1138.1147.
  21. ↑ REFjournal Bongiorno, et al. Neurofibromatosis of the nipple-areolar area: a case series. Journal of Medical Case Reports. 27 December 2010; 4(22) DOI.
  22. ↑ REFbook Martini, Bartholomew (2010): Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology. Edition: 3. Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
  23. ↑ REFbook Afifi, Bergman (1998): Functional neuroanatomy: text and atlas. Edition: 16. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0070015899.
  24. ↑ REFjournal Cold CJ, Taylor JR. The prepuce. British Journal of Urology International. 1999; 83: 34-44. PMID.
  25. ↑ REFjournal Bazett HC. Methods of investigation of sensation in man and the theoretical value of the results obtained. Proc A Research Nerv Ment Dis. 1935; 15: 83-97.
  26. ↑ REFjournal Haiyang, et al. Observation of Meissner's corpuscle in abundant prepuce and phimosis. Journal of Modern Urology. 2005;
  27. ↑ REFjournal Dong, et al. Observation of Meissner's corpuscle on fused phimosis. Journal of Guangdong Medical College. 2007;
  28. ↑ REFjournal Cold CJ, Taylor JR. The prepuce. British Journal of Urology International. 1999; 83: 34-44. PMID.
  29. ↑ a b c REFjournal Sorrells ML, Snyder JD. Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis. BJU International. 22 October 2007; 99(4): 864–869. PMID. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  30. ↑ REFdocument Hill, George: Commentary on American Academy of Pediatrics 2012 Circumcision Policy Statement PDF, Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.). (1 April 2013). Retrieved 2 April 2022.
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