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Relocate information on meatal stenosis.
|accessdate=2019-12-15
}}</ref> 5.5%.
* Meatal stenosis, a pathological narrowing of the opening of the urethra, which mostly occurs in infancy and early childhood. It is one of the most common complications of infant circumcision. A study from 2006 found meatal stenosis exclusively in previously circumcised boys. The incidence rate after a circumcision is at approximately 10%.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Van Howe |first=R.S. |title=Incidence of meatal stenosis following neonatal circumcision in a primary care setting |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |note=Jan-Feb 2006 |date=2006-01 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=49-54 |url=https://www.academia.edu/6992015/Incidence_of_Meatal_Stenosis_following_Neonatal_Circumcision_in_a_Primary_Care_Setting |accessdate=2019-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Stenram |first=A. |last2=Malmfors |first2=G. |last3=Okmian |first3=L. |title=Circumcision for [[phimosis]]: a follow-up study |journal=Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology |date=1986 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=89 |url= |pubmedID=3749823 |accessdate=}} </ref><ref>{{REFweb |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1016016-overview |title=Meatal Stenosis |publisher=Medscape |accessdate=2019-10-11}}</ref>
* Knot formation of the veins. If the dorsal vein, which originates in the tip of the [[foreskin]], is cut during circumcision without being clamped and sutured at its origin separately, it starts to develop new branches over time, which can lead to the development of knots.
* Possible deformities due to circumcision include hypoplasia of the [[penis]] (micro-penis) and induratio [[penis]] plastica (skewed penis).
* [[Lymphoedema]] of the penis is a normal and expected complication of male circumcision.
* [[Meatal stenosis]], a pathological narrowing of the opening of the urethra, which mostly occurs in infancy and early childhood. It is one of the most common complications of infant circumcision. A study from 2006 found meatal stenosis exclusively in previously circumcised boys. The incidence rate after a circumcision is approximately 10 to 20 percent.<ref name="vanhowe2006">{{REFjournal
|last=Van Howe
|first=R.S.
|title=Incidence of meatal stenosis following neonatal circumcision in a primary care setting
|journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila)
|note=Jan-Feb 2006
|date=2006-01
|volume=45
|issue=1
|pages=49-54
|url=https://www.academia.edu/6992015/Incidence_of_Meatal_Stenosis_following_Neonatal_Circumcision_in_a_Primary_Care_Setting
|accessdate=2019-12-15
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Stenram
|first=A.
|last2=Malmfors
|first2=G.
|last3=Okmian
|first3=L.
|title=Circumcision for [[phimosis]]: a follow-up study
|journal=Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology
|date=1986
|volume=20
|issue=2
|pages=89
|url=
|pubmedID=3749823
|accessdate=
}} </ref><ref>{{REFweb
|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1016016-overview
|title=Meatal Stenosis
|publisher=Medscape
|accessdate=2019-10-11
}}</ref>
=== Psychological late effects ===
|pages=367-374
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/marshall2/
|accessdate=2020-02-01
}}</ref>, as well as problems with nurturing, up to the point of refusal to be fed. The sleeping habits of these babies were also disturbed, with prolonged non-REM sleep and increased waking.
* In boys circumcised in childhood, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could be diagnosed. In a study on Philippine boys, in whom no PTSD was found prior to the operation, 69% of the boys circumcised in the traditional ritual and 51% of those circumcised by standard medical procedures (including anaesthesia) fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD following the operation.<ref>{{REFbook
|last=Ramos