Difference between revisions of "Genital mutilation"

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  |issue=8
 
  |issue=8
 
  |page=23
 
  |page=23
  |quote=In contrast to the circumcision of girls, the ritual circumcision of boys is permitted in this country, despite its nature as a form of bodily harm. Many paediatricians and surgeons perceive this as a dilemma in their daily work, as became clear at a symposium in Essen.
+
  |quote=In contrast to the circumcision of girls, the ritual [[circumcision]] of boys is permitted in this country, despite its nature as a form of bodily harm. Many paediatricians and surgeons perceive this as a dilemma in their daily work, as became clear at a symposium in Essen.
 
  |format=PDF
 
  |format=PDF
 
  }}</ref>
 
  }}</ref>
 
}}
 
}}
  
The circumcision of the female genitals in particular attracts a great deal of attention from the "concern industry". What is new for many is the fact that circumcision of the male genitalia also leads to numerous [[death]] cases worldwide or causes lifelong suffering. While male circumcision is primarily a ritual tradition in the so-called "Third World", routine circumcision of boys immediately after birth has become a lucrative practice in the United States of America on which a large number of jobs and careers depend directly and indirectly. What connects the medicine man on the Solomon Islands with the hypermodern doctor in the USA: Both of them commit suicide on children without any medical indication. There is no medical necessity which, according to German law, makes a surgical intervention in the first place an [[Impunity|exemption from punishment]].<ref name="Intaktiv">{{REFweb
+
The circumcision of the female genitals in particular attracts a great deal of attention from the "concern industry". What is new for many is the fact that circumcision of the male genitalia also leads to numerous [[death]] cases worldwide or causes lifelong suffering. While male circumcision is primarily a ritual tradition in the so-called "Third World", non-theraputic [[circumcision]] of boys immediately after birth has become a [[Financial incentive| lucrative practice]] in the [[United States of America]] on which a large number of jobs and careers depend directly and indirectly. What connects the medicine man on the Solomon Islands with the hyper-modern doctor in the USA: Both of them commit genital mutilation on children without any [[medical indication]]. There is no medical necessity which, according to German law, makes a surgical intervention in the first place an exemption from punishment.<ref name="Intaktiv">{{REFweb
 
  |url=https://intaktiv.de/
 
  |url=https://intaktiv.de/
 
  |title=Eine Stimme für genitale Selbstbestimmung
 
  |title=Eine Stimme für genitale Selbstbestimmung
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== Short and sweet ==
 
== Short and sweet ==
* Wherever there is female genital mutilation, there is also the male form; the other way round does not apply.<ref name="Vafk-Broschure"/>
+
* Wherever there is [[female genital mutilation]], there is also the male form; the other way round does not apply.<ref name="Vafk-Broschure"/>
 
* Reasons include: To be more attractive to women in order to be able to satisfy them better.
 
* Reasons include: To be more attractive to women in order to be able to satisfy them better.
* Male genital mutilation IS comparable to female genital mutilation.
+
* [[MGM| Male genital mutilation]] IS comparable to [[FGM|female genital mutilation]].
* Effects on psyche (trauma), [[sexuality]] and health (partial / complete loss of [[penis]], [[death]])
+
* Effects on psyche ([[trauma]]), sexuality and health (partial / complete loss of [[penis]], [[death]])
* Extreme forms are little known: skinning the penis, crushing a [[testicle]]
+
* Extreme forms are little known: skinning the [[penis]], crushing a testicle
 
* Male circumcision as a weapon in the "war of the sperm"<ref>{{REFweb
 
* Male circumcision as a weapon in the "war of the sperm"<ref>{{REFweb
 
  |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14069-male-circumcision-is-a-weapon-in-the-sperm-wars/
 
  |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14069-male-circumcision-is-a-weapon-in-the-sperm-wars/
Line 57: Line 57:
 
  |accessdate=2021-11-12
 
  |accessdate=2021-11-12
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
* Small piece of skin? - If the foreskin is completely removed, the largest part (!) of the penis skin is removed.
+
* Small piece of [[skin]]? If the [[foreskin]] is completely removed, the largest part (!) of the [[penis]] [[skin]] is removed.
  
 
=== Current situation ===
 
=== Current situation ===
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'''Boys Discriminatory Bill''' 2nd Quarter 2009
 
'''Boys Discriminatory Bill''' 2nd Quarter 2009
  
It deliberately prevents boys from being protected from genital mutilation and thus promotes violence against boys.
+
It deliberately prevents boys from being protected from genital [[mutilation]] and thus promotes violence against boys.
Boys are thus granted fewer [[human rights]] than girls. [[Mayhem|Bodily harm]] against girls are thus given a criminal offense of their own, while bodily harm against boys, for which the same reasoning would apply, is ignored.<ref>{{REFweb
+
Boys are thus granted fewer [[human rights]] than girls. [[Mayhem|Bodily harm]] against girls are thus given a criminal offense of their own, while bodily harm against boys, for which the same reasoning would apply, is ignored.<ref name="manndat2009">{{REFweb
 
  |url=http://www.manndat.de/maennergesundheit/schreiben-an-bundestagsabgeordnete-zum-gesetzentwurf-genitalverstuemmelung.html
 
  |url=http://www.manndat.de/maennergesundheit/schreiben-an-bundestagsabgeordnete-zum-gesetzentwurf-genitalverstuemmelung.html
 
  |title=MANNdat-Schreiben an Bundestagsabgeordnete vom 07.06.2009
 
  |title=MANNdat-Schreiben an Bundestagsabgeordnete vom 07.06.2009
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}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
{{NYT de}}
+
In Art. 24 Paragraph 3 of the [[UN Convention on the Rights of the Child]], which has been ratified by Germany, clearly states:
In Art. 24 Abs. 3 der [[UN-Kinderrechtskonvention]], die Deutschland mit unterzeichnet hat, steht klar und deutlich:
+
: ''"States Parties shall take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children. "''<ref>{{REFweb
: ''"Die Vertragsstaaten treffen alle wirksamen und geeigneten Maßnahmen, um überlieferte Bräuche, die für die Gesundheit der Kinder schädlich sind, abzuschaffen."''<ref>{{REFweb
 
 
  |url=http://www.kinderaerzte-im-netz.de/bvkj/aktuelles1/show.php3?id=4277&nodeid=26
 
  |url=http://www.kinderaerzte-im-netz.de/bvkj/aktuelles1/show.php3?id=4277&nodeid=26
 
  |title=Rituelle Beschneidungen bei Minderjährigen - Kinder- und Jugendärzte fordern: Allein das Recht eines Kindes auf körperliche Unversehrtheit zählt
 
  |title=Rituelle Beschneidungen bei Minderjährigen - Kinder- und Jugendärzte fordern: Allein das Recht eines Kindes auf körperliche Unversehrtheit zählt
 +
|trans-title=Ritual circumcision in minors - paediatricians demand: Only a child's right to physical integrity counts
 +
|language=German
 
  |website=Kinderärzte im Netz
 
  |website=Kinderärzte im Netz
 
  |date=2012-07-17
 
  |date=2012-07-17
 
}}</ref><ref>{{REFdocument
 
}}</ref><ref>{{REFdocument
 
  |url=http://www.national-coalition.de/pdf/UN-Kinderrechtskonvention.pdf
 
  |url=http://www.national-coalition.de/pdf/UN-Kinderrechtskonvention.pdf
  |title=UN-Kinderrechtskonvention im Wortlaut mit Materialien. Übereinkommen über die Rechte des Kindes.
+
  |title=UN-Kinderrechtskonvention im Wortlaut mit Materialien. Übereinkommen über die Rechte des Kindes
 +
|trans-title=UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in full with materials. Convention on the Rights of the Child
 +
|language=German
 
  |date=1989-11-20
 
  |date=1989-11-20
 
  |pages=32
 
  |pages=32
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=== Types of genital mutilation ===
 
=== Types of genital mutilation ===
Die ersten drei Arten werden detailiert hier aufgeführt: [[Genital mutilation (table)]]
+
The first three types are detailed here: [[Genital mutilation{Table]].
* '''Zirkumzision''' Die Vorhaut wird ringförmig entfernt (teilweise oder vollständig).<ref name="wiki_zirkum">{{W|Zirkumzision}}</ref>
+
* '''[[Circumcision]]:''' The [[foreskin]] is removed in a ring (partially or completely).<ref name="wiki_circum">{{W|Cirkumcision}}</ref>
* '''Einschnitt (Inzision)''' Die Vorhaut wird ein- oder mehrmals eingeschnitten.
+
* '''Incision:''' The [[foreskin]] is incised one or more times.
* '''Subinzision ([[Aborigines]])''' Der Penis wird unterseitig so tief eingeschnitten, so dass die Harnröhre längs auf&shy;geschnitten ist (teilweise oder voll&shy;ständig). Es können sich aus&shy;gedehnte Infektionen bilden, die nicht selten [[Tod|tödlich]] enden.
+
* '''Subincision''' ([[Aborigines]]): The [[penis]] is cut so deep on the underside that the [[urethra]] is cut open lengthways (partially or completely). Widespread [[infection]] can develop, and it is not uncommon for them to end [[death|fatally]].
* '''Einnähen von Metallglöckchen in die Haut''' ([[Indien]]) Dadurch sollen die Männer Frauen besser befriedigen können.
+
* '''Sewing metal bells into the [[skin]]''' (India): This is said to enable men to better satisfy women.
* '''Einnähen von Bambus- oder Metallkugeln (Ampallangs) in Eichel oder Penisschaft''' (Indonesien, Korea, Ureinwohner von den Philippinen) Dadurch soll die Klitoris der zukünftigen Partnerin besser stimuliert werden.
+
* '''Sewing bamboo or metal balls (ampallangs) into the glans or penis shaft''' (Indonesia, Korea, Natives of the Philippines): This should stimulate the future partner's [[clitoris]] better.
* '''Häuten des Penis''' (Dowayos in Kamerun)<ref name="dowayo"/>
+
* '''Skinning the penis''' (Dowayos in Cameroon).<ref name="dowayo"/>
* '''Zerquetschen eines Hoden''' (manche afrikanische und mikronesische Völker)<ref name="FocusWissen"/>
+
* '''Crushing a testicle''' (some African and Micronesian peoples).<ref name="FocusWissen"/>
  
 
=== Numbers ===
 
=== Numbers ===
* In der Türkei werden pro Jahr ca. 1,5 Mio. Jungen unfreiwillig beschnitten.<ref>{{REFnews
+
* In Turkey around 1.5 million boys are involuntarily circumcised every year.<ref>{{REFnews
 
  |url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/0,1518,442868,00.html
 
  |url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/0,1518,442868,00.html
 
  |title=Beschneidungen in der Türkei: Schnitt im Schritt
 
  |title=Beschneidungen in der Türkei: Schnitt im Schritt
 +
|trans-title=Circumcisions in Turkey: Cut at the crotch
 +
|language=German
 
  |website=Spiegel
 
  |website=Spiegel
 
  |date=2006-10-17
 
  |date=2006-10-17
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
* In den USA werden ca. 57&nbsp;% aller männlichen Neugeborenen kurz nach der Geburt routinemäßig beschnitten (fallende Tendenz).<ref name="Manndat">{{REFweb
+
* In the [[United States of America|USA]] (2016), approximately 51.7% of all male newborns are non-therapeutically [[circumcised]] shortly after birth (downward trend).<ref name="jacobson2021">{{REFjournal
  |url=http://manndat.de/maennergesundheit/genitalverstuemmelung-bei-jungen-und-maennern.html
+
  |last=Jacobson
  |title=MANNdat: Genitalverstümmelung bei Jungen und Männern
+
|first=Deborah L.
  |date=2005-08-23
+
|init=
}}{{REFdocument
+
|author-link=
  |url=http://www.manndat.de/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/genitalverstuemmelung.pdf
+
|last2=Balmert
  |title=MANNdat: Genitalverstümmelung bei Jungen und Männern
+
|first2=Lauren C.
  |date=2005-08-23
+
|init2=
  |pages=5
+
|author2-link=
  |format=PDF}} (Anmerkungen zu einem Tabuthema)</ref>
+
|last3=Holl
 +
|first3=Jane L.
 +
|init3=
 +
|author3-link=
 +
|last4=Rosoklija
 +
|first4=Ilina
 +
|init4=
 +
|author4-link=
 +
|last5=Davis
 +
|first5=Matthew M.
 +
|init5=
 +
|author5-link=
 +
|last6=Johnson
 +
|first6Emilie K.
 +
|init6=
 +
|author6-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
  |title=Nationwide Circumcision Trends: 2003 to 2016
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|journal=J Urol
 +
|location=
 +
  |date=2021-01
 +
|volume=205
 +
|issue=1
 +
|article=
 +
|page=
 +
|pages=257-63
 +
  |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1097/JU.0000000000001316
 +
  |pubmedID=32716676
 +
  |pubmedCID=
 +
  |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000001316
 +
  |accessdate=2022-02-06
 +
}}</ref>
  
* Steven Svoboda, ein an der US-Universität Harvard ausgebildeter Anwalt für Menschenrechte, schätzt, dass Jungen und Männer sechsmal so häufig Opfer von Genitalverstümmelung sind wie Mädchen und Frauen.<ref name="Manndat"/>
+
* [[J. Steven Svoboda]], a Harvard-trained attorney for [[human rights]], estimates that boys and men are six times as likely to be victims of genital mutilation as girls and women.<ref name="manndat2009"/>
  
* Die Zirkumzision stellt den weltweit am häufigsten durchgeführten chirurgischen Eingriff dar, gegenwärtig sind schätzungsweise 25&nbsp;Prozent der männlichen Weltbevölkerung beschnitten.<ref name="wiki_zirkum"/>
+
* [[Circumcision]] is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in the world, currently an estimated 25 percent of the world's male population is [[circumcised]].<ref name="wiki_circum"/>
  
 
== Common reasons for circumcision ==
 
== Common reasons for circumcision ==
 
=== Esthetic ===
 
=== Esthetic ===
Manche können ja der Auffassung sein, dass ein beschnittener Penis attraktiver ist. Diese Meinung wird aber bei Weitem nicht von allen geteilt. Wenn der Junge erwachsen ist, sollte er selbst darüber entscheiden dürfen, ob etwaige Vorteile die Nachteile übertreffen. [[Eltern]] dürfen auch nicht die Ohren ihres Kindes abschneiden, auch wenn sie das schön finden.
+
Some might think that a [[circumcised]] penis is more attractive. However, [[Acroposthion| this opinion is by no means shared by everyone]]. When the boy is grown up, he should be able to decide for himself whether any advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Parents are also not allowed to cut off their child's ears, even if they think that's nice.
  
 
=== Hygienic ===
 
=== Hygienic ===
Smegma ist eine weiße, wachsartige Substanz, die sich unter der Vorhaut bilden kann. Sie besteht aus natürlichen Sekreten und ab&shy;geschuppten Hautzellen. Früher fürchtete man, dass Smegma krebs&shy;erregend sein könnte, doch das wurde widerlegt. Gute Allgemein&shy;hygiene und gesunder Menschenverstand sind der Schlüssel für das Verhüten von Infektionen und Krankheiten.<ref name="cirp-faq">{{REFweb
+
[[Smegma]] is a white, waxy substance that is found under the [[foreskin]] can form. It consists of natural secretions and flaky [[skin]] cells. It used to be feared that smegma could be cancerous, but that has been refuted. Good general hygiene and common sense are keys to preventing [[infection]] and disease.<ref name="cirp-faq">{{REFweb
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/pages/parents/FAQ/index_de.html
+
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/pages/parents/FAQ/index.html
  |title=Häufig gestellte Fragen zur Neugeborenenbeschneidung
+
  |title=Frequently Asked Questions about Infant Circumcision
}}</ref> Ein beschnittener Penis lässt sich einfacher sauber halten. Ein unbeschnittener Penis lässt sich allerdings auch sauber halten: mit Wasser und Seife. Auch hier käme niemand auf die Idee, die Ohren eines Kindes abzuschneiden, nur weil sie dreckig werden können.
+
|website=[[CIRP]]
 +
|accessdate=2021-11-13
 +
}}</ref> A [[circumcised]] penis is slightly easier to keep clean. An [[intact]] [[penis]] can also be kept clean: using warm water. Again, it would not occur to anyone to cut off a child's ears just because they can get dirty.
  
 
=== Constriction of the foreskin ===
 
=== Constriction of the foreskin ===
Teilweise werden Beschneidungen begründet, da es später zu Vorhaut&shy;problemen kommen kann. Man wartet also nicht ab, ob der Eingriff überhaupt nötig ist, sondern schneidet vorbeugend. Auf die dumme Idee, eine präventive Brustabnahme bei Frauen durchzuführen, um einem eventuell auftretenden {{W|Brustkrebs}} vorzubeugen, kommt zu Recht niemand.
+
[[Circumcision]] is sometimes justified because [[foreskin]] problems can arise later. So you don't wait to see whether the operation is necessary at all, but cut preventively. Nobody comes up with the stupid idea of carrying out a preventive breast decrease in women to prevent a possible {{W|Breast cancer}} from occurring.
  
"Als medizinischer Grund für die operative Entfernung der Penisvorhaut wird in den allermeisten Fällen eine [[Phimose]] bzw. Vorhaut&shy;verengung genannt. Dabei ist jedoch zu beachten, dass es sich hierbei um einen entwicklungs&shy;physiologisch völlig normalen Zustand handelt, der, solange er symptomfrei bleibt, eigentlich gar nicht behandlungs&shy;bedürftig ist. Erfahrungen aus den skandinavischen Ländern belegen eindeutig, dass sich die meisten kindlichen Vorhaut-"Probleme" (Verengung oder Verklebung) bis zur {{W|Pubertät}} von selbst erledigen."
+
{{Citation
<ref>{{REFweb
+
|Text=In the vast majority of cases, [[phimosis]] or narrowing of the [[foreskin]] is named as the medical reason for the surgical removal of the penile foreskin. It should be noted, however, that this is a completely normal developmental condition, which, as long as it remains symptom-free, does not actually require treatment. Experience from the Scandinavian countries clearly shows that most children’s [[foreskin]] "problems" (constriction or sticking) resolve themselves by {{W|puberty}}.
  |url=http://www.intaktiv-online.de/themen/sexuelle-selbstbestimmung/phimose-krankheit-oder-lizenz-zum-gelddrucken.html
+
|Author=[[Intaktiv]] e.V.
 +
|ref=<ref>{{REFweb
 +
  |url=http://www.intaktiv.de/themen/sexuelle-selbstbestimmung/phimose-krankheit-oder-lizenz-zum-gelddrucken.html
 
  |title=Phimose - Krankheit oder "Lizenz zum Gelddrucken"?
 
  |title=Phimose - Krankheit oder "Lizenz zum Gelddrucken"?
 +
|trans-title=Phimosis - Disease or "License to Print Money"?
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
 
+
}}
# "Eine Phimosenbehandlung mit Salbe ist in bis zu 95&nbsp;% der Fälle erfolgreich."<ref>{{REFweb
+
# "Phimosis treatment with ointment is successful in up to 95% of cases."<ref>{{REFweb
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/index_de.html
+
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/
  |title=Konservative Behandlung von Phimose: Alternativen zu radikaler Beschneidung
+
  |title=Conservative Treatment of Phimosis: Alternatives to Radical Circumcision
  |website=CIRP
+
  |website=[[CIRP]]
 +
|accessdate=2021-11-13
 
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
 
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |url=http://www.medreports.de/medpdf/Rev12_04.pdf
+
|last=Balster
 +
|first=Saskia
 +
  |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20050112031134/http://www.medreports.de/medpdf/Rev12_04.pdf
 +
|archived=yes
 +
|title=Phimosebehandlung mit betamethasonhaltiger Salbe
 +
|trans-title=phimosis treatment with Ointment containing betamethasone
 +
|language=German
 
  |journal=MedReview
 
  |journal=MedReview
 
  |issue=12
 
  |issue=12
Line 159: Line 209:
 
  |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
 
  |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
 
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/yilmaz1/
 
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/yilmaz1/
  |title=Zitat des ''International Journal of Urology'', Band 10, Nummer 12, Dezember 2003, S. 651-656 (englisch)
+
|accessdate=2021-11-13
 +
  |title=Citation of the ''International Journal of Urology'', Volume 10, issue 12, December 2003, pp. 651-656
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
# "Kann ein Eingriff vermieden werden, wenn der mit ihm bezweckte Erfolg auch anderweitig, mit weniger intensiven Maßnahmen erreicht werden kann, dann liegt der intensivere Eingriff nicht im [[Kindeswohl]]."<ref>{{REFweb
+
# "If an intervention can be avoided, if the intended success can also be achieved in other ways, with less intensive measures, then the more intensive intervention is not in the child's well-being."<ref>{{REFweb
 
  |url=http://www.intaktiv-online.de/sexuelle-selbstbestimmung/sexuelle-selbstbestimmung/situation-in-deutschland.html
 
  |url=http://www.intaktiv-online.de/sexuelle-selbstbestimmung/sexuelle-selbstbestimmung/situation-in-deutschland.html
 
  |title=Intaktiv Online: Situation in Deutschland
 
  |title=Intaktiv Online: Situation in Deutschland
 +
|trans-title=Intaktiv Online: Situation in Germany
 +
|language=German
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
Auch wenn die Phimose nur operativ behoben werden kann, ist eine Entfernung der Vorhaut oft nicht nötig. Bei modernen Verfahren bleibt die Vorhaut erhalten.
+
Even if the [[phimosis]] can only be corrected surgically, removal of the [[foreskin]] is often not necessary. With [[Phimosis#Preputioplasty| modern procedures]], the [[foreskin]] is preserved.
  
 
=== Cervical cancer / penile cancer ===
 
=== Cervical cancer / penile cancer ===
Peniskrebs ist eine extrem seltene Form von Krebs. Sie tritt meist bei älteren Männern auf und die meisten Ärzte empfehlen Säuglings&shy;beschneidung nicht als vorbeugende Maßnahme. Peniskrebs kann sowohl bei beschnittenen als auch bei intakten Männern auftreten: Im Rahmen der Maden-Studie (eine noch laufende Studie zu Peniskrebs am Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle) wurde beobachtet, dass 37&nbsp;% der Penis&shy;krebs&shy;fälle bei beschnittenen Männern auftreten.<ref name="cirp-faq"/>
+
[[Penile cancer]] is an extremely rare form of cancer. It mostly occurs in older men, and most doctors do not recommend infant circumcision as a preventive measure. Penile cancer can occur in both [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men: The maggot study (an ongoing study of penile cancer at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle) found that 37% of penile cancers occur in [[circumcised]] men.<ref name="cirp-faq"/>
  
Es gibt "Behauptungen, dass sich das Vorkommen von Portio&shy;karzinomen (Zervix&shy;karzinomen) (Krebs des Gebär&shy;mutter&shy;mundes bzw. Gebär&shy;mutter&shy;halses) bei der Frau nach Geschlechtsverkehr mit unbeschnittenen Männern durch Übertragung von Smegma häufte. Dieser Zusammenhang wurden von Forschern als wissenschaftlich nicht plausibel verworfen."<ref>{{REFweb
+
There are "claims that the incidence of cervical carcinoma (cancer of the [[cervix]]) increased in women after sexual intercourse with [[foreskinned]] men through the transmission of [[smegma]]. This relationship has been rejected by researchers as scientifically implausible."<ref>{{REFweb
 
  |url=http://www.lumrix.de/medizin/urologie/zirkumzision.html
 
  |url=http://www.lumrix.de/medizin/urologie/zirkumzision.html
 
  |title=LuMriX.net: Zirkumzision
 
  |title=LuMriX.net: Zirkumzision
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
Die Theorie, dass Ehefrauen von Männern mit intakten Vorhäuten anfälliger für Gebär&shy;mutter&shy;hals&shy;krebs sind, ist widerlegt worden. Die Theorie, dass das Vorhandensein einer Vorhaut ein höheres Risiko für Geschlechts&shy;krankheiten mit sich bringt, wurde in einer neuen Studie widerlegt.<ref name="cirp-faq"/>
+
The theory that wives of men with [[intact]] foreskins are more prone to [[cervical cancer]] has been refuted. The theory that having a [[foreskin]] increases the risk of STDs has been refuted in a new study.<ref name="cirp-faq"/>
  
 
=== Religious / ritual ===
 
=== Religious / ritual ===
Weit verbreitet ist die Beschneidung bei Jungen und Männern darüber hinaus vor allem im Judentum, in islamischen Ländern (im Kindes&shy;alter) und in Afrika.
+
Circumcision is also widespread among boys and men, especially in [[Judaism]], in [[Islam| Islamic]] countries (in childhood) and in Africa.
"So gilt die Beschneidung in afrikanischen Ländern in erster Linie als Initiations&shy;ritus bei Jugendlichen in der Pubertät. Die Fähigkeit, den mit ihr einher gehenden Schmerz aushalten zu können, gilt in vielen Stämmen als Voraussetzung zur Mannwerdung. Oft ist sie Voraussetzung dafür, überhaupt eine Frau zu bekommen, da die Frauen Wert darauf legen, einen Mann zu ehelichen, der diese Tortur über sich hat ergehen lassen."<ref name="Manndat"/>
+
 
 +
{{Citation
 +
|Text=In African countries, for example, [[circumcision]] is primarily regarded as [[Adolescent_and_adult_circumcision#Ulwaluko|initiation rite for adolescents during puberty]]. The ability to endure the [[pain]] that comes with it is considered a prerequisite for becoming man in many tribes. Often it is a prerequisite for having a wife at all, as women attach importance to marrying a man who has endured this ordeal.
 +
|ref=<ref name="manndat2009"/>
 +
}}
  
Deutschland: Die Religionsgemeinschaften nehmen für sich in Anspruch, dass hier eine Ausnahme bestehe, die durch das Grundrecht auf freie Religions&shy;ausübung gedeckt sei.
+
'''Germany:''' The religious communities claim that there is an exception here, which is covered by the basic right to freedom of religion.
  
 
=== Prevention of masturbation ===
 
=== Prevention of masturbation ===
Nach puritanischer Auffassung dient die Vorhaut&shy;amputation der Kontrolle der Sexualität durch die Vermeidung der oft als unerwünscht betrachteten sexuellen Lust&shy;empfindens (speziell bei Jungen der Masturbation).
+
According to the puritanical view, the foreskin [[amputation]] serves to control sexuality by avoiding the sensation of sexual pleasure, which is often viewed as undesirable (especially [[masturbation]] in boys).
  
=== AIDS prevention ===
+
=== [[AIDS]] prevention ===
Studien widerlegen die Beschneidung als [[AIDS]]-Prävention. Für die Ausbreitung von AIDS ist die männliche Beschneidung irrelevant, wenn man die Anzahl der infizierten Prostituierten in der Region herausrechnet. In muslimischen Gegenden gibt es weniger AIDS. Dies wird aber nicht durch die höhere Anzahl an beschnittenen Männern verursacht, sondern von der geringeren Anzahl an Prostituierten pro Einwohner. Bei einem Geschlechts&shy;verkehr einzeln betrachtet kann die Übertragungsrate mit einer Beschneidung zwar um 50-60&nbsp;% sinken, das Problem ist aber, dass der Einzelne in Gegenden mit einer hohen AIDS-Rate vielfältigen sexuellen Kontakt mit Infizierten hat. Eine Beschneidung würde lediglich das Unvermeidliche verzögern und als AIDS-Prävention ineffektiv.<ref name="AIDS-Studie">{{REFnews
+
[[HIV| Studies refute circumcision]] as [[AIDS]] prevention. Male circumcision is irrelevant to the spread of [[AIDS]] if one counts out the number of infected prostitutes in the region. There is less [[AIDS]] in Muslim areas. However, this is not caused by the higher number of [[circumcised]] men, but by the lower number of prostitutes per inhabitant. When looking at sexual intercourse individually, circumcision can reduce the transmission rate by 50-60%, but the problem is that individuals in areas with a high [[AIDS]] rate have multiple sexual contacts with infected people. Circumcision would only delay the inevitable and be ineffective as [[AIDS]] prevention.<ref name="AIDS-Studie">{{REFnews
 
  |url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/74521.php
 
  |url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/74521.php
 
  |title=Male Circumcision Overstated As Prevention Tool Against AIDS
 
  |title=Male Circumcision Overstated As Prevention Tool Against AIDS
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
Unter 500 Männern waren die beschnittenen zu 23,4&nbsp;% bis zu ihrem 32.&nbsp;Lebensjahr schon einmal von einer sexuell übertragbaren Krankheit betroffen, unbeschnittene zu 23,5&nbsp;%.<ref name="SÜK-Studie">{{REFweb
+
Among 500 men, 23.4% of the [[circumcised]] had already been affected by a sexually transmitted disease by the age of 32, and 23.5% of the [[intact]].<ref name="SÜK-Studie">{{REFweb
 
  |url=http://www.icgi.org/2008/03/circumcision-does-not-shield-men-from-std/
 
  |url=http://www.icgi.org/2008/03/circumcision-does-not-shield-men-from-std/
 
  |title=Circumcision does not shield men from STD
 
  |title=Circumcision does not shield men from STD
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
Einen gegenteiligen Effekt hat es, wenn sich beschnittene Männer vor AIDS sicher fühlen und auf Kondome verzichten.<ref>{{REFweb
+
It has the opposite effect when [[circumcised]] men feel safe from [[AIDS]] and do without condoms.<ref>{{REFweb
 
  |url=http://www.manndat.de/maennergesundheit/gastbeitrag-beschneidung-von-maennern-als-aids-vorsorge.html
 
  |url=http://www.manndat.de/maennergesundheit/gastbeitrag-beschneidung-von-maennern-als-aids-vorsorge.html
 
  |title=MANNdat: Beschneidung von Männern als Aids-Vorsorge?
 
  |title=MANNdat: Beschneidung von Männern als Aids-Vorsorge?
 +
|trans-title=MANNdat: circumcision of men as AIDS prevention?
 +
|language=German
 
  |date=2007-07-10
 
  |date=2007-07-10
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
 
== Functions of the foreskin ==
 
== Functions of the foreskin ==
* Schutzfunktion: Im Kleinkindalter schützt die verklebte Vorhaut die Eichel vor den Ausscheidungen in der Windel. Während des ganzen Lebens hält die Vorhaut die Eichel zart und feucht und schützt sie vor Trauma, Verletzungen, Umwelteinflüssen, Reibung und Austrocknung.
+
* Protective function: In small children, the glued [[foreskin]] protects the [[glans]] from the excretions in the diaper. Throughout life, the [[foreskin]] keeps the [[glans]] soft and moist and protects it from [[trauma]], injuries, environmental influences, friction and dehydration.
* Sexuelle Funktionen
+
* Sexual functions
** Die Vorhaut enthält zahlreiche empfindlichen Nervenendungen. Gemeinsam mit der sensiblen Oberfläche der Eichel bildet die innere Vorhaut, die bei einer Erektion zurückgezogen und nach außen gewendet ist, eine umfangreiche und hochsensible erogene Zone, die für eine normale, intensive Gefühlswahrnehmung bei Geschlechtsverkehr und Masturbation wichtig ist.
+
** The [[foreskin]] contains numerous delicate nerve endings. Together with the sensitive surface of the [[glans]], the inner [[foreskin]], which is retracted and turned outward during an [[erection]], forms an extensive and highly sensitive erogenous zone, which is important for normal, intense feeling during sexual intercourse and [[masturbation]].
** Die Vorhaut verhindert durch einen speziellen Gleiteffekt unnötige Reibung beim Geschlechtsverkehr und steigert das Lustempfinden bei Mann und Frau.
+
** The [[foreskin]] prevents unnecessary friction during sexual intercourse with a special [[Gliding action| sliding effect]] and increases the sensation of pleasure in men and women.
* Immunsystem: Spezialisierte Zellen in der Vorhaut bilden Substanzen, die Krankheitserreger bekämpfen und abtöten können. Die Erforschung dieser Funktion steckt allerdings noch in den Kinderschuhen.
+
* Immune system: Specialized cells in the [[foreskin]] form substances that fight and kill pathogens. However, research into this function is still in its infancy.
  
=== Just a little bit of skin? ===
+
=== Just a little bit of [[skin]]? ===
Eine Eigenschaft der Vorhaut ist, dass die Haut doppellagig ist und sich sehr stark zusammenziehen kann, wenn der Penis sich im erschlafften Zustand befindet. Im erschlafften Zustand wird die Vorhaut weggeschnitten. Übertragen auf einen erwachsenen Mann wird ein Großteil der Haut des gesamten errigierten Penis entfernt! Der Penis ist DIE errogene Zone bei einem Mann und bei einer Beschneidung wird dort eine erhebliche Fläche (vergleichbar mit der Handinnenfläche ohne Finger!) weggeschnitten. Wie man die Fläche bestimmen kann, wird [https://beschneidung-von-jungen.de/home/komplikationen/der-normale-penis-und-die-auswirkungen-der-beschneidung.html hier] erklärt. Diese Hautfläche ist mit einer ungewöhlich hohen Dichte an Nervenzellen übersäht.
+
A property of the [[foreskin]] is that the [[skin]] is double-layered and can contract very strongly when the [[penis]] is in a flaccid state. In the relaxed state, the [[foreskin]] is cut away. Transferred to a grown man, much of the [[skin]] of the entire erect [[penis]] is removed! The [[penis]] is THE erogenous zone in a man and with [[circumcision]] a [[The Foreskin: 15 Square Inches of Erogenous Tissue| considerable area]] (comparable to the palm of the hand without fingers!) Is cut away. How to determine the area is explained [https://beschneendung-von-jungen.de/home/komplikation/der-normale-penis-und-die-ausektiven-der-beschneendung.html here]. This [[ridged band|area]] of [[skin]] is covered with an unusually high density of [[Meissner's corpuscles| nerve cells]].
  
 
== Aftereffects ==
 
== Aftereffects ==
 
=== Impairment of sexuality ===
 
=== Impairment of sexuality ===
Bei einer Zirkumzision wird die Vorhaut entfernt, welche normalerweise die sensible Eichel, die wichtigste erogene Zone des Mannes, umschließt und schützt. Ansonsten feucht und höchst sensibel, trocknet diese aus und überzieht sich mit einer neuen, dünnen Haut. Sie wird unempfindlicher. Neben der Desensibilisierung der Eichel fällt das sensible Vorhautgewebe selbst komplett als Lustspender weg. Wird die Vorhaut bis hinter die Eichel entfernt, entspricht das etwa einem Drittel der gesamten Haut am Penis.
+
With a circumcision, the [[foreskin]], which normally encloses and protects the sensitive [[glans]], the most important erogenous zone in men. Otherwise damp and extremely sensitive, it dries out and covers itself with a new, thin [[skin]]. She becomes less sensitive. In addition to the desensitization of the glans, the [[Foreskin sensitivity| sensitive foreskin tissue]] itself is completely eliminated as a pleasure donor. If the foreskin is removed behind the glans, this corresponds to about a third of the entire [[skin]] on the penis.
Das Frenulum (Vorhautbändchen) ist besonders dicht mit Nervenenden besetzt und wird bei den üblichen Formen der Beschneidung meist beschädigt oder komplett entfernt.
 
In Summe wird die Selbstbefriedigung somit als weniger lustvoll erlebt.
 
Der Schmerz bei der Prozedur wurde und wird teilweise als Strafe für eine "sündhafte" Selbstbefriedigung verwendet:
 
John Harvey Kellogg: ''"Ein Mittel gegen Masturbation, welches bei kleinen Jungen fast immer erfolgreich ist, ist die Beschneidung. Die Operation sollte von einem Arzt ohne Betäubung durchgeführt werden, weil der kurze Schmerz einen heilsamen Effekt hat, besonders, wenn er mit Gedanken an Strafe in Verbindung gebracht wird."''
 
In manchen Fällen führt die Kombination dieser Effekte zu teilweise eklatanten sexuellen Einschränkungen.<ref name="Intaktiv"/>
 
  
Für manche beschnittene Männer ist die Masturbation fast nur noch mit Hilfsmitteln (wie z.&nbsp;B. Gleitgel, Babyöl oder auch Speichel) möglich. Beim Geschlechtsverkehr fehlt das natürliche Gleiten des Penis in seiner Schafthaut, was das Eindringen erschweren kann. Durch das direkte Reiben an der Scheidenwand kann es Probleme bei einer Trockenheit der Scheide geben.
+
The frenulum (foreskin ligament) is particularly densely covered with nerve endings and is usually damaged or completely removed with the usual forms of circumcision.
 +
 
 +
All in all, [[masturbation]] is experienced as less pleasurable.
 +
 
 +
The [[pain]] of the procedure was and is partly used as a punishment for "sinful" masturbation:
 +
 
 +
{{Citation
 +
|Text=A remedy which is almost always successful in small boys is circumcision, especially when there is any degree of [[phimosis]]. The operation should be performed by a surgeon without administering an anesthetic, as the brief pain attending the operation will have a salutary effect upon the mind, especially if it be connected with the idea of punishment, as it may well be in some cases. The soreness which continues for several weeks interrupts the practice, and if it had not previously become too firmly fixed, it may be forgotten and not resumed.
 +
|Author=John Harvey Kellogg, {{MD}}
 +
|ref=<ref name="Kellogg1888">{{Kellogg1888}}</ref>
 +
}}
 +
 
 +
In some cases, the combination of these effects leads to some blatant sexual restrictions.<ref name="Intaktiv"/>
 +
 
 +
For some [[circumcised]] men, [[masturbation]] is almost only possible with [[AIDS]] (such as lubricant, baby oil or saliva). During sexual intercourse, the [[penis]] lacks the [[Gliding action| natural gliding]] of its [[shaft skin]], which can make penetration more difficult. Direct rubbing against the [[Vagina| vaginal wall]] can cause vaginal dryness problems.
  
 
=== Post-traumatic stress disorder ===
 
=== Post-traumatic stress disorder ===
In einer in Boyle et al. (2002) beschriebene Studie wurden 1577 philippinische Jungen im Alter von 11 bis 16 Jahren vor und nach einer Beschneidung (die entweder mit oder ohne Lokalanästhetikum durchgeführt wurde) beobachtet. Vor dem Eingriff wurde sichergestellt, dass nur Jungen in die Studie aufgenommen wurden, die keine PTBS (nach DSM-IV) aufwiesen. Nach dem Eingriff konnte bei 50&nbsp;% der mit Lokalanästhetikum und 69&nbsp;% der rituell (ohne Lokalanästhetikum) beschnittenen Jungen eine PTBS nach DSM-IV Kriterien diagnostiziert werden.
+
In Boyle et al. (2019), 1577 Filipino boys aged 11 to 16 years before and after circumcision (performed either with or without local anesthetic) were observed. Before the procedure, it was ensured that only boys who did not have [[PTSD]] (according to DSM-IV) were included in the study. After the procedure, 50% of the boys [[circumcised]] with local anesthetic and 69% of the boys [[circumcised]] ritually (without local anesthetic) were diagnosed with PTSD according to DSM-IV criteria.<ref>{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Boyle
 +
|first=Gregory J.
 +
|init=GJ
 +
|author-link=Gregory J. Boyle
 +
|last2=Ramos
 +
|first2=Samuel
 +
|init2=S
 +
|author2-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Filipino boys subjected to non-therapeutic ritual or medical surgical procedures: A retrospective cohort study
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=English
 +
|journal=Annals of Medicine and Surgery
 +
|location=
 +
|date=2019
 +
|volume=42
 +
|issue=
 +
|pages=19-22
 +
|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2049080119300305
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=31080593
 +
|pubmedCID=6506608
 +
|DOI=10.1016/j.amsu.2019.04.004
 +
|accessdate=2023-12-30
 +
}}</ref>
  
 
=== Damage to health ===
 
=== Damage to health ===
Bei der Subinzision: Die Unterseite des Penis wird gespalten. Folge: Der Samen fließt außerhalb des weiblichen Körpers herab, die Chancen einer Schwangerschaft sinken.<ref name="FocusWissen">{{REFnews
+
Subincision: The underside of the [[penis]] is split. Consequence: The [[semen]] flows down outside the female body, the chances of pregnancy decrease.<ref name="FocusWissen">{{REFnews
 
  |url=http://www.focus.de/wissen/wissenschaft/mensch/rituelle-beschneidungen-waffe-im-kampf-der-spermien_aid_306940.html
 
  |url=http://www.focus.de/wissen/wissenschaft/mensch/rituelle-beschneidungen-waffe-im-kampf-der-spermien_aid_306940.html
 
  |title=Rituelle Beschneidungen: Waffe im Kampf der Spermien
 
  |title=Rituelle Beschneidungen: Waffe im Kampf der Spermien
 +
|trans-title=Ritual circumcision: weapon in the fight of the sperm
 +
|language=German
 
  |website=Focus
 
  |website=Focus
 
  |date=2008-06-08
 
  |date=2008-06-08
Line 237: Line 333:
  
 
=== Paternalism ===
 
=== Paternalism ===
"Das wichtigste Argument gegen Beschneidung von Minderjährigen darf hier nicht außer Acht gelassen werden: Es ist ganz klar, dass dabei eine wichtige Entscheidung, die Auswirkungen u.&nbsp;a. auf die Sexualität hat, von Anderen getroffen wird, als dem Betroffenen selbst. In allen vergleichbaren Fällen (z.&nbsp;B. weibliche Beschneidung) herrscht weitgehender Konsens darüber, dass solche Praktiken unterbunden und ggf. bestraft werden sollten. Nur bezüglich der männlichen Beschneidung herrscht meist eine erstaunliche [[Toleranz]] und [[Akzeptanz]]. Erklären lässt sich diese ambivalente Sichtweise der Beschneidung abhängig vom Geschlecht wohl nur damit, dass Wissen über die Funktionen der Vorhaut wenig verbreitet ist, so dass viele (insbesondere Personen, die gar kein solches Körperteil haben, nämlich Frauen) glauben, eine Beschneidung bedeute keinen Verlust."
+
{{Citation
<ref name="Vafk-Broschure">{{REFdocument
+
|Text=The main argument against the circumcision of minors should not be overlooked here: it is very clear that there is an important decision that must be made here, the consequences of which are, among other things. on sexuality, is hit by others than the person concerned. In all comparable cases (e.g. female circumcision) there is broad consensus that such practices should be prevented and, if necessary, punished. Only with regard to male circumcision is there usually an astonishing [[tolerance]] and [[acceptance]]. This ambivalent view of circumcision depending on gender can only be explained by the fact that knowledge about the functions of the foreskin is not very widespread, so that many (especially people who do not have such a body part, namely women) believe that circumcision does not mean loss.
 +
|ref=<ref name="Vafk-Broschure">{{REFdocument
 
  |url=https://at.wikimannia.org/Datei:Vaeteraufbruch_fuer_Kinder_Schwaben_-_Genitale_Verstuemmelung_bei_Jungen_und_Maennern.pdf
 
  |url=https://at.wikimannia.org/Datei:Vaeteraufbruch_fuer_Kinder_Schwaben_-_Genitale_Verstuemmelung_bei_Jungen_und_Maennern.pdf
  |title=Genitale Verstümmelung bei Jungen und Männern. Gründe und Hintergründe.
+
  |title=Genitale Verstümmelung bei Jungen und Männern. Gründe und Hintergründe
 +
|trans-title=Genital Mutilation in Boys and Men. Reasons and backgrounds
 
  |publisher=[[Väteraufbruch für Kinder]] - Schwaben
 
  |publisher=[[Väteraufbruch für Kinder]] - Schwaben
 
  |date=2005-06
 
  |date=2005-06
Line 246: Line 344:
 
  |weight=747 kB
 
  |weight=747 kB
 
  |format=PDF
 
  |format=PDF
}}}</ref>
+
}}</ref>
 +
}}
  
=== Pain ===
+
=== [[Pain]] ===
Für Neugeborene ist der Eingriff alles andere als schmerzfrei. Dazu sagte Boris Zernikow, Leiter des Deutschen Kinder&shy;schmerz&shy;zentrums in Datteln<ref>{{REFweb
+
The procedure is anything but painless for newborns. Boris Zernikow, head of the German Children's Pain Center in Datteln,<ref>{{REFweb
 
  |url=http://www.uni-wh.de/health/lehrstuhl-kinderschmerztherapie-palliativmedizin/personen/prof-dr-med-boris-zernikow/
 
  |url=http://www.uni-wh.de/health/lehrstuhl-kinderschmerztherapie-palliativmedizin/personen/prof-dr-med-boris-zernikow/
  |title=Prof. Dr. med. Boris Zernikow, Lehrstuhlinhaber und Chefarzt des Stiftungs&shy;lehrstuhls für Kinder&shy;schmerz&shy;therapie und Pädiatrische Palliativmedizin
+
  |title=Prof. Dr. med. Boris Zernikow, Lehrstuhlinhaber und Chefarzt des Stiftungslehrstuhls für Kinderschmerztherapie und Pädiatrische Palliativmedizin
}}</ref>, jüngst in einem SPIEGEL-Interview: ''"Das schmerz&shy;unter&shy;drückende System ist erst einige Monate nach der Geburt funktionstüchtig. Neugeborene empfinden mehr Schmerzen als ein Erwachsener."''<ref>{{REFjournal
+
}}</ref>, recently said in a SPIEGEL interview: ''"The pain-suppressing system does not work until a few months after the birth. Newborns feel more pain than adults."''<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |url=http://www.spiegel.de/gesundheit/schwangerschaft/usa-kinderaerzte-sprechen-sich-fuer-beschneidung-aus-a-852502.html
 
  |url=http://www.spiegel.de/gesundheit/schwangerschaft/usa-kinderaerzte-sprechen-sich-fuer-beschneidung-aus-a-852502.html
 
  |title=USA: Kinderärzte befürworten Beschneidung
 
  |title=USA: Kinderärzte befürworten Beschneidung
 +
|trans-title=USA: Pediatricians advocate circumcision
 +
|language=German
 
  |website=Spiegel Online
 
  |website=Spiegel Online
 
  |date=2012-08-29
 
  |date=2012-08-29
Line 260: Line 361:
  
 
== South Africa ==
 
== South Africa ==
53 Jungen starben im Jahre 2009 bis zum 15. August 2009 an den Folgen von unsachgemäßen Beschneidungen in [[Südafrika]], während dreizehn Jungen Penis-Amputationen erlitten.<ref name="dispatch">{{REFweb
+
In 2009, until 15 August 2009, 53 boys died as a result of improper circumcision in South Africa, while thirteen boys suffered penile amputations.<ref name="dispatch">{{REFweb
 
  |url=http://www.dispatch.co.za/article.aspx?id=337230
 
  |url=http://www.dispatch.co.za/article.aspx?id=337230
 
  |title=Dispatch Online
 
  |title=Dispatch Online
}}</ref> Austrocknung, Unterkühlung, Blutvergiftung, starke Blutungen und die Tatsache dass die meisten Jungen Hilfe erst dann suchen, wenn es schon zu spät ist, sind die häufigsten [[Tod]]esursachen. Die Beschneidungen werden ohne Betäubungsmittel mit traditionellen Beschneidungs&shy;werkzeugen durchgeführt.
+
}}</ref> Dehydration, hypothermia, blood poisoning, heavy [[bleeding]], and the fact that most boys don't seek help until it's too late are the most common causes. The circumcisions are performed without anesthetics using traditional circumcision tools.
  
Sehr viele Jugendliche mehr werden mit entzündeten oder verstümmelten Genitalien in die Krankenhäuser eingeliefert. Wundbrand hat bei manchen den Verlust der Eichel zur Folge.
+
Many more young people are admitted to hospitals with inflamed or mutilated genitals. Gangrene results in the loss of the glans in some.
Dimaza: "Offenbar wurden einige sehr spät ins Krankenhaus gebracht, weshalb die Ärzte nichts mehr für sie tun können. Ihre Männlichkeit fällt einfach ab."<ref name="dispatch"/><ref>{{REFnews
+
 
  |url=http://www.sindhtoday.net/news/1/27293.htm
+
Dimaza: "Apparently some were taken to hospital very late, so there is nothing the doctors can do for them. Your manhood just falls off."<ref name="dispatch"/><ref>{{REFnews
  |title=Bei Beschneidungen in Südafrika kamen 33 Jungen ums Leben
+
  |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100124205204/http://www.sindhtoday.net/news/1/27293.htm
 +
|archived=yes
 +
  |title=Botched circumcisions kill 33 boys in South Africa
 +
|date=2009-07-05
 +
|accessdate=2021-11-13
 
}}</ref><ref>{{REFnews
 
}}</ref><ref>{{REFnews
  |url=http://www.weekendpost.co.za/article.aspx?id=440338
+
  |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090708035957/http://www.weekendpost.co.za/article.aspx?id=440338
  |title=Tote und verletzte Jungen durch Beschneidungen
+
|archived=yes
 +
  |title=East Cape circumcision toll now 24
 +
|date=2009-07-02
 +
|accessdate=2021-11-13
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
In der '''Wintersaison 2008''' (Die Beschneidungen finden zweimal im Jahr statt) starben 24 Jungen an den Folgen. 535 Jungen wurden in die Krankenhäuser eingeliefert - ein Junge mit einem fast abgetrennten, faulenden Penis.<ref name="Southafrica">{{REFnews
+
In the '' 'winter season 2008' '' (the circumcisions take place twice a year) 24 boys died as a result. 535 boys were admitted to the hospitals - one boy with an almost severed, rotting penis.<ref name="Southafrica">{{REFnews
 
  |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090703/hl_afp/safricahealthinjuryculture
 
  |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090703/hl_afp/safricahealthinjuryculture
 
  |title=Botched circumcisions leave 31 dead in S.Africa
 
  |title=Botched circumcisions leave 31 dead in S.Africa
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
In Südafrika bestimmt der "Children's Act" von 2005:
+
In South Africa the "Children's Act" of 2005 provides:
 
; 12. Social, cultural and religious practices
 
; 12. Social, cultural and religious practices
 
:(3) Genital mutilation or the circumcision of ''female children'' is prohibited.
 
:(3) Genital mutilation or the circumcision of ''female children'' is prohibited.
Line 295: Line 403:
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
Der "Children's Act" bestimmt: keine Beschneidung an Jungen [gegen ihren erklärten Willen, siehe oben, d.Red.] unter 16 Jahren und nur von ausgebildeten und zugelassenen Kräften.<ref>{{REFnews
+
The "Children's Act" stipulates: no circumcision of boys [against their declared will, see above, ed.] under the age of 16 and only by trained and authorized personnel.<ref>{{REFnews
  |url=http://www.theherald.co.za/article.aspx?id=440296
+
  |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090707004336/http://www.theherald.co.za/article.aspx?id=440296
 +
|archived=yes
 
  |title=Boy dies from circumcision related complications
 
  |title=Boy dies from circumcision related complications
 
  |website=The Herald Online
 
  |website=The Herald Online
 
  |date=2009-07-01
 
  |date=2009-07-01
}} (broken link)</ref>
+
|accessdate=2021-11-13
 +
}}</ref>
  
 
== Extreme types ==
 
== Extreme types ==
*Bei den Dowayos [in Kamerun] ist die Beschneidung ein sich lang hinziehender Vorgang. [...] Die Operation ist darauf angelegt, Furcht und Schrecken zu erregen. Die Jungen werden an einer rituellen Wegkreuzung bis auf die Haut ausgezogen und zum Wäldchen am Fluss geführt, wo die Beschneidung stattfindet. Unterwegs werden sie von den Beschneidern angesprungen, die wie jagende Leoparden knurren und sie mit dem Messer bedrohen. Die Operation ist sehr schmerzhaft, da der Penis fast in voller Länge abgeschält wird. Unter Umständen sind es mehrere verschiedene Beschneider, die jeder ein Stück von der Vorhaut abschneiden. Der Junge darf nicht schreien, aber die alten Männer, die mir von dem festlichen Ereignis erzählten, gaben zu, dass viele es doch täten. Das sei auch nicht schlimm, solange die Frauen glaubten, sie hätten sich tapfer gehalten. Beim Badeplatz kann man die Ergebnisse derartiger Eingriffe studieren. Wenn der Operierte noch sehr jung ist, nimmt das Glied manchmal eine fast kugelförmige Form an, was mitverantwortlich für die sehr niedrige [[Geburtenrate]] bei den Dowayos sein dürfte. Da alle mit demselben Messer beschnitten werden und die Infektionsgefahr entsprechend groß ist, ist die [[Tod]]esrate beträchtlich. Von Jungen, die infolge der Operation starben, hieß es, Leoparden hätten sie gefressen. Aus der Korrespondenz französischer Kolonialoffiziere geht hervor, wie bekümmert diese über die große Zahl Jugendlicher waren, die angeblich der Leopard gefressen hatte - obwohl doch Leoparden in der Gegend praktisch ausgestorben waren.<ref name="dowayo">{{REFweb
+
* With the Dowayos [in Cameroon], circumcision is a long drawn-out process. [...] The operation is designed to arouse fear and horror. The boys are stripped down to their [[skin]] at a ritual crossroads and taken to the grove by the river, where the circumcision takes place. On the way they are jumped at by the cutters, who growl like hunting leopards and threaten them with a knife. The operation is very painful as the [[penis]] is peeled off almost in full length. There may be several different circumcisers, each cutting off a piece of the [[foreskin]]. The boy is not allowed to scream, but the old men who told me about the festive event admitted that many did. That doesn't matter, as long as the women believed they had acted bravely. The results of such interventions can be studied at the bathing area. When the operated person is still very young, the limb sometimes takes on an almost spherical shape, which may be partly responsible for the very low [[birth rate]] among the Dowayos. Since all are circumcised with the same knife and the risk of [[infection]] is correspondingly high, the [[death]] rate is considerable. Boys who died as a result of the operation were said to have been eaten by leopards. Correspondence from French colonial officers shows how distressed they were at the large number of youths allegedly eaten by the leopards — even though leopards were practically extinct in the area.<ref name="dowayo">{{REFweb
 
  |title=Lebensstadien (Entwicklungsländerstudien), 8.3. Zum Beispiel: Knabenbeschneidung bei den Dowayo in Kamerun
 
  |title=Lebensstadien (Entwicklungsländerstudien), 8.3. Zum Beispiel: Knabenbeschneidung bei den Dowayo in Kamerun
 +
|trans-title=Life stages (developing country studies), 8.3. For example: circumcision of boys among the Dowayo in Cameroon
 +
|language=German
 
  |url=http://www.payer.de/entwicklung/entw16.htm#8.3.
 
  |url=http://www.payer.de/entwicklung/entw16.htm#8.3.
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
* Sehr selten, aber belegt ist das Entfernen der gesamten das Glied bedeckenden Haut, mitunter bis zum Bauchnabel, in einigen Dörfern des Yemen.<!--<ref>pi-news.de: [http://www.pi-news.net/2009/05/plaedoyer-gegen-die-genitalbeschneidung/#10 Plädoyer gegen die Genitalverstümmelung]</ref>-->
+
* The removal of the entire [[skin]] covering the limb, sometimes up to the navel, is very rare, but has been documented in some villages in Yemen.{{REFmissing}}
  
* In manchen afrikanischen und mikronesischen Völkern zerquetschen die älteren Männern den jüngeren einen Hoden.<ref name="FocusWissen"/>
+
* In some African and Micronesian peoples, the older men crush a testicle on the younger one.<ref name="FocusWissen"/>
  
* Die Hijra, eine Sekte in Indien, amputiert anscheinend radikal Penis und Hoden. Inwiefern dies erzwungen wird, lässt sich aus dem Wikipedia-Artikel nicht herauslesen: "Obwohl sehr häufig angenommen wird, dass Hijra sich meistens einer rituellen Kastration und Penektomie unterziehen oder dieses wenigstens anstreben."<ref>{{W|Hijra}} in Indien</ref>
+
* The Hijra, a sect in India, appears to have radically amputated the [[penis]] and testicles. To what extent this is enforced cannot be read from the Wikipedia article: "Although it is very often assumed that Hijra mostly undergo or at least seek ritual castration and penectomy."<ref>{{W|Hijra}} in India</ref>
  
 
== Others ==
 
== Others ==
Eine Untersuchung erbrachte das nicht verwunderliche Ergebnis, dass bei keiner einzigen diesbezüglichen Kultur sich die Betroffenen freiwillig dieser Operation unterziehen. Obwohl sicher stets traumatisierend für sie, bestehen allerdings erhebliche Unterschiede in der Durchführung des Rituals und damit auch für die psychischen Folgen. Es ist beispielsweise ein erheblicher Unterschied, ob ein Junge auf der kleinen Pazifikinsel Tikopia, nachdem er seelisch darauf vorbereitet wurde, im Rahmen einer Feier die Vorhaut eingeschnitten bekommt, während seine Verwandten dabei sind und ihn trösten, oder ob etwa ein Junge in der Provinz eines islamischen Staates zum "Haareschneiden" geschickt und dort auf einem Tisch festgehalten wird, während ein Barbier seine Vorhaut abschneidet, so sehr er auch protestiert.
+
An investigation produced the unsurprising result that in none of the cultures concerned do those affected voluntarily undergo this operation. Although always traumatizing for them, there are considerable differences in the implementation of the ritual and thus also in the psychological consequences. For example, it makes a significant difference whether a boy on the small Pacific island of Tikopia, after he has been mentally prepared for it, has his foreskin incised as part of a celebration while his relatives are there and comfort him, or whether a boy in the provinces has one Islamic State is sent to have his hair cut and is held there on a table while a barber cuts off his foreskin, no matter how much he protests.{{REFmissing}}
  
 
=== Legal gray area ===
 
=== Legal gray area ===
In dem Aufsatz "Strafrechtliche Konsequenzen auch bei religiöser Begründung"<ref>{{REFjournal
+
In the article "Consequences under criminal law even with religious grounds",<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |url=http://www.aerzteblatt.de/pdf/105/34/a1778.pdf
 
  |url=http://www.aerzteblatt.de/pdf/105/34/a1778.pdf
 
  |title=Zirkumzision bei nicht einwilligungsfähigen Jungen. Strafrechtliche Konsequenzen auch bei religiöser Begründung
 
  |title=Zirkumzision bei nicht einwilligungsfähigen Jungen. Strafrechtliche Konsequenzen auch bei religiöser Begründung
 +
|trans-title=Circumcision in boys who are unable to give consent. Criminal law consequences even with religious grounds
 +
|language=German
 
  |first=Maximilian
 
  |first=Maximilian
 
  |last=Stehr
 
  |last=Stehr
 +
|author-link=Maximilian Stehr
 
  |first2=Holm
 
  |first2=Holm
 
  |last2=Putzke
 
  |last2=Putzke
Line 333: Line 448:
 
  |date=2008-08-25
 
  |date=2008-08-25
 
  |pages=A1778ff
 
  |pages=A1778ff
}} (Wenn keine medizinische Notwendigkeit besteht, sollte der Eingriff vom Arzt abgelehnt werden.)</ref> raten die Ärzte Maximilian Stehr, Hans-Georg Dietz und der Jurist [[Holm Putzke]] von religiösen Beschneidungen ohne medizinische Notwendigkeit ab. Denn die Entfernung der Vorhaut stelle einen "nicht nur unerheblichen Substanzverlust dar, sie ist mithin eine Verletzung der körperlichen Unversehrtheit", bei der sich der Operateur wegen [[Körperverletzung]] strafbar machen könne.<ref>{{REFnews
+
}} (If there is no medical need, the doctor should refuse the procedure.)</ref> the doctors [[Maximilian Stehr]], Hans-Georg Dietz and the lawyer [[Holm Putzke]] advise against religious circumcision without medical necessity. Because the removal of the foreskin represents a "not only insignificant loss of substance, it is therefore a violation of physical integrity", in which the surgeon could be liable to prosecution for bodily harm.<ref>{{REFnews
 
  |url=http://www.taz.de/1/leben/alltag/artikel/1/grauzone-vorhaut/
 
  |url=http://www.taz.de/1/leben/alltag/artikel/1/grauzone-vorhaut/
  |title=Streit wegen Beschneidung: Grauzone Vorhaut], TAZ am 31. Oktober 2008</ref><ref>{{REFweb
+
  |title=Streit wegen Beschneidung: Grauzone Vorhaut
 +
|trans-title=Controversy over circumcision: gray area foreskin
 +
|language=German
 +
|publisher=TAZ
 +
|date=2008-10-31
 +
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
 
  |url=http://www.info-und-design.de/pdf/2008-03-holm-putzke-fs-beschneidung.pdf
 
  |url=http://www.info-und-design.de/pdf/2008-03-holm-putzke-fs-beschneidung.pdf
 
  |title=Die strafrechtliche Relevanz der Beschneidung von Knaben. Zugleich ein Beitrag über die Grenzen der Einwilligung in Fällen der Personensorge
 
  |title=Die strafrechtliche Relevanz der Beschneidung von Knaben. Zugleich ein Beitrag über die Grenzen der Einwilligung in Fällen der Personensorge
 +
|trans-title=The criminal relevance of the circumcision of boys. Concurrently, a contribution about the limits of consent in cases of personal care
 
  |first=Holm
 
  |first=Holm
 
  |last=Putzke
 
  |last=Putzke
 
  |author-link=Holm Putzke
 
  |author-link=Holm Putzke
 
  |pages=4
 
  |pages=4
 +
|format=PDF
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
In Köln wurde die Zirkumzision unter Strafe gestellt, aber so eindeutig, wie es manchen in Deutschland scheint, wird das in anderen westlichen Ländern nicht gesehen. In den USA beispielsweise stellt sie beinah eine Routine dar. Die Gesundheitsorganisationen verschiedener Staaten bewerten den Eingriff unterschiedlich.
+
In Cologne, [[Cologne circumcision court judgment| circumcision was made a criminal offense]], but it is not seen as clearly as it seems to some in Germany in other western countries. In the [[USA]], for example, it is almost routine. The health organizations in different countries assess the procedure differently.
  
Die moderne Medizin weiß Vorteile und Risiken zu nennen, die aus der Beschneidung männlicher Genitalien erwachsen können. Die [[Wissenschaft]] gibt zu dieser Frage noch keine einhellige Antwort. [[Islam]] und [[Judentum]] kümmern sich indes gar nicht um den Forschungsstand. Ihnen geht es um die Einhaltung eherner Gebote und Gebräuche.<ref>{{REFnews
+
Modern medicine knows the advantages and risks that can arise from the circumcision of male genitals. Science does not yet give a unanimous answer to this question. However, [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]] do not care at all about the state of research. They are concerned with the observance of iron commandments and customs.<ref>{{REFnews
 
  |first=Doron
 
  |first=Doron
 
  |last=Rabinovici
 
  |last=Rabinovici
 
  |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/kritik-an-ritueller-beschneidung-im-hintergrund-schwelen-kastrationsaengste-1.1408075
 
  |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/kritik-an-ritueller-beschneidung-im-hintergrund-schwelen-kastrationsaengste-1.1408075
 
  |title=Kritik an ritueller Beschneidung. Im Hintergrund schwelen Kastrationsängste
 
  |title=Kritik an ritueller Beschneidung. Im Hintergrund schwelen Kastrationsängste
 +
|trans-title=Criticism of ritual circumcision. Fears of castration smolder in the background
 +
|language=German
 
  |website=Süddeutsche Zeitung
 
  |website=Süddeutsche Zeitung
 
  |date=2012-07-11
 
  |date=2012-07-11
Line 356: Line 480:
  
 
==== History of circumcision ====
 
==== History of circumcision ====
Wenn das wissenschaftlichen Arguments entfällt, wird deutlich, dass es bei der Frage nach der Zulässigkeit der Beschneidung einzig um eine Entscheidung über gesellschaftliche [[Werte]], juristisch gesprochen um "Rechtsgüter" geht. Tatsächlich geht es auch darum, ob Juden in Deutschland ihr Judentum so, wie sie es verstehen und nicht, wie andere meinen, leben dürfen. Elizabeth Wyner Mark, Herausgeberin eines 2003 publizierten Bandes mit dem Titel "The Covenant of Circumcision" schreibt mit Blick darauf, dass die meisten säkular, keineswegs religiös lebenden Juden ihre Knaben beschneiden lassen, dass die Beschneidung ein Ausdruck jüdischen Überlebenswillens nach der Shoah und damit für viele Eltern zu einer moralischen Verpflichtung geworden sei.
+
If the scientific argument is omitted, it becomes clear that the question of the permissibility of [[circumcision]] is only about a decision about social values, legally speaking about "legal interests". In fact, it is also about whether Jews in Germany are allowed to live their [[Judaism]] as they understand it and not as others think. Elizabeth Wyner Mark, editor of a volume published in 2003 entitled "The Covenant of Circumcision" writes with a view to the fact that most secular, by no means religious Jews have their boys [[Brit Milah| circumcised]], that circumcision is an expression of the Jewish will to survive after the Shoah<ref>''Shoah'' is a Hebrew word for ''catastrophe''. It is another word for the Holocaust.</ref> and thus for has become a moral obligation for many parents.
  
Zeichen jüdischer Selbstbehauptung jedenfalls ist die Beschneidung seit Jahrtausenden. Die kategorisch erfahrene Weisung von Juden, ihre Söhne am achten Tage zu beschneiden, ist immerhin für zweieinhalbtausend Jahre historisch nachweisbar. Indes hat es seit der Antike immer wieder Versuche gegeben, die Beschneidung zu unterbinden. Die hellenistische Kultur mit ihrer Verehrung des schönen Körpers brachte viele jüdische Männer dazu, ihre Vorhaut wieder zu verlängern, um beim nackt auszuführenden Sport nicht verspottet zu werden. Der hellenistische König Antiochus IV. versuchte sogar - aller angeblich paganen Toleranz zum Trotz - die Beschneidung jüdischer Knaben im zweiten Jahrhundert vor Chr. gewaltsam zu verbieten. Diese Maßnahme trug wesentlich zur Ausbildung des jüdischen Märtyrertums bei.<ref>{{REFnews
+
In any case, [[circumcision]] has been a sign of Jewish self-assertion for millennia. The categorically experienced [[Abrahamic covenant| instruction of Jews to circumcise their sons on the eighth day]] can be historically proven for two and a half thousand years. However, since ancient times there have been repeated attempts to prevent circumcision. The Hellenistic culture, with its worship of the beautiful body, [[Epispasm| led many Jewish men to lengthen their foreskin]] again in order not to be ridiculed when doing sports in the nude. The Hellenistic King Antiochus IV even tried — despite all alleged pagan tolerance — to forcibly prohibit the circumcision of Jewish boys in the second century BC. This measure contributed significantly to the development of Jewish martyrdom.<ref>{{REFnews
 
  |first=Micha
 
  |first=Micha
 
  |last=Brumlik
 
  |last=Brumlik
 
  |url=http://www.fr-online.de/kultur/beschneidung--judentum-und-islam-hier-nicht-erwuenscht-,1472786,16529678.html
 
  |url=http://www.fr-online.de/kultur/beschneidung--judentum-und-islam-hier-nicht-erwuenscht-,1472786,16529678.html
 
  |title=Beschneidung: "Judentum und Islam hier nicht erwünscht"
 
  |title=Beschneidung: "Judentum und Islam hier nicht erwünscht"
 +
|trans-title=Circumcision: "Judaism and Islam not wanted here"
 +
|language=German
 
  |website=Frankfurter Rundschau
 
  |website=Frankfurter Rundschau
 
  |date=2012-07-02
 
  |date=2012-07-02
Line 368: Line 494:
  
 
=== Female circumcision ===
 
=== Female circumcision ===
Die Beschneidung von Mädchen wird in der Regel von Frauen durchgeführt. Dieser Aspekt, dass die Frauen nicht nur [[Opfer]], sondern zugleich die [[Täter]]innen sind, fällt in der Berichterstattung meist unter den Tisch. Es sind auch die Beschneiderinnen selbst, die sich gegen ein Verbot verteidigen und dabei auch bereit sind Gewalt anzuwenden.<ref>{{REFnews
+
Female circumcision is usually performed by women. This aspect, that women are not only victims but at the same time also perpetrators, is mostly ignored in the reporting. It is also the circumcisers themselves who defend themselves against a ban and are also prepared to use violence.<ref>{{REFnews
 
  |url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/0,1518,607291,00.html
 
  |url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/0,1518,607291,00.html
 
  |title=Genitalverstümmelung: Rache der Beschneiderinnen
 
  |title=Genitalverstümmelung: Rache der Beschneiderinnen
 +
|trans-title=Genital mutilation: revenge of the female circumcisers
 +
|language=German
 
  |website=Spiegel
 
  |website=Spiegel
 
  |date=2009-02-15
 
  |date=2009-02-15
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
In der islamischen Theologie findet die Beschneidung von Frauen keinen Rückhalt, wurde aber in den Ländern, in denen sie seit Jahrtaussenden praktiziert wurde, passiv geduldet. In jüngerer Zeit findet eine aktive Ächtung der {{W|Beschneidung weiblicher Genitalien}} durch islamische Gelehrte statt.
+
There is no support for female circumcision in Islamic theology, but it has been passively tolerated in countries where it has been practiced for millennia. Recently there has been an active outlawing of the {{W|female genital cutting}} by Islamic scholars.
Im November 2006 organisierte und finanzierte {{W|TARGET (Menschenrechtsorganisation)|TARGET}} eine Konferenz an der {{W|Al-Azhar-Universität}} in Kairo. Als Ergebnis dieser Konferenz verurteilten führende islamische Rechtsgelehrte die Praxis der weiblichen Genitalverstümmelung.  
+
 
Im März 2009 verurteilte der islamische Rechtsgelehrte und Publizist {{W|Yusuf al-Qaradawi|Yusuf Abdallah al-Qaradawi}}, der als die wichtigste zeitgenössische Autorität des sunnitischen [[Islam]] gilt, in einer {{W|Fatwa}} die genitale Verstümmelung von Frauen als "Teufelswerk" und erklärte sie unter allen Umständen als haram (verboten), da sie gegen die Ethik des Islam gerichtet sei.<ref>{{REFnews
+
In November 2006, [[TARGET]] organized and funded a conference at {{UNI|Al-Azhar University|Azhar}} in Cairo. As a result of this conference, leading Islamic legal scholars condemned the practice of female genital mutilation.
 +
 
 +
In March 2009, the Islamic legal scholar and publicist Yusuf Abdallah al-Qaradawi, who is considered the most important contemporary authority in Sunni [[Islam]], issued a fatwa condemning the genital mutilation of women as "the work of the devil" and declaring it haram under all circumstances (prohibited) because it is directed against the ethics of Islam.<ref>{{REFnews
 
  |url=http://www.nzz.ch/2006/11/24/vm/articleEOTFW.html
 
  |url=http://www.nzz.ch/2006/11/24/vm/articleEOTFW.html
 
  |title=Wird die Genitalverstümmelung je aufhören? In Kairo beschliessen islamische Gelehrte ein Verbot
 
  |title=Wird die Genitalverstümmelung je aufhören? In Kairo beschliessen islamische Gelehrte ein Verbot
 +
|trans-title=Will Genital Mutilation Ever End? In Cairo, Islamic scholars decide on a ban
 +
|language=German
 
  |website=NZZ
 
  |website=NZZ
 
  |date=2006-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{REFnews
 
  |date=2006-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{REFnews
 
  |url=http://www.target-human-rights.com/pdf/weitereInfos/In_schoenstem_Ebenmass.pdf
 
  |url=http://www.target-human-rights.com/pdf/weitereInfos/In_schoenstem_Ebenmass.pdf
 
  |title="In schönstem Ebenmaß"
 
  |title="In schönstem Ebenmaß"
 +
|trans-title="In the most beautiful proportions"
 +
|language=German
 
  |website=Spiegel
 
  |website=Spiegel
 
  |date=2006-12-04
 
  |date=2006-12-04
Line 389: Line 523:
  
 
=== International Day "Zero Tolerance Against Genital Mutilation" ===
 
=== International Day "Zero Tolerance Against Genital Mutilation" ===
Dieser findet jedes Jahr am 6. Februar statt. Der Tag wird überwiegend von feministischen Organisationen zur Agitation gegen weibliche Genitalverstümmelung benutzt.
+
This takes place every year on February 6th. The day is mainly used by feminist organizations to agitate against female genital mutilation.
  
 
=== In fiction literature ===
 
=== In fiction literature ===
* In [[Elfriede Jelinek]]s autobiografisch beeinflusstem Roman "Die Klavierspielerin" verstümmelt sich eine sadomasochistische, geistig gestörte Frau selbst die Genitalien.
+
* In Elfriede Jelinek's autobiographically influenced novel "The Piano Player", a sadomasochistic, mentally disturbed woman mutilates her own genitals.
* Dasselbe passiert in Lars von Triers deprimierendem Film "Antichrist".
+
* The same thing happens in Lars von Trier's depressing film "Antichrist".
  
 
=== In the media ===
 
=== In the media ===
Die Bildzeitung lässt eine selbstständige PR-Managerin über die Genitalverstümmelung bei Jungen sagen:
+
The German BILD newspaper has an independent PR manager say about genital mutilation in boys:
: ''"Das Ritual gehört zum Erwachsenwerden wie das Nagellackieren bei Mädchen."''<ref>{{REFnews
+
: ''"The ritual is part of growing up like nail painting for girls."''<ref>{{REFnews
 
  |url=http://www.bild.de/news/inland/beschneidung/mein-sohn-freut-sich-auf-seine-beschneidung-25078404.bild.html
 
  |url=http://www.bild.de/news/inland/beschneidung/mein-sohn-freut-sich-auf-seine-beschneidung-25078404.bild.html
 
  |title=Mein Sohn freut sich auf seine Beschneidung. Weil ein deutsches Gericht das Ritual verbietet, reist diese Mutter mit ihrem Jungen in die Türkei
 
  |title=Mein Sohn freut sich auf seine Beschneidung. Weil ein deutsches Gericht das Ritual verbietet, reist diese Mutter mit ihrem Jungen in die Türkei
 +
|trans-title=My son is looking forward to his circumcision. Because a German court forbids the ritual, this mother travels to Turkey with her boy
 
  |website=BILD
 
  |website=BILD
 
  |date=2012-07-10
 
  |date=2012-07-10
}}</ref><!--<ref>{{Wgvdl-Forum|id=241170|title=Bild-Propaganda|nick=Krankenschwester|date=10. Juli 2012|time=09:38|forum=2}}</ref>--><!--<ref>"Selbstverständlich sollen Jungen die unangenehmen Traditionen tragen, für Mädchen, die sich mit gelackten Nägeln wie Schlampen auf der Straße zeigen, gilt ebenso selbstverständlich anderes.", {{Wgvdl-Forum|id=241186|nick=Narrowitsch|date=10. Juli 2012|time=12:51|mode=kurz|forum=2}}</ref>-->
+
}}</ref>
  
 
=== In politics ===
 
=== In politics ===
Bundesjustizministerin [[Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger]] ([[FDP]]) lässt aus Sorge um die Mädchen prüfen, wie die Beschneidung von Jungen rechtssicher möglich gemacht werden kann. Das Urteil stelle nach Auffassung des Ministeriums einen Bruch mit der überwiegenden Rechts&shy;auf&shy;fassung dar. Die Formulierung eines Gesetzes sei mit erheblichen rechts&shy;technischen Schwierigkeiten verbunden. Insbesondere solle ausgeschlossen werden, dass auch Mädchen aus religiösen oder kulturellen Gründen beschnitten werden können.<ref>{{REFweb
+
Federal Minister of Justice [[Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger]] ([[FDP]]), out of concern for the girls, has examined how the [[circumcision]] of boys can be made legally secure. According to the Ministry, the judgment represents a break with the prevailing legal opinion. The formulation of a law is associated with considerable technical difficulties. In particular, it should be ruled out that girls can also be circumcised for religious or cultural reasons.<ref>{{REFweb
 
  |url=http://www.nordbayern.de/ressorts/schlagzeilenseite/beschneidung-bereitet-der-csu-bauchschmerzen-1.2207446
 
  |url=http://www.nordbayern.de/ressorts/schlagzeilenseite/beschneidung-bereitet-der-csu-bauchschmerzen-1.2207446
 
  |title=Beschneidung bereitet der CSU Bauchschmerzen
 
  |title=Beschneidung bereitet der CSU Bauchschmerzen
 +
|trans-title=Circumcision gives the CSU a stomachache
 +
|language=German
 
  |website=Nordbayern.de
 
  |website=Nordbayern.de
 
  |date=2012-07-15
 
  |date=2012-07-15
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
[[Volker Beck]] verteidigt mit [[Renate Künast]] ([[GRÜNE]]) offen ("Das ist keine Straftat") die Genital&shy;verstümmelung von Männern.<ref>{{REFnews
+
[[Volker Beck]] defends genital mutilation of men with [[Renate Künast]] ([[GREENS]]) openly ("This is not a criminal offense").<ref>{{REFnews
 
  |url=http://www.fr-online.de/kultur/beschneidungs-debatte-das-ist-keine-straftat,1472786,16572948.html
 
  |url=http://www.fr-online.de/kultur/beschneidungs-debatte-das-ist-keine-straftat,1472786,16572948.html
 
  |title=Beschneidungs-Debatte: Das ist keine Straftat
 
  |title=Beschneidungs-Debatte: Das ist keine Straftat
 +
|trans-title=Circumcision Debate: This is not a criminal offense
 +
|language=German
 
  |website=Frankfurter Rundschau
 
  |website=Frankfurter Rundschau
 
  |date=2012-07-09
 
  |date=2012-07-09
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
Im Bundestag wurden Regie­rungsmitglieder von einer Abstimmung abgehalten, indem die Beschneidungs&shy;kritiker aufgefordert wurden, das Plenum zu verlassen.<ref>{{REFweb
+
In the Bundestag, members of the government were prevented from voting by asking the [[circumcision]] critics to leave the plenary session.<ref>{{REFweb
 
  |website=FemokratieBlog
 
  |website=FemokratieBlog
 
  |url=http://www.femokratie.com/beschneidungsgegner-in-der-regierung-mussten-plenum-verlassen/07-2012/
 
  |url=http://www.femokratie.com/beschneidungsgegner-in-der-regierung-mussten-plenum-verlassen/07-2012/
 
  |title=Beschneidungsgegner in der Regierung mussten Plenum verlassen
 
  |title=Beschneidungsgegner in der Regierung mussten Plenum verlassen
 +
|trans-title=Anti-circumcision opponents in the government had to leave the plenary session
 +
|language=German
 
  |date=2012-07-21
 
  |date=2012-07-21
}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tagesschau24.de/multimedia/politikimradio/audio92378.html Marlene Rupprecht und ihr Kampf gegen die Beschneidung], Politik im Radio (WDR) am 20. Juli 2012 um 12:50 Uhr ([http://media.tagesschau.de/audio/2012/0720/AU-20120720-1342-5401.mp3 mp3])</ref>
+
}}</ref><ref>{{REFnews
 +
|url=http://www.tagesschau24.de/multimedia/politikimradio/audio92378.html
 +
|title=Marlene Rupprecht und ihr Kampf gegen die Beschneidung
 +
|trans-title=Marlene Rupprecht and her fight against circumcision
 +
|language=German
 +
|publisher=Politik im Radio (WDR), 12:50 Uhr
 +
|date=2012-06-20
 +
}} ([http://media.tagesschau.de/audio/2012/0720/AU-20120720-1342-5401.mp3 MP3])</ref>
 +
 
 +
Child protection activists and detectives protest against the resolution of the Bundestag to [[Impunity|impunitify]] circumcision of boys. In a petition they demand the suspension of a legal regulation for two years and the establishment of a round table. The petition says:
 +
: ''"The German Bundestag should decide not to take legal steps to legitimize the circumcision of boys in Germany for two years."''
  
Kinderschützer und Kriminalbeamte protestieren gegen die Resolution des Bundestages zur [[Straffreiheit]] von Beschneidungen an Jungen. In einer Petition fordern sie die Aussetzung einer gesetzlichen Regelung für zwei Jahre sowie die Einrichtung eines Runden Tisches. In der Petition heißt es:
+
The aim is to objectify the debate about [[circumcision]] and to induce politics to allow the interests of children to be weighed up at all. It cannot be the basis of legislative action to regard circumcision exclusively as a religious ritual and thus only as a question of religious life in Germany.<ref>{{REFnews
: ''"Der Deutsche Bundestag möge beschließen, zunächst für zwei Jahre keine gesetzlichen Schritte zur Legitimation der Beschneidung von Jungen in Deutschland zu ergreifen."''
 
Ziel sei es, eine Versachlichung der Debatte um die Beschneidung zu erreichen und die Politik dazu zu bewegen, eine Abwägung der Kindesinteressen überhaupt zuzulassen. Es könne nicht Grundlage gesetz&shy;geberischen Handelns sein, eine Beschneidung ausschließlich als religiöses Ritual und damit nur als eine Frage des religiösen Lebens in Deutschland zu betrachten.<ref>{{REFnews
 
 
  |url=http://www.welt.de/newsticker/news3/article108343689/Gegner-der-Beschneidung-von-Jungen-reichen-Petition-ein.html
 
  |url=http://www.welt.de/newsticker/news3/article108343689/Gegner-der-Beschneidung-von-Jungen-reichen-Petition-ein.html
 
  |title=Gegner der Beschneidung von Jungen reichen Petition ein
 
  |title=Gegner der Beschneidung von Jungen reichen Petition ein
 +
|trans-title=Opponents of male circumcision start petition
 +
|language=German
 
  |website=WELT Online
 
  |website=WELT Online
 
  |date=2012-07-20
 
  |date=2012-07-20
Line 436: Line 587:
  
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
  |Text=Der "massenweise Protest" oder der "Sturm der Empörung" gegen das Kölner Urteil ist eine Erfindung der Beschneidungs&shy;fürworter, einer vergleichsweise kleinen Minderheit, einer Handvoll von Funktionären der jeweiligen Glaubens&shy;gemein&shy;schaften. Der Zentralrat der Juden oder der Muslime in Deutschland, das sind nicht die Juden oder die Muslime in Deutschland.
+
  |Text=The "mass protest" or the "storm of indignation" against the Cologne judgment is an invention of the circumcision advocates, a comparatively small minority, a handful of functionaries of the respective religious communities. The Central Council of Jews or the Muslims in Germany are not the Jews or the Muslims in Germany.
 
  |Author=Eugen Maus
 
  |Author=Eugen Maus
 
  |Source=MANNdat-Forum
 
  |Source=MANNdat-Forum
Line 443: Line 594:
  
 
=== In the medicine ===
 
=== In the medicine ===
In einer Pressemeldung ihres Berufsverbandes (BVKJ) fordern Kinder- und Jugendärzte:
+
In a press release from their professional association ([[BVKJ]]), paediatricians demand:
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
  |Text=Allein das Recht eines Kindes auf körperliche Unversehrtheit zählt.
+
  |Text=Only a child's right to physical integrity counts.
 
  |ref=<ref>{{REFweb
 
  |ref=<ref>{{REFweb
 
  |url=http://kinderdoc.wordpress.com/2012/07/18/berufsverband-kinder-und-jugendarzte-zum-gerichtsurteil-rituelle-beschneidungen/
 
  |url=http://kinderdoc.wordpress.com/2012/07/18/berufsverband-kinder-und-jugendarzte-zum-gerichtsurteil-rituelle-beschneidungen/
 
  |title=Berufsverband Kinder- und Jugendärzte zum Gerichtsurteil rituelle Beschneidungen
 
  |title=Berufsverband Kinder- und Jugendärzte zum Gerichtsurteil rituelle Beschneidungen
 +
|trans-title=Professional association of paediatricians on the court ruling on ritual circumcision
 +
|language=German
 
  |website=Kinderdoc
 
  |website=Kinderdoc
 
  |date=2012-07-18
 
  |date=2012-07-18
Line 454: Line 607:
 
}}
 
}}
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
  |Text=Jungen haben wie Mädchen ein Recht auf körperliche Unversehrtheit. Und dieses [[Recht]] muss der [[Gesetzgeber]] schützen und auch Jungen das Grundrecht auf körperliche Unversehrtheit garantieren.
+
  |Text=Like girls, boys have a right to physical integrity. And the lawmaker must protect this right and also guarantee boys the basic right to physical integrity.
 
  |ref=<ref>{{REFweb
 
  |ref=<ref>{{REFweb
 
  |url=http://www.kinderaerzte-im-netz.de/bvkj/aktuelles1/show.php3?id=4598&nodeid=26
 
  |url=http://www.kinderaerzte-im-netz.de/bvkj/aktuelles1/show.php3?id=4598&nodeid=26
 
  |title=Kinder- und Jugendärzte: Gesetzgeber behandelt Mädchen und Jungen ungleich
 
  |title=Kinder- und Jugendärzte: Gesetzgeber behandelt Mädchen und Jungen ungleich
  |website=Pressemeldung des [[BVKJ]]
+
|trans-title=Pediatricians: Legislators treat girls and boys unequally
 +
  |website=[[BVKJ]]
 
  |date=2013-07-11
 
  |date=2013-07-11
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
 
}}
 
}}
  
Kinderdoc, der einen viel gelesenen Blog zu kindermedizinischen Themen betreibt, sagt:
+
Kinderdoc, who runs a widely read blog on pediatric topics, says:
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
  |Text=Eine Beschneidung ist, egal ob bei Mann oder Frau, juristisch gesehen, zuerst einmal eine Körperverletzung, genau wie jeder sonstige Eingriff in die Unversehrtheit des Körpers, solange der Patient nicht in den Eingriff einwilligen kann.<br>Wenn muslimische oder jüdische Eltern mit der Bitte um Überweisung zu einer Circumcision aus religiösen Gründen kommen, lehne ich das ab. Für mich zählt alleine der medizinische Aspekt. Und nur dann muss auch das Gesundheitssystem zahlen. Ob die Eltern dann den Eingriff trotzdem durchführen lassen und ob sie und der Operateur dann strafbar sind - muss auf anderer, philosophisch-religiöser und ethischer Ebene entschieden werden. Man sieht sich in Karlsruhe wieder.
+
  |Text=From a legal point of view, circumcision is, from a legal point of view, bodily harm, just like any other intervention into the integrity of the body, as long as the patient cannot consent to the intervention. <br> If Muslim or Jewish parents are involved with the Request for transfer to a circumcision for religious reasons, I refuse. For me, the medical aspect is all that counts. And only then does the health system have to pay. Whether the parents then have the operation carried out anyway and whether they and the surgeon are then punishable — must be decided on a different, philosophical-religious and ethical level. See you again in Karlsruhe.
 
  |ref=<ref>{{REFweb
 
  |ref=<ref>{{REFweb
 
  |url=http://kinderdoc.wordpress.com/2012/06/27/schnippel/
 
  |url=http://kinderdoc.wordpress.com/2012/06/27/schnippel/
 
  |title=Schnippel
 
  |title=Schnippel
 +
|trans-title=Snippet
 
  |website=Kinderdoc
 
  |website=Kinderdoc
 
  |date=2012-06-27
 
  |date=2012-06-27
Line 475: Line 630:
  
 
=== In business / science ===
 
=== In business / science ===
Babyvorhaut ist ein begehrter "Rohstoff" für die Pharma- und Kosmetikindustrie. Das Gewebe ist äußerst reproduktiv und mit großer Sicherheit frei von Krankheitserregern. Injizierbares Collagen, gewonnen aus den Vorhäuten neugeborener Jungen, kann die Faltenbildung der alternden Haut vermindern, zum Aufspritzen der Lippen und zur kosmetischen Behandlung von Narben dienen.
+
Baby foreskin is a sought-after "raw material" for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. The tissue is extremely reproductive and almost certainly free from pathogens. Injectable collagen, obtained from the foreskins of newborn boys, can reduce the formation of wrinkles in aging [[skin]], can be used for spraying on the lips and for the cosmetic treatment of scars.
  
Unter dem Namen "Apligraf" wird weltweit ein Kunsthautprodukt vertrieben, welches ebenfalls aus Babyvorhaut gewonnen wird und den natürlichen Heilungsprozess großflächiger Wunden unterstützt.
+
An artificial [[skin]] product is sold worldwide under the name "[[Apligraf]]", which is also obtained from a baby's foreskin and supports the natural healing process of large wounds.
  
Um per Beschneidung an das begehrte Rohmaterial zu kommen, werden amerikanische Jungen gleich nach der Geburt und oftmals ohne Betäubung mit gespreizten Armen und Beinen auf einem so genannten "Circumstraint" gefesselt. Dann schiebt der Arzt ein medizinisches Instrument unter ihre verklebte Vorhaut und schält diese von der Eichel ab. Die Babys können sich bei dieser Tortur nicht bewegen. Sie schreien verzweifelt, einige bekommen Krämpfe. Anschließend wird die Vorhaut der Länge nach aufgeschnitten und entweder durch ein Skalpell oder mittels einer speziellen Klemme entfernt.
+
In order to get the coveted raw material by circumcision, American boys are handcuffed with spread arms and legs on a so-called "circumstraint" immediately after birth and often without anesthesia. The doctor then slides a medical instrument under her glued foreskin and peeled it off the glans. The babies cannot move during this ordeal. They scream in despair, some get convulsions. The foreskin is then cut lengthways and removed either with a scalpel or with a special clamp.
  
: Der Preis der Eitelkeit: Furchtbare Schmerzen!
+
: The price of vanity: terrible pain!
  
"Vorhauternte" nennt das die Pharmaindustrie und behauptet allen Ernstes, das Ausgangsmaterial stamme von "gespendeten" Vorhäuten neugeborener Jungen.<ref>{{REFweb
+
The pharmaceutical industry calls this "foreskin harvest" and claims in all seriousness that the raw material comes from "donated" foreskins of newborn boys.<ref>{{REFweb
 
  |url=http://www.intaktiv-online.de/jungen-als-opfer/jungen-als-opfer/dollars-und-antifaltencreme-aus-babyvorhaut.html
 
  |url=http://www.intaktiv-online.de/jungen-als-opfer/jungen-als-opfer/dollars-und-antifaltencreme-aus-babyvorhaut.html
 
  |title=Dollars und Antifaltencreme aus Babyvorhaut
 
  |title=Dollars und Antifaltencreme aus Babyvorhaut
 +
|trans-title=Dollars and baby foreskin anti-wrinkle cream
 +
|language=German
 
}}</ref><!-- {{Wgvdl-Forum|id=241899|title=Vorhauternte, es geht wie immer um viel Geld|date=16. Juli 2012|time=11:23|forum=2}}</ref>-->
 
}}</ref><!-- {{Wgvdl-Forum|id=241899|title=Vorhauternte, es geht wie immer um viel Geld|date=16. Juli 2012|time=11:23|forum=2}}</ref>-->
  
 
== Feminism and boys circumcision ==
 
== Feminism and boys circumcision ==
Feministinnen erklärten die weibliche Beschneidung 1985 zur sexuellen Gewalt. Bei Jungen hat der Bundestag nun als rechtlich "zulässig" definiert, was bei Mädchen als strafbar erachtet wird. Der Aufschrei der Gender-Forscher und Feministinnen bleibt aber aus.<ref>{{REFnews
+
Feminists declared female circumcision to be sexual violence in 1985. In the case of boys, the Bundestag has now defined as legally "permissible" what is considered to be a criminal offense for girls. The outcry from gender researchers and feminists has not materialized.<ref>{{REFnews
 
  |first=Volker
 
  |first=Volker
 
  |last=Zastrow
 
  |last=Zastrow
 
  |url=http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/beschneidungsdebatte-noetiger-schmerz-11827980.html
 
  |url=http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/beschneidungsdebatte-noetiger-schmerz-11827980.html
 
  |title=Beschneidungsdebatte: Nötiger Schmerz
 
  |title=Beschneidungsdebatte: Nötiger Schmerz
 +
|trans-title=Circumcision Debate: Necessary Pain
 +
|language=German
 
  |website=FAZ
 
  |website=FAZ
 
  |date=2012-07-21
 
  |date=2012-07-21
}}</ref> [[Alice Schwarzer]] macht sich vielmehr für die Jungenbeschneidung stark.<ref>{{REFweb
+
}}</ref> Rather, Alice Schwarzer campaigns for male circumcision.<ref>{{REFweb
 
  |first=Alice
 
  |first=Alice
 
  |last=Schwarzer
 
  |last=Schwarzer
 
  |url=https://www.beschneidungsforum.de/attachment/1108-soll-die-beschneidung-verboten-werden-pdf/
 
  |url=https://www.beschneidungsforum.de/attachment/1108-soll-die-beschneidung-verboten-werden-pdf/
 
  |title=Soll die Beschneidung verboten werden?
 
  |title=Soll die Beschneidung verboten werden?
 +
|trans-title=Should circumcision be banned?
 +
|language=German
 
  |date=2021-07-02}}</ref>
 
  |date=2021-07-02}}</ref>
  
Line 506: Line 667:
 
=== Literature ===
 
=== Literature ===
 
[[File:Ent-huellt Bergner n.jpg|thumb|[[Ent-hüllt!]] Die Beschneidung von Jungen - nur ein kleiner Schnitt? (2015)]]
 
[[File:Ent-huellt Bergner n.jpg|thumb|[[Ent-hüllt!]] Die Beschneidung von Jungen - nur ein kleiner Schnitt? (2015)]]
* Dr. [[Jörg Scheinfeld]]: [http://www.hrr-strafrecht.de/hrr/archiv/13-08/?sz=8 Erläuterungen zum neuen § 1631d BGB - Beschneidung des männlichen Kindes], Online-Archiv des HRR Strafrecht ([[§ 1631d BGB]])
+
* Dr. [[Jörg Scheinfeld]]: [http://www.hrr-strafrecht.de/hrr/archiv/13-08/?sz=8 Erläuterungen zum neuen § 1631d BGB - Beschneidung des männlichen Kindes], Online Archive of the HRR Criminal Law ([[§ 1631d BGB]])
 
* {{REFbook
 
* {{REFbook
 
  |last=Bergner
 
  |last=Bergner
 
  |first=Clemens
 
  |first=Clemens
 +
|init=C
 
  |title=[[Ent-hüllt!]] - Die Beschneidung von Jungen - nur ein kleiner Schnitt?
 
  |title=[[Ent-hüllt!]] - Die Beschneidung von Jungen - nur ein kleiner Schnitt?
 
  |publisher=tredition
 
  |publisher=tredition
Line 518: Line 680:
 
  |last=Lichtenheldt
 
  |last=Lichtenheldt
 
  |first=Mario
 
  |first=Mario
 +
|init=M
 
  |author-link=Mario Lichtenheldt
 
  |author-link=Mario Lichtenheldt
 
  |title=[[un-heil]]  
 
  |title=[[un-heil]]  
Line 530: Line 693:
 
  |pages=5
 
  |pages=5
 
  |format=PDF
 
  |format=PDF
}} (Anmerkungen zu einem Tabuthema)
+
}} (Notes on a taboo subject)
 
* {{REFdocument
 
* {{REFdocument
 
  |url=http://www.manndat.de/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/FAQ-Beschneidung-Endfassung-3.pdf
 
  |url=http://www.manndat.de/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/FAQ-Beschneidung-Endfassung-3.pdf
Line 537: Line 700:
 
  |pages=13
 
  |pages=13
 
  |format=PDF
 
  |format=PDF
}} (Anmerkungen zu einem Tabuthema)
+
}} (Notes on a taboo subject)
 
* {{REFdocument
 
* {{REFdocument
 
  |url=https://at.wikimannia.org/Datei:Vaeteraufbruch_fuer_Kinder_Schwaben_-_Genitale_Verstuemmelung_bei_Jungen_und_Maennern.pdf
 
  |url=https://at.wikimannia.org/Datei:Vaeteraufbruch_fuer_Kinder_Schwaben_-_Genitale_Verstuemmelung_bei_Jungen_und_Maennern.pdf
Line 550: Line 713:
  
 
{{SEEALSO}}
 
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Beschneiderin]]
+
* [[Circumcision and violence]]
 +
* Female circumciser
 
* [[Doctors opposing circumcision]]
 
* [[Doctors opposing circumcision]]
* [[Sexuality]]
+
* [[Pain]]
* [[Violence]]
+
* Sexuality
* [[Genital mutilation (table)]]
+
* [[Trauma]]
* [[Selbstbestimmung]]
+
* Violence
* [[Symposium Genital Autonomy]]
+
* [[Genital mutilation/Table]]
 +
* Self-determination
 +
* [[Genital Autonomy and Children’s Rights|Symposium Genital Autonomy]]
 
* [[International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation]]
 
* [[International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation]]
 
* [[Worldwide Day of Genital Autonomy]]
 
* [[Worldwide Day of Genital Autonomy]]
 
+
{{LINKS}}
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=https://intactamerica.org/nurses-against-circumcision/
 +
|title=Nurses on the Frontline: Exposing the Brutal Reality of Circumcision
 +
|last=Garrett
 +
|first=Connor
 +
|init=
 +
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
 +
|publisher=Intact America
 +
|date=2024-08-09
 +
|accessdate=2024-09-05
 +
}}
 
<!--{{Lesenswert|25. August 2009|4243}}
 
<!--{{Lesenswert|25. August 2009|4243}}
 
{{Exzellent|2. Dezember 2010|8020}}
 
{{Exzellent|2. Dezember 2010|8020}}
{{LINKS}}
+
 
 
{{Vorlage:Genitalverstümmelung (Dokumente)}}-->
 
{{Vorlage:Genitalverstümmelung (Dokumente)}}-->
 +
{{ABBR}}
 
{{REF}}
 
{{REF}}
 +
  
 
[[Category:Violence]]
 
[[Category:Violence]]
Line 571: Line 750:
  
 
[[Category:From WikiMANNia]]
 
[[Category:From WikiMANNia]]
 +
 +
[[Category:Germany]]
  
 
[[de:Genitalverstümmelung]]
 
[[de:Genitalverstümmelung]]

Latest revision as of 19:17, 5 September 2024

"Hands off my dick" (German campaign slogan)[1][2]

Genital mutilation (euphemistically called circumcision) is known in our culture as the circumcision of boys among Muslims and Jews and as the circumcision of girls, preferably in parts of Africa.

There is no female circumcision without male circumcision.
– Bülent Erdogan[3]

The circumcision of the female genitals in particular attracts a great deal of attention from the "concern industry". What is new for many is the fact that circumcision of the male genitalia also leads to numerous death cases worldwide or causes lifelong suffering. While male circumcision is primarily a ritual tradition in the so-called "Third World", non-theraputic circumcision of boys immediately after birth has become a lucrative practice in the United States of America on which a large number of jobs and careers depend directly and indirectly. What connects the medicine man on the Solomon Islands with the hyper-modern doctor in the USA: Both of them commit genital mutilation on children without any medical indication. There is no medical necessity which, according to German law, makes a surgical intervention in the first place an exemption from punishment.[4]

The kowtow of the Bundestag for genital mutilation of boys
Source: Jacques Tilly / giordano-bruno-stiftung.de
Circumcision argumentation, explained by ErzaehlmirNix

Short and sweet

Current situation

Boys Discriminatory Bill 2nd Quarter 2009

It deliberately prevents boys from being protected from genital mutilation and thus promotes violence against boys. Boys are thus granted fewer human rights than girls. Bodily harm against girls are thus given a criminal offense of their own, while bodily harm against boys, for which the same reasoning would apply, is ignored.[7][8]

In Art. 24 Paragraph 3 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which has been ratified by Germany, clearly states:

"States Parties shall take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children. "[9][10]

Types of genital mutilation

The first three types are detailed here: [[Genital mutilation{Table]].

  • Circumcision: The foreskin is removed in a ring (partially or completely).[11]
  • Incision: The foreskin is incised one or more times.
  • Subincision (Aborigines): The penis is cut so deep on the underside that the urethra is cut open lengthways (partially or completely). Widespread infection can develop, and it is not uncommon for them to end fatally.
  • Sewing metal bells into the skin (India): This is said to enable men to better satisfy women.
  • Sewing bamboo or metal balls (ampallangs) into the glans or penis shaft (Indonesia, Korea, Natives of the Philippines): This should stimulate the future partner's clitoris better.
  • Skinning the penis (Dowayos in Cameroon).[12]
  • Crushing a testicle (some African and Micronesian peoples).[13]

Numbers

  • In Turkey around 1.5 million boys are involuntarily circumcised every year.[14]
  • In the USA (2016), approximately 51.7% of all male newborns are non-therapeutically circumcised shortly after birth (downward trend).[15]
  • J. Steven Svoboda, a Harvard-trained attorney for human rights, estimates that boys and men are six times as likely to be victims of genital mutilation as girls and women.[7]
  • Circumcision is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in the world, currently an estimated 25 percent of the world's male population is circumcised.[11]

Common reasons for circumcision

Esthetic

Some might think that a circumcised penis is more attractive. However, this opinion is by no means shared by everyone. When the boy is grown up, he should be able to decide for himself whether any advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Parents are also not allowed to cut off their child's ears, even if they think that's nice.

Hygienic

Smegma is a white, waxy substance that is found under the foreskin can form. It consists of natural secretions and flaky skin cells. It used to be feared that smegma could be cancerous, but that has been refuted. Good general hygiene and common sense are keys to preventing infection and disease.[16] A circumcised penis is slightly easier to keep clean. An intact penis can also be kept clean: using warm water. Again, it would not occur to anyone to cut off a child's ears just because they can get dirty.

Constriction of the foreskin

Circumcision is sometimes justified because foreskin problems can arise later. So you don't wait to see whether the operation is necessary at all, but cut preventively. Nobody comes up with the stupid idea of carrying out a preventive breast decrease in women to prevent a possible cancer Breast cancer[WP] from occurring.

In the vast majority of cases, phimosis or narrowing of the foreskin is named as the medical reason for the surgical removal of the penile foreskin. It should be noted, however, that this is a completely normal developmental condition, which, as long as it remains symptom-free, does not actually require treatment. Experience from the Scandinavian countries clearly shows that most children’s foreskin "problems" (constriction or sticking) resolve themselves by puberty[WP].
Intaktiv e.V.[17]
  1. "Phimosis treatment with ointment is successful in up to 95% of cases."[18][19][20]
  2. "If an intervention can be avoided, if the intended success can also be achieved in other ways, with less intensive measures, then the more intensive intervention is not in the child's well-being."[21]

Even if the phimosis can only be corrected surgically, removal of the foreskin is often not necessary. With modern procedures, the foreskin is preserved.

Cervical cancer / penile cancer

Penile cancer is an extremely rare form of cancer. It mostly occurs in older men, and most doctors do not recommend infant circumcision as a preventive measure. Penile cancer can occur in both circumcised and intact men: The maggot study (an ongoing study of penile cancer at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle) found that 37% of penile cancers occur in circumcised men.[16]

There are "claims that the incidence of cervical carcinoma (cancer of the cervix) increased in women after sexual intercourse with foreskinned men through the transmission of smegma. This relationship has been rejected by researchers as scientifically implausible."[22]

The theory that wives of men with intact foreskins are more prone to cervical cancer has been refuted. The theory that having a foreskin increases the risk of STDs has been refuted in a new study.[16]

Religious / ritual

Circumcision is also widespread among boys and men, especially in Judaism, in Islamic countries (in childhood) and in Africa.

In African countries, for example, circumcision is primarily regarded as initiation rite for adolescents during puberty. The ability to endure the pain that comes with it is considered a prerequisite for becoming man in many tribes. Often it is a prerequisite for having a wife at all, as women attach importance to marrying a man who has endured this ordeal.[7]

Germany: The religious communities claim that there is an exception here, which is covered by the basic right to freedom of religion.

Prevention of masturbation

According to the puritanical view, the foreskin amputation serves to control sexuality by avoiding the sensation of sexual pleasure, which is often viewed as undesirable (especially masturbation in boys).

AIDS prevention

Studies refute circumcision as AIDS prevention. Male circumcision is irrelevant to the spread of AIDS if one counts out the number of infected prostitutes in the region. There is less AIDS in Muslim areas. However, this is not caused by the higher number of circumcised men, but by the lower number of prostitutes per inhabitant. When looking at sexual intercourse individually, circumcision can reduce the transmission rate by 50-60%, but the problem is that individuals in areas with a high AIDS rate have multiple sexual contacts with infected people. Circumcision would only delay the inevitable and be ineffective as AIDS prevention.[23]

Among 500 men, 23.4% of the circumcised had already been affected by a sexually transmitted disease by the age of 32, and 23.5% of the intact.[24]

It has the opposite effect when circumcised men feel safe from AIDS and do without condoms.[25]

Functions of the foreskin

  • Protective function: In small children, the glued foreskin protects the glans from the excretions in the diaper. Throughout life, the foreskin keeps the glans soft and moist and protects it from trauma, injuries, environmental influences, friction and dehydration.
  • Sexual functions
    • The foreskin contains numerous delicate nerve endings. Together with the sensitive surface of the glans, the inner foreskin, which is retracted and turned outward during an erection, forms an extensive and highly sensitive erogenous zone, which is important for normal, intense feeling during sexual intercourse and masturbation.
    • The foreskin prevents unnecessary friction during sexual intercourse with a special sliding effect and increases the sensation of pleasure in men and women.
  • Immune system: Specialized cells in the foreskin form substances that fight and kill pathogens. However, research into this function is still in its infancy.

Just a little bit of skin?

A property of the foreskin is that the skin is double-layered and can contract very strongly when the penis is in a flaccid state. In the relaxed state, the foreskin is cut away. Transferred to a grown man, much of the skin of the entire erect penis is removed! The penis is THE erogenous zone in a man and with circumcision a considerable area (comparable to the palm of the hand without fingers!) Is cut away. How to determine the area is explained here. This area of skin is covered with an unusually high density of nerve cells.

Aftereffects

Impairment of sexuality

With a circumcision, the foreskin, which normally encloses and protects the sensitive glans, the most important erogenous zone in men. Otherwise damp and extremely sensitive, it dries out and covers itself with a new, thin skin. She becomes less sensitive. In addition to the desensitization of the glans, the sensitive foreskin tissue itself is completely eliminated as a pleasure donor. If the foreskin is removed behind the glans, this corresponds to about a third of the entire skin on the penis.

The frenulum (foreskin ligament) is particularly densely covered with nerve endings and is usually damaged or completely removed with the usual forms of circumcision.

All in all, masturbation is experienced as less pleasurable.

The pain of the procedure was and is partly used as a punishment for "sinful" masturbation:

A remedy which is almost always successful in small boys is circumcision, especially when there is any degree of phimosis. The operation should be performed by a surgeon without administering an anesthetic, as the brief pain attending the operation will have a salutary effect upon the mind, especially if it be connected with the idea of punishment, as it may well be in some cases. The soreness which continues for several weeks interrupts the practice, and if it had not previously become too firmly fixed, it may be forgotten and not resumed.
– John Harvey Kellogg, M.D.[a 1][26]

In some cases, the combination of these effects leads to some blatant sexual restrictions.[4]

For some circumcised men, masturbation is almost only possible with AIDS (such as lubricant, baby oil or saliva). During sexual intercourse, the penis lacks the natural gliding of its shaft skin, which can make penetration more difficult. Direct rubbing against the vaginal wall can cause vaginal dryness problems.

Post-traumatic stress disorder

In Boyle et al. (2019), 1577 Filipino boys aged 11 to 16 years before and after circumcision (performed either with or without local anesthetic) were observed. Before the procedure, it was ensured that only boys who did not have PTSD (according to DSM-IV) were included in the study. After the procedure, 50% of the boys circumcised with local anesthetic and 69% of the boys circumcised ritually (without local anesthetic) were diagnosed with PTSD according to DSM-IV criteria.[27]

Damage to health

Subincision: The underside of the penis is split. Consequence: The semen flows down outside the female body, the chances of pregnancy decrease.[13]

Paternalism

The main argument against the circumcision of minors should not be overlooked here: it is very clear that there is an important decision that must be made here, the consequences of which are, among other things. on sexuality, is hit by others than the person concerned. In all comparable cases (e.g. female circumcision) there is broad consensus that such practices should be prevented and, if necessary, punished. Only with regard to male circumcision is there usually an astonishing tolerance and acceptance. This ambivalent view of circumcision depending on gender can only be explained by the fact that knowledge about the functions of the foreskin is not very widespread, so that many (especially people who do not have such a body part, namely women) believe that circumcision does not mean loss.[5]

Pain

The procedure is anything but painless for newborns. Boris Zernikow, head of the German Children's Pain Center in Datteln,[28], recently said in a SPIEGEL interview: "The pain-suppressing system does not work until a few months after the birth. Newborns feel more pain than adults."[29]

South Africa

In 2009, until 15 August 2009, 53 boys died as a result of improper circumcision in South Africa, while thirteen boys suffered penile amputations.[30] Dehydration, hypothermia, blood poisoning, heavy bleeding, and the fact that most boys don't seek help until it's too late are the most common causes. The circumcisions are performed without anesthetics using traditional circumcision tools.

Many more young people are admitted to hospitals with inflamed or mutilated genitals. Gangrene results in the loss of the glans in some.

Dimaza: "Apparently some were taken to hospital very late, so there is nothing the doctors can do for them. Your manhood just falls off."[30][31][32]

In the 'winter season 2008' (the circumcisions take place twice a year) 24 boys died as a result. 535 boys were admitted to the hospitals - one boy with an almost severed, rotting penis.[33]

In South Africa the "Children's Act" of 2005 provides:

12. Social, cultural and religious practices
(3) Genital mutilation or the circumcision of female children is prohibited.
(8) Circumcision of male children under the age of 16 is prohibited, except when-
(a) circumcision is performed for religious purposes in accordance with the practices of the religion concerned and in the manner prescribed; or
(b) circumcision is performed for medical reasons on the recommendation of a medical practitioner.
(c) in the manner prescribed.
(9) Circumcision of male children older than 16 may only be performed-
(a) if the child has given consent to the circumcision in the prescribed manner;
(b) after proper counselling of the child; and
(c) in the manner prescribed.[34]

The "Children's Act" stipulates: no circumcision of boys [against their declared will, see above, ed.] under the age of 16 and only by trained and authorized personnel.[35]

Extreme types

  • With the Dowayos [in Cameroon], circumcision is a long drawn-out process. [...] The operation is designed to arouse fear and horror. The boys are stripped down to their skin at a ritual crossroads and taken to the grove by the river, where the circumcision takes place. On the way they are jumped at by the cutters, who growl like hunting leopards and threaten them with a knife. The operation is very painful as the penis is peeled off almost in full length. There may be several different circumcisers, each cutting off a piece of the foreskin. The boy is not allowed to scream, but the old men who told me about the festive event admitted that many did. That doesn't matter, as long as the women believed they had acted bravely. The results of such interventions can be studied at the bathing area. When the operated person is still very young, the limb sometimes takes on an almost spherical shape, which may be partly responsible for the very low birth rate among the Dowayos. Since all are circumcised with the same knife and the risk of infection is correspondingly high, the death rate is considerable. Boys who died as a result of the operation were said to have been eaten by leopards. Correspondence from French colonial officers shows how distressed they were at the large number of youths allegedly eaten by the leopards — even though leopards were practically extinct in the area.[12]
  • The removal of the entire skin covering the limb, sometimes up to the navel, is very rare, but has been documented in some villages in Yemen.(This information has no reference yet!)
  • In some African and Micronesian peoples, the older men crush a testicle on the younger one.[13]
  • The Hijra, a sect in India, appears to have radically amputated the penis and testicles. To what extent this is enforced cannot be read from the Wikipedia article: "Although it is very often assumed that Hijra mostly undergo or at least seek ritual castration and penectomy."[36]

Others

An investigation produced the unsurprising result that in none of the cultures concerned do those affected voluntarily undergo this operation. Although always traumatizing for them, there are considerable differences in the implementation of the ritual and thus also in the psychological consequences. For example, it makes a significant difference whether a boy on the small Pacific island of Tikopia, after he has been mentally prepared for it, has his foreskin incised as part of a celebration while his relatives are there and comfort him, or whether a boy in the provinces has one Islamic State is sent to have his hair cut and is held there on a table while a barber cuts off his foreskin, no matter how much he protests.(This information has no reference yet!)

Legal gray area

In the article "Consequences under criminal law even with religious grounds",[37] the doctors Maximilian Stehr, Hans-Georg Dietz and the lawyer Holm Putzke advise against religious circumcision without medical necessity. Because the removal of the foreskin represents a "not only insignificant loss of substance, it is therefore a violation of physical integrity", in which the surgeon could be liable to prosecution for bodily harm.[38][39]

In Cologne, circumcision was made a criminal offense, but it is not seen as clearly as it seems to some in Germany in other western countries. In the USA, for example, it is almost routine. The health organizations in different countries assess the procedure differently.

Modern medicine knows the advantages and risks that can arise from the circumcision of male genitals. Science does not yet give a unanimous answer to this question. However, Islam and Judaism do not care at all about the state of research. They are concerned with the observance of iron commandments and customs.[40]

History of circumcision

If the scientific argument is omitted, it becomes clear that the question of the permissibility of circumcision is only about a decision about social values, legally speaking about "legal interests". In fact, it is also about whether Jews in Germany are allowed to live their Judaism as they understand it and not as others think. Elizabeth Wyner Mark, editor of a volume published in 2003 entitled "The Covenant of Circumcision" writes with a view to the fact that most secular, by no means religious Jews have their boys circumcised, that circumcision is an expression of the Jewish will to survive after the Shoah[41] and thus for has become a moral obligation for many parents.

In any case, circumcision has been a sign of Jewish self-assertion for millennia. The categorically experienced instruction of Jews to circumcise their sons on the eighth day can be historically proven for two and a half thousand years. However, since ancient times there have been repeated attempts to prevent circumcision. The Hellenistic culture, with its worship of the beautiful body, led many Jewish men to lengthen their foreskin again in order not to be ridiculed when doing sports in the nude. The Hellenistic King Antiochus IV even tried — despite all alleged pagan tolerance — to forcibly prohibit the circumcision of Jewish boys in the second century BC. This measure contributed significantly to the development of Jewish martyrdom.[42]

Female circumcision

Female circumcision is usually performed by women. This aspect, that women are not only victims but at the same time also perpetrators, is mostly ignored in the reporting. It is also the circumcisers themselves who defend themselves against a ban and are also prepared to use violence.[43]

There is no support for female circumcision in Islamic theology, but it has been passively tolerated in countries where it has been practiced for millennia. Recently there has been an active outlawing of the genital cutting female genital cutting[WP] by Islamic scholars.

In November 2006, TARGET organized and funded a conference at Al-Azhar University in Cairo. As a result of this conference, leading Islamic legal scholars condemned the practice of female genital mutilation.

In March 2009, the Islamic legal scholar and publicist Yusuf Abdallah al-Qaradawi, who is considered the most important contemporary authority in Sunni Islam, issued a fatwa condemning the genital mutilation of women as "the work of the devil" and declaring it haram under all circumstances (prohibited) because it is directed against the ethics of Islam.[44][45]

International Day "Zero Tolerance Against Genital Mutilation"

This takes place every year on February 6th. The day is mainly used by feminist organizations to agitate against female genital mutilation.

In fiction literature

  • In Elfriede Jelinek's autobiographically influenced novel "The Piano Player", a sadomasochistic, mentally disturbed woman mutilates her own genitals.
  • The same thing happens in Lars von Trier's depressing film "Antichrist".

In the media

The German BILD newspaper has an independent PR manager say about genital mutilation in boys:

"The ritual is part of growing up like nail painting for girls."[46]

In politics

Federal Minister of Justice Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger (FDP), out of concern for the girls, has examined how the circumcision of boys can be made legally secure. According to the Ministry, the judgment represents a break with the prevailing legal opinion. The formulation of a law is associated with considerable technical difficulties. In particular, it should be ruled out that girls can also be circumcised for religious or cultural reasons.[47]

Volker Beck defends genital mutilation of men with Renate Künast (GREENS) openly ("This is not a criminal offense").[48]

In the Bundestag, members of the government were prevented from voting by asking the circumcision critics to leave the plenary session.[49][50]

Child protection activists and detectives protest against the resolution of the Bundestag to impunitify circumcision of boys. In a petition they demand the suspension of a legal regulation for two years and the establishment of a round table. The petition says:

"The German Bundestag should decide not to take legal steps to legitimize the circumcision of boys in Germany for two years."

The aim is to objectify the debate about circumcision and to induce politics to allow the interests of children to be weighed up at all. It cannot be the basis of legislative action to regard circumcision exclusively as a religious ritual and thus only as a question of religious life in Germany.[51]

The "mass protest" or the "storm of indignation" against the Cologne judgment is an invention of the circumcision advocates, a comparatively small minority, a handful of functionaries of the respective religious communities. The Central Council of Jews or the Muslims in Germany are not the Jews or the Muslims in Germany.
– Eugen Maus (MANNdat-Forum)

In the medicine

In a press release from their professional association (BVKJ), paediatricians demand:

Only a child's right to physical integrity counts.[52]
Like girls, boys have a right to physical integrity. And the lawmaker must protect this right and also guarantee boys the basic right to physical integrity.[53]

Kinderdoc, who runs a widely read blog on pediatric topics, says:

From a legal point of view, circumcision is, from a legal point of view, bodily harm, just like any other intervention into the integrity of the body, as long as the patient cannot consent to the intervention.
If Muslim or Jewish parents are involved with the Request for transfer to a circumcision for religious reasons, I refuse. For me, the medical aspect is all that counts. And only then does the health system have to pay. Whether the parents then have the operation carried out anyway and whether they and the surgeon are then punishable — must be decided on a different, philosophical-religious and ethical level. See you again in Karlsruhe.[54]

In business / science

Baby foreskin is a sought-after "raw material" for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. The tissue is extremely reproductive and almost certainly free from pathogens. Injectable collagen, obtained from the foreskins of newborn boys, can reduce the formation of wrinkles in aging skin, can be used for spraying on the lips and for the cosmetic treatment of scars.

An artificial skin product is sold worldwide under the name "Apligraf", which is also obtained from a baby's foreskin and supports the natural healing process of large wounds.

In order to get the coveted raw material by circumcision, American boys are handcuffed with spread arms and legs on a so-called "circumstraint" immediately after birth and often without anesthesia. The doctor then slides a medical instrument under her glued foreskin and peeled it off the glans. The babies cannot move during this ordeal. They scream in despair, some get convulsions. The foreskin is then cut lengthways and removed either with a scalpel or with a special clamp.

The price of vanity: terrible pain!

The pharmaceutical industry calls this "foreskin harvest" and claims in all seriousness that the raw material comes from "donated" foreskins of newborn boys.[55]

Feminism and boys circumcision

Feminists declared female circumcision to be sexual violence in 1985. In the case of boys, the Bundestag has now defined as legally "permissible" what is considered to be a criminal offense for girls. The outcry from gender researchers and feminists has not materialized.[56] Rather, Alice Schwarzer campaigns for male circumcision.[57]

Further information

Literature

Ent-hüllt! Die Beschneidung von Jungen - nur ein kleiner Schnitt? (2015)

See also

External links

Abbreviations

  1. REFweb Doctor of Medicine, Wikipedia. Retrieved 14 June 2021. In the United Kingdom, Ireland and some Commonwealth countries, the abbreviation MD is common.

References

  1. REFnews (18 July 2012)."Diskussion um Beschneidungen: Missbrauch der Vorhaut", taz. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  2. REFweb Finger weg von meinem Pimmel. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  3. REFjournal Erdogan B. Es gibt keine Frauenbeschneidung ohne Männerbeschneidung PDF [There is no female circumcision without male circumcision] (Geman). Rheinisches Ärzteblatt. 2015; (8): 23.
    Quote: In contrast to the circumcision of girls, the ritual circumcision of boys is permitted in this country, despite its nature as a form of bodily harm. Many paediatricians and surgeons perceive this as a dilemma in their daily work, as became clear at a symposium in Essen.
  4. a b REFweb Eine Stimme für genitale Selbstbestimmung [A voice for genital self-determination] (German), Intaktiv.
  5. a b REFdocument Genitale Verstümmelung bei Jungen und Männern. Gründe und Hintergründe [Genital Mutilation in Boys and Men. Reasons and backgrounds] PDF, Väteraufbruch für Kinder - Schwaben. (June 2005).
  6. REFweb (5 June 2008). Männliche Beschneidung als Waffe im "Krieg der Spermien" [Male circumcision as a weapon in the "war of the sperm"] (German), NewScientist. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  7. a b c REFweb (6 July 2009). MANNdat-Schreiben an Bundestagsabgeordnete vom 07.06.2009 [MANNdat letter to members of the Bundestag from June 7, 2009] (German). Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  8. REFweb (5 March 2010). Offener Brief gegen Beschneidungsgesetz vom 05.03.2010 [Open letter against the Circumcision Act of March 5, 2010] (German). Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  9. REFweb (17 July 2012). Rituelle Beschneidungen bei Minderjährigen - Kinder- und Jugendärzte fordern: Allein das Recht eines Kindes auf körperliche Unversehrtheit zählt [Ritual circumcision in minors - paediatricians demand: Only a child's right to physical integrity counts] (German), Kinderärzte im Netz.
  10. REFdocument UN-Kinderrechtskonvention im Wortlaut mit Materialien. Übereinkommen über die Rechte des Kindes [UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in full with materials. Convention on the Rights of the Child] (German) PDF. (20 November 1989).
  11. a b Cirkumcision[WP]
  12. a b REFweb Lebensstadien (Entwicklungsländerstudien), 8.3. Zum Beispiel: Knabenbeschneidung bei den Dowayo in Kamerun [Life stages (developing country studies), 8.3. For example: circumcision of boys among the Dowayo in Cameroon] (German).
  13. a b c REFnews (8 June 2008)."Rituelle Beschneidungen: Waffe im Kampf der Spermien" [Ritual circumcision: weapon in the fight of the sperm] (German), Focus.
  14. REFnews (17 October 2006)."Beschneidungen in der Türkei: Schnitt im Schritt" [Circumcisions in Turkey: Cut at the crotch] (German), Spiegel.
  15. REFjournal Jacobson, Deborah L., Balmert, Lauren C., Holl, Jane L., Rosoklija, Ilina, Davis, Matthew M., Johnson. Nationwide Circumcision Trends: 2003 to 2016. J Urol. January 2021; 205(1): 257-63. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  16. a b c REFweb Frequently Asked Questions about Infant Circumcision, CIRP. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  17. REFweb Phimose - Krankheit oder "Lizenz zum Gelddrucken"? [Phimosis - Disease or "License to Print Money"?].
  18. REFweb Conservative Treatment of Phimosis: Alternatives to Radical Circumcision, CIRP. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  19. REFjournal Balster, Saskia. Phimosebehandlung mit betamethasonhaltiger Salbe PDF (archive URL) [phimosis treatment with Ointment containing betamethasone] (German). MedReview. 2004; (12): 10.
  20. REFweb Citation of the International Journal of Urology, Volume 10, issue 12, December 2003, pp. 651-656. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  21. REFweb Intaktiv Online: Situation in Deutschland [Intaktiv Online: Situation in Germany] (German).
  22. REFweb LuMriX.net: Zirkumzision.
  23. REFnews "Male Circumcision Overstated As Prevention Tool Against AIDS".
  24. REFweb Circumcision does not shield men from STD.
  25. REFweb (10 July 2007). MANNdat: Beschneidung von Männern als Aids-Vorsorge? [MANNdat: circumcision of men as AIDS prevention?] (German).
  26. REFbook Kellogg JH (1888): Treatment for Self-Abuse and Its Effects, in: Plain Facts for Old and Young (archive URL). Project Gutenberg (ed.). Burlington, Iowa: F. Segner & Co. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  27. REFjournal Boyle GJ, Ramos S. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Filipino boys subjected to non-therapeutic ritual or medical surgical procedures: A retrospective cohort study. Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 2019; 42: 19-22. PMID. PMC. DOI. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  28. REFweb Prof. Dr. med. Boris Zernikow, Lehrstuhlinhaber und Chefarzt des Stiftungslehrstuhls für Kinderschmerztherapie und Pädiatrische Palliativmedizin.
  29. REFjournal USA: Kinderärzte befürworten Beschneidung [USA: Pediatricians advocate circumcision] (German) 29 August 2012;
  30. a b REFweb Dispatch Online.
  31. REFnews (5 July 2009)."Botched circumcisions kill 33 boys in South Africa" (archive URL). Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  32. REFnews (2 July 2009)."East Cape circumcision toll now 24" (archive URL). Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  33. REFnews "Botched circumcisions leave 31 dead in S.Africa".
  34. REFweb (2005). Children's Act.
  35. REFnews (1 July 2009)."Boy dies from circumcision related complications" (archive URL), The Herald Online. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  36. Hijra[WP] in India
  37. REFjournal Stehr, Maximilian, Putzke, Holm, Dietz, Hans-Georg. Zirkumzision bei nicht einwilligungsfähigen Jungen. Strafrechtliche Konsequenzen auch bei religiöser Begründung [Circumcision in boys who are unable to give consent. Criminal law consequences even with religious grounds] (German). Deutsches Ärzteblatt. 25 August 2008; 105(34-35): A1778ff. (If there is no medical need, the doctor should refuse the procedure.)
  38. REFnews (31 October 2008)."Streit wegen Beschneidung: Grauzone Vorhaut" [Controversy over circumcision: gray area foreskin] (German), TAZ.
  39. REFweb Putzke, Holm. Die strafrechtliche Relevanz der Beschneidung von Knaben. Zugleich ein Beitrag über die Grenzen der Einwilligung in Fällen der Personensorge Icons-mini-file pdf.svg [The criminal relevance of the circumcision of boys. Concurrently, a contribution about the limits of consent in cases of personal care].
  40. REFnews Rabinovici, Doron (11 July 2012)."Kritik an ritueller Beschneidung. Im Hintergrund schwelen Kastrationsängste" [Criticism of ritual circumcision. Fears of castration smolder in the background] (German), Süddeutsche Zeitung.
  41. Shoah is a Hebrew word for catastrophe. It is another word for the Holocaust.
  42. REFnews Brumlik, Micha (2 July 2012)."Beschneidung: "Judentum und Islam hier nicht erwünscht"" [Circumcision: "Judaism and Islam not wanted here"] (German), Frankfurter Rundschau.
  43. REFnews (15 February 2009)."Genitalverstümmelung: Rache der Beschneiderinnen" [Genital mutilation: revenge of the female circumcisers] (German), Spiegel.
  44. REFnews (24 November 2006)."Wird die Genitalverstümmelung je aufhören? In Kairo beschliessen islamische Gelehrte ein Verbot" [Will Genital Mutilation Ever End? In Cairo, Islamic scholars decide on a ban] (German), NZZ.
  45. REFnews (4 December 2006).""In schönstem Ebenmaß"" ["In the most beautiful proportions"] (German), Spiegel.
  46. REFnews (10 July 2012)."Mein Sohn freut sich auf seine Beschneidung. Weil ein deutsches Gericht das Ritual verbietet, reist diese Mutter mit ihrem Jungen in die Türkei" [My son is looking forward to his circumcision. Because a German court forbids the ritual, this mother travels to Turkey with her boy], BILD.
  47. REFweb (15 July 2012). Beschneidung bereitet der CSU Bauchschmerzen [Circumcision gives the CSU a stomachache] (German), Nordbayern.de.
  48. REFnews (9 July 2012)."Beschneidungs-Debatte: Das ist keine Straftat" [Circumcision Debate: This is not a criminal offense] (German), Frankfurter Rundschau.
  49. REFweb (21 July 2012). Beschneidungsgegner in der Regierung mussten Plenum verlassen [Anti-circumcision opponents in the government had to leave the plenary session] (German), FemokratieBlog.
  50. REFnews (20 June 2012)."Marlene Rupprecht und ihr Kampf gegen die Beschneidung" [Marlene Rupprecht and her fight against circumcision] (German), Politik im Radio (WDR), 12:50 Uhr. (MP3)
  51. REFnews (20 July 2012)."Gegner der Beschneidung von Jungen reichen Petition ein" [Opponents of male circumcision start petition] (German), WELT Online.
  52. REFweb (18 July 2012). Berufsverband Kinder- und Jugendärzte zum Gerichtsurteil rituelle Beschneidungen [Professional association of paediatricians on the court ruling on ritual circumcision] (German), Kinderdoc.
  53. REFweb (11 July 2013). Kinder- und Jugendärzte: Gesetzgeber behandelt Mädchen und Jungen ungleich [Pediatricians: Legislators treat girls and boys unequally], BVKJ.
  54. REFweb (27 June 2012). Schnippel [Snippet], Kinderdoc.
  55. REFweb Dollars und Antifaltencreme aus Babyvorhaut [Dollars and baby foreskin anti-wrinkle cream] (German).
  56. REFnews Zastrow, Volker (21 July 2012)."Beschneidungsdebatte: Nötiger Schmerz" [Circumcision Debate: Necessary Pain] (German), FAZ.
  57. REFweb Schwarzer, Alice (2 July 2021). Soll die Beschneidung verboten werden? [Should circumcision be banned?] (German).