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Penile cancer: Difference between revisions

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  |volume=85
  |volume=85
  |pages=19-24
  |pages=19-24
|pubmedID=8380060
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1093/jnci/85.1.19
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-07
}}</ref> Their study also shows that the rate of penile cancer among men [[circumcised]] neonatally has risen in the United States relative to the rise in the rate of neonatal circumcision.
}}</ref> Their study also shows that the rate of penile cancer among men [[circumcised]] neonatally has risen in the United States relative to the rise in the rate of neonatal circumcision.


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  |pages=92-97
  |pages=92-97
  |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/453164
  |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/453164
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=10.1001/jama.1914.02560270008003
  |accessdate=2023-09-06
  |accessdate=2023-09-06
}}</ref> epilepsy, paralysis, and [[masturbation]].<ref>{{Wolbarst1932}}</ref> No laboratory or clinical research had been done on the subject at the time, however Wolbarst's myth found its way into early medical textbooks regardless. Although the smegma hypothesis was completely disproven by an exhaustive study by Reddy in 1963,<ref name="reddy1963">{{REFjournal
}}</ref> epilepsy, paralysis, and [[masturbation]].<ref>{{Wolbarst1932}}</ref> No laboratory or clinical research had been done on the subject at the time, however Wolbarst's myth found its way into early medical textbooks regardless. Although the smegma hypothesis was completely disproven by an exhaustive study by Reddy in 1963,<ref name="reddy1963">{{REFjournal
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  |volume=32
  |volume=32
  |pages=15-21
  |pages=15-21
|pubmedID=2991988
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-07
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Kaufman
  |last=Kaufman
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  |volume=3
  |volume=3
  |pages=678-692
  |pages=678-692
|pubmedID=3019599
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-07
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=McCance
  |last=McCance
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  |volume=37
  |volume=37
  |pages=55-59
  |pages=55-59
|pubmedID=3000954
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1002/ijc.2910370110
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Villa
  |last=Villa
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  |issue=6
  |issue=6
  |pages=853-5
  |pages=853-5
|pubmedID=3000954
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=McCance
  |last=McCance
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  |issue=823
  |issue=823
  |pages=195-206
  |pages=195-206
|pubmedID=3011085
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/0304-419x(86)90002-8
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Barrasso
  |last=Barrasso
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  |issue=15
  |issue=15
  |pages=916-23
  |pages=916-23
|pubmedID=3041217
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref> [[Ronald L. Poland| Poland]] identified human papilloma virus (HPV) types 16 and 18 as the cause of penile and cervical cancers in 1990, and that they could be spread by sexual contact.<ref name="poland1990">{{REFjournal
}}</ref> [[Ronald L. Poland| Poland]] identified human papilloma virus (HPV) types 16 and 18 as the cause of penile and cervical cancers in 1990, and that they could be spread by sexual contact.<ref name="poland1990">{{REFjournal
  |last=Poland
  |last=Poland
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  |volume=322
  |volume=322
  |pages=1312-5
  |pages=1312-5
|pubmedID=2183058
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1056/NEJM199005033221811
|accessdate=2023-09-07
}}</ref> At least one study suggests that [[circumcised]] men are at higher risk for HPV infection,<ref name="cook1993">{{REFjournal
}}</ref> At least one study suggests that [[circumcised]] men are at higher risk for HPV infection,<ref name="cook1993">{{REFjournal
  |last=Cook
  |last=Cook
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  |volume=69
  |volume=69
  |pages=262-4
  |pages=262-4
}}</ref> making being [[circumcised]] a risk factor.
|pubmedID=7721284
|pubmedCID=1195083
|DOI=10.1136/sti.69.4.262
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-07
}}</ref> making being [[circumcised]] a risk factor.


===Use of tobacco===
===Use of tobacco===
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  |issue=6609
  |issue=6609
  |pages=1306-8
  |pages=1306-8
}}</ref>The use of tobacco has since been a well established risk factor in cancer of the penis.<ref>{{REFjournal
|pubmedID=3120988
|pubmedCID=1248379
|DOI=10.1136/bmj.295.6609.1306
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref> The use of tobacco has since been a well established risk factor in cancer of the penis.<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Harish
  |last=Harish
  |init=K
  |init=K
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  |issue=3
  |issue=3
  |pages=375-377
  |pages=375-377
|pubmedID=7735804
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1111/j.1464-410x.1995.tb07352.x
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Rogus
  |last=Rogus
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  |issue=4
  |issue=4
  |pages=861-2
  |pages=861-2
|pubmedID=3656549
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/s0022-5347(17)43402-1
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Maden
  |last=Maden
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  |date=1993-01-06
  |date=1993-01-06
  |pages=19-24
  |pages=19-24
|pubmedID=8380060
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1093/jnci/85.1.19
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


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  |issue=2
  |issue=2
  |pages=199-203
  |pages=199-203
|pubmedID=2547727
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1002/ijc.2910440202
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
===Circumcision as a risk factor===
===Circumcision as a risk factor===


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  |issue=7264
  |issue=7264
  |pages=792-3
  |pages=792-3
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
  |accessdate=2022-03-13
  |accessdate=2022-03-13
}}</ref> Adult males with a non-retractable [[foreskin]] who are sexually active may want to have the phimotic condition corrected. (For conservative treatment options, see [[phimosis]].)
}}</ref> Adult males with a non-retractable [[foreskin]] who are sexually active may want to have the phimotic condition corrected. (For conservative treatment options, see [[phimosis]].)
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