Penile cancer: Difference between revisions
WikiModEn2 (talk | contribs) →Incidence of penile cancer: Improve citation. |
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal | }}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal | ||
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|DOI=10.1002/ijc.2910370110 | |||
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|DOI=10.1016/0304-419x(86)90002-8 | |||
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}}</ref> [[Ronald L. Poland| Poland]] identified human papilloma virus (HPV) types 16 and 18 as the cause of penile and cervical cancers in 1990, and that they could be spread by sexual contact.<ref name="poland1990">{{REFjournal | }}</ref> [[Ronald L. Poland| Poland]] identified human papilloma virus (HPV) types 16 and 18 as the cause of penile and cervical cancers in 1990, and that they could be spread by sexual contact.<ref name="poland1990">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Poland | |last=Poland | ||
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|DOI=10.1056/NEJM199005033221811 | |DOI=10.1056/NEJM199005033221811 | ||
|accessdate=2023-09-07 | |||
}}</ref> At least one study suggests that [[circumcised]] men are at higher risk for HPV infection,<ref name="cook1993">{{REFjournal | }}</ref> At least one study suggests that [[circumcised]] men are at higher risk for HPV infection,<ref name="cook1993">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Cook | |last=Cook | ||
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}}</ref> making being [[circumcised]] a risk factor. | }}</ref> making being [[circumcised]] a risk factor. | ||
===Use of tobacco=== | ===Use of tobacco=== | ||
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}}</ref>The use of tobacco has since been a well established risk factor in cancer of the penis.<ref>{{REFjournal | |pubmedID=3120988 | ||
|pubmedCID=1248379 | |||
|DOI=10.1136/bmj.295.6609.1306 | |||
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}}</ref> The use of tobacco has since been a well established risk factor in cancer of the penis.<ref>{{REFjournal | |||
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|pages=375-377 | |pages=375-377 | ||
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|DOI=10.1111/j.1464-410x.1995.tb07352.x | |||
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal | }}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal | ||
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|issue=4 | |issue=4 | ||
|pages=861-2 | |pages=861-2 | ||
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|DOI=10.1016/s0022-5347(17)43402-1 | |||
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal | }}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Maden | |last=Maden | ||
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|date=1993-01-06 | |date=1993-01-06 | ||
|pages=19-24 | |pages=19-24 | ||
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|DOI=10.1093/jnci/85.1.19 | |||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
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|issue=2 | |issue=2 | ||
|pages=199-203 | |pages=199-203 | ||
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|DOI=10.1002/ijc.2910440202 | |||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
===Circumcision as a risk factor=== | ===Circumcision as a risk factor=== | ||
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|accessdate=2022-03-13 | |accessdate=2022-03-13 | ||
}}</ref> Adult males with a non-retractable [[foreskin]] who are sexually active may want to have the phimotic condition corrected. (For conservative treatment options, see [[phimosis]].) | }}</ref> Adult males with a non-retractable [[foreskin]] who are sexually active may want to have the phimotic condition corrected. (For conservative treatment options, see [[phimosis]].) | ||