Child circumcision: Difference between revisions
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===Christianity=== | ===Christianity=== | ||
Jesus was born into a Jewish family in Israel, where Judaism was the prevailing religion, so He was circumcised on the eighth day.<ref | Jesus was born into a Jewish family in Israel, where Judaism was the prevailing religion, so He was circumcised on the eighth day.<ref>{{REFweb | ||
|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2%3A21&version=NASB | |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2%3A21&version=NASB | ||
|title=Gospel of Luke | |title=Gospel of Luke | ||
|last=Luke | |last=Luke | ||
|first= | |first= | ||
|publisher=NASB | |publisher=NASB | ||
|website=Bible Gateway | |website=Bible Gateway | ||
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|url=http://www.cirp.org/pages/cultural/christian.html | |url=http://www.cirp.org/pages/cultural/christian.html | ||
|title=The Holy Bible, Circumcision, False Prophets, and Christian Parents | |title=The Holy Bible, Circumcision, False Prophets, and Christian Parents | ||
|last=Hill | |last=Hill | ||
|first=George | |first=George | ||
| Line 121: | Line 116: | ||
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/encyclopaediabritannica1876/ | |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/encyclopaediabritannica1876/ | ||
|title=Circumcision | |title=Circumcision | ||
|last=Cheyne | |last=Cheyne | ||
|first=T. K. | |first=T. K. | ||
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Initially, circumcision was adopted as a way to stop boys and men from masturbating, where masturbation was seen as the cause for many diseases. As the myth that circumcision prevented [[masturbation]] became debunked, advocates of circumcision began the great search to find the "medical benefits" of circumcision. | Initially, circumcision was adopted as a way to stop boys and men from masturbating, where masturbation was seen as the cause for many diseases. As the myth that circumcision prevented [[masturbation]] became debunked, advocates of circumcision began the great search to find the "medical benefits" of circumcision. | ||
Male and female circumcision involves the removal and disruption of normal anatomical structures that are primary areas of sexual sensation.<ref name="taylor1996" /> In the past, some advocates of mass circumcision have considered the prepuce to be a "mistake of nature,"< | Male and female circumcision involves the removal and disruption of normal anatomical structures that are primary areas of sexual sensation.<ref name="taylor1996"/> In the past, some advocates of mass circumcision have considered the prepuce to be a "mistake of nature,"<!--{{Cold and Wiswell (1995)}} | [[Template:Cold and Wiswell (1995)|see more]]--> but this notion has no validity because the prepuce is ubiquitous in primates and because it provides functional advantages.<ref name="cold-mcgrath1995">{{REFbook | ||
|last=Cold | |last=Cold | ||
|first=Christopher | |first=Christopher | ||
| Line 199: | Line 190: | ||
|issue=4 | |issue=4 | ||
|pages=301-10 | |pages=301-10 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
In the 1940s, prostate and tongue cancer as well as STDs. Eugene H. Hand (1949) falsely explains that circumcision somehow protects against venereal diseases and tongue cancer.<ref name="hand1949">{{REFjournal | In the 1940s, prostate and tongue cancer as well as STDs. Eugene H. Hand (1949) falsely explains that circumcision somehow protects against venereal diseases and tongue cancer.<ref name="hand1949">{{REFjournal | ||
| Line 211: | Line 202: | ||
|issue=3 | |issue=3 | ||
|pages=341-346 | |pages=341-346 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
In the 1950s it was cervical cancer. Abraham Ravich (1951) invents the myth that circumcision reduces the risk of women getting cervical cancer.<ref name="ravich1951">{{REFjournal | In the 1950s it was cervical cancer. Abraham Ravich (1951) invents the myth that circumcision reduces the risk of women getting cervical cancer.<ref name="ravich1951">{{REFjournal | ||
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|pubmedID=14853120 | |pubmedID=14853120 | ||
|accessdate=2019-10-12 | |accessdate=2019-10-12 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
In the late 1960s it was neuroses. Morris Fishbein (1969) calls for circumcision to prevent nervousness and, of course, [[masturbation]].<ref>{{REFbook | In the late 1960s it was neuroses. Morris Fishbein (1969) calls for circumcision to prevent nervousness and, of course, [[masturbation]].<ref>{{REFbook | ||
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|DOI=10.1056/NEJM198610303151818 | |DOI=10.1056/NEJM198610303151818 | ||
|accessdate=2019-11-20 | |accessdate=2019-11-20 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
Retrospectively, circumcision was always advertised as a cure for whatever disease was in the public spotlight at the time. [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] (2016) states: | Retrospectively, circumcision was always advertised as a cure for whatever disease was in the public spotlight at the time. [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] (2016) states: | ||
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|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/ | |url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/ | ||
|title=Alleged Medical Benefits | |title=Alleged Medical Benefits | ||
|publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision | |publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision | ||
|website= | |website= | ||
| Line 528: | Line 514: | ||
|accessdate=2019-11-15 | |accessdate=2019-11-15 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
* Urinary tract infections (UTI): a UTI can be effectively treated with antibiotics, this was also proven by studies<ref>{{REFjournal | * Urinary tract infections (UTI): a UTI can be effectively treated with antibiotics, this was also proven by studies.<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
|last=McCracken | |last=McCracken | ||
|init=G | |init=G | ||
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|url= | |url= | ||
|accessdate= | |accessdate= | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> A Swedish study<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Mårild | |last=Mårild | ||
|init=S | |init=S | ||
| Line 625: | Line 611: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
* It can be concluded that circumcision is ineffective as a preventive measure against UTIs. | * It can be concluded that circumcision is ineffective as a preventive measure against UTIs. | ||
* Penile and cervical cancer / HPV: first studies on those diseases and their assumed prevention by circumcision date back to 1932, a time when the cause for those illnesses was not yet fully understood | * Penile and cervical cancer / HPV: first studies on those diseases and their assumed prevention by circumcision date back to 1932, a time when the cause for those illnesses was not yet fully understood.<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
<ref>{{REFjournal | |||
|last=Wolbarst | |last=Wolbarst | ||
|init=A | |init=A | ||
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|url= | |url= | ||
|accessdate= | |accessdate= | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> Today, it is known that sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major risk factor<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
|last=McCance | |last=McCance | ||
|init=DJ | |init=DJ | ||
| Line 706: | Line 691: | ||
''Hygiene'' refers to health and only secondarily to cleanliness. | ''Hygiene'' refers to health and only secondarily to cleanliness. | ||
One should note that the human foreskin is endowed by nature with [[Foreskin#Immunological_functions| immunological functions]] that serve to protect the human body from disease.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998" /> The glans penis receives blood through the frenular artery.<ref>{{REFjournal | One should note that the human foreskin is endowed by nature with [[Foreskin#Immunological_functions| immunological functions]] that serve to protect the human body from disease.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998"/> The glans penis receives blood through the frenular artery.<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Persad | |last=Persad | ||
|init=R | |init=R | ||
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|pubmedID=3749823 | |pubmedID=3749823 | ||
|accessdate= | |accessdate= | ||
}} </ref><ref>{{REFweb | }}</ref><ref>{{REFweb | ||
|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1016016-overview | |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1016016-overview | ||
|title=Meatal Stenosis | |title=Meatal Stenosis | ||
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To control pain, some physicians that circumcise use Tylenol, sugar,<ref>{{REFweb | To control pain, some physicians that circumcise use Tylenol, sugar,<ref>{{REFweb | ||
| quote=To calm the baby during the procedure, a sugar filled gauze pacifier soaked with sweet juice is used, and soothing music is played in the room. | |quote=To calm the baby during the procedure, a sugar filled gauze pacifier soaked with sweet juice is used, and soothing music is played in the room. | ||
| url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.html | |url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.html | ||
| title=Parents' Guide to Circumcision | |title=Parents' Guide to Circumcision | ||
| last= | |last= | ||
| first= | |first= | ||
| publisher | |publisher= | ||
|date= | |||
| date= | |accessdate=2011-04-08 | ||
| accessdate=2011-04-08 | |||
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb | }}</ref><ref>{{REFweb | ||
| quote=During the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions. | |quote=During the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions. | ||
| url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.html | |url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.html | ||
| title=Before the Circumcision | |title=Before the Circumcision | ||
| last= | |last= | ||
| first= | |first= | ||
| publisher | |publisher= | ||
|date=2011-04-08 | |||
| date=2011-04-08 | |accessdate=2011-04-08 | ||
| accessdate=2011-04-08 | |||
}}</ref> a topical cream,<ref>{{REFweb | }}</ref> a topical cream,<ref>{{REFweb | ||
| quote=Then in our office, he will have topical anesthetic applied to his penis. | |quote=Then in our office, he will have topical anesthetic applied to his penis. | ||
| url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.html | |url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.html | ||
| title=Before the Circumcision | |title=Before the Circumcision | ||
| last= | |last= | ||
| first= | |first= | ||
| publisher | |publisher= | ||
|date=2011-04-08 | |||
| date=2011-04-08 | |accessdate=2011-04-08 | ||
| accessdate=2011-04-08 | |||
}}</ref> and/or a local anaesthetic injection called a dorsal penile ring block.<ref>{{REFweb | }}</ref> and/or a local anaesthetic injection called a dorsal penile ring block.<ref>{{REFweb | ||
| quote=We use extensive pain control methods including Tylenol, a sugar solution (to reduce pain perceptions), a topical freezing cream, and a local anesthetic injection. | |quote=We use extensive pain control methods including Tylenol, a sugar solution (to reduce pain perceptions), a topical freezing cream, and a local anesthetic injection. | ||
| url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.html | |url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.html | ||
| title=Parents' Guide to Circumcision | |title=Parents' Guide to Circumcision | ||
| last= | |last= | ||
| first= | |first= | ||
| publisher | |publisher= | ||
|date= | |||
| date= | |accessdate=2011-04-08 | ||
| accessdate=2011-04-08 | }}</ref> Topical anaesthetic only serves to numb the area to lessen the pain of the injection, but studies have shown that a dorsal penile ring block is not always effective in stopping the pain of circumcision.<ref name="Journal of Perinatology April/May 2002">{{REFjournal | ||
}}</ref> Topical anaesthetic only serves to numb the area to lessen the pain of the injection, but studies have shown that a dorsal penile ring block is not always effective in stopping the pain of circumcision.<ref name= | |||
|last=Taeusch | |last=Taeusch | ||
|first=H. William | |first=H. William | ||
| Line 1,359: | Line 1,340: | ||
|date=2002-04 | |date=2002-04 | ||
|accessdate=2011-04-08 | |accessdate=2011-04-08 | ||
}}</ref><ref name= | }}</ref><ref name="Clinical Pediatrics August 1986">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Williamson | |last=Williamson | ||
|first=Paul S. | |first=Paul S. | ||
| Line 1,379: | Line 1,360: | ||
|accessdate=2011-04-08 | |accessdate=2011-04-08 | ||
}}</ref> During circumcision, somp physicians give children sugar pacifiers to "reduce the perception of pain",<ref>{{REFweb | }}</ref> During circumcision, somp physicians give children sugar pacifiers to "reduce the perception of pain",<ref>{{REFweb | ||
| quote=During the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions. | |quote=During the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions. | ||
| url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.html | |url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.html | ||
| title=Before the Circumcision | |title=Before the Circumcision | ||
| last= | |last= | ||
| first= | |first= | ||
| publisher | |publisher= | ||
|date=2011-04-08 | |||
| date=2011-04-08 | |accessdate=2011-04-08 | ||
| accessdate=2011-04-08 | }}</ref> but in at least one study, data shows that giving sugar to a child doesn't help to reduce the perception of pain in the child.<ref name="Lancet, The 2010-10-09">{{REFjournal | ||
}}</ref> but in at least one study, data shows that giving sugar to a child doesn't help to reduce the perception of pain in the child.<ref name= | |||
|last=Slater | |last=Slater | ||
|first=Rebeccah | |first=Rebeccah | ||
| Line 1,548: | Line 1,528: | ||
|accessdate=2019-10-12 | |accessdate=2019-10-12 | ||
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb | }}</ref><ref>{{REFweb | ||
|url=http://www.icgi.org/2010/04/infant-circumcision-causes-100-deaths-each-year-in-us | |||
| url=http://www.icgi.org/2010/04/infant-circumcision-causes-100-deaths-each-year-in-us | |title=Infant circumcision causes 100 deaths each year in US | ||
| title=Infant circumcision causes 100 deaths each year in US | |last= | ||
| last= | |first= | ||
| first= | |publisher=ICGI | ||
| publisher=ICGI | |website=International Coalition for Genital Integrity | ||
| website=International Coalition for Genital Integrity | |date=2010-04-26 | ||
| date=2010-04-26 | |accessdate= | ||
| accessdate= | |||
}}</ref> See also the list of [[fatalities]]. | }}</ref> See also the list of [[fatalities]]. | ||